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PloS One 2017Obesity during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse clinical outcomes and is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation. We describe maternal metabolic risk and...
BACKGROUND/AIMS
Obesity during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse clinical outcomes and is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation. We describe maternal metabolic risk and inflammation by maternal weight status, and evaluate the association of metabolic and inflammatory markers with birthweight in a group of pregnant Mexican women.
METHODS
This study derived from a prospective cohort of healthy pregnant women <14 weeks of gestation, receiving prenatal care at National Institute of Perinatology (Mexico, 2009-2013). Metabolic and inflammatory markers were measured in maternal serum in all three pregnancy trimesters (1st: 11.42±1.7; 2nd: 21.06±2.4; 3rd: 32.74±2.3 weeks). Pregestational weight was self-reported, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Gestational weight gain was evaluated in the third trimester. Newborn´s weight was measured at birth. We carried out correlations, general mixed linear model and regression analyses, based on pregestational weight (self-reported), body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (evaluated in the third trimester) and newborn weight (measured at birth).
RESULTS
Of the 177 women included in the study (mean age = 26.93±8.49), thirty-eight percent (n = 67) were overweight or had obesity, and 32.8% (n = 58) showed excessive gestational weight gain. We found insulin, lipids (including total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides-TG), leptin and interleukin 1b (IL-1b) all increased significantly (p<0.05) during pregnancy. Pregestational maternal weight status altered longitudinal concentrations of insulin, leptin, adiponectin, TG and C reactive protein. Excessive gestational weight gain was associated with higher maternal insulin in the third trimester (p<0.05). Early pregnancy leptin and TNFα were determinants of birthweight in women with normal weight, but not in overweight or obese women.
CONCLUSIONS
Maternal weight status affected the concentrations of insulin, leptin, adiponectin, triglycerides and C reactive protein throughout pregnancy. The role of early leptin and TNFα in fetal growth need further study given the association was only observed in normal weight women. This study presents data distribution of metabolic and inflammatory markers of normal weight and overweight/obese women that did not develop GDM, preeclampsia nor macrosomia.
Topics: Biomarkers; Birth Weight; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inflammation; Insulin; Linear Models; Obesity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Weight Gain
PubMed: 28749954
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180874 -
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis May 2018As a result of physiological and metabolic changes during pregnancy, thyroid hormones can be affected significantly throughout entire three trimesters. According to the...
BACKGROUND
As a result of physiological and metabolic changes during pregnancy, thyroid hormones can be affected significantly throughout entire three trimesters. According to the guidelines published by American Thyroid Association in 2017, it is strongly recommended to establish population-based trimester-specific and assay method-specific reference intervals (RIs) using local population.
METHODS
A total of 1209 pregnant women without personal or family history of thyroid disease were recruited from July 2015 to April 2017 at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital. Those initially selected patients were further tested for TSH, FT4 and thyroid peroxidase antibody (aTPO), performed on the chemiluminescent platform Siemens ADVIA Centaur XP. Only patients tested negative for aTPO were included in reference interval establishment. RIs for both TSH and FT4 were determined as 2.5th percentile to 97.5th percentile on the data distribution.
RESULTS
The TSH and FT4 trimester-specific RIs were as follows: 0.59-3.54 mIU/L, 11.8-18.4 pmol/L (n = 188, 1st trimester); 0.80-4.46 mIU/L, 11.6-17.4 pmol/L (n = 133, 2nd trimester); 0.72-4.19 mIU/L, 9.7-15.1 pmol/L (n = 157, 3rd trimester). The RIs of TSH and FT4 determined by Hoffmann method for first trimester outpatient pregnant women were 0.33-3.96 mIU/L (n = 9924) and 11.7-17.5 pmol/L (n = 10039), respectively.
CONCLUSION
Trimester-specific thyroid function tests RIs are distinct from those provided by assay manufacturers. The RIs determined by direct sampling and Hoffmann indirect calculation showed no statistical difference.
Topics: Adult; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimesters; Reference Values; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Young Adult
PubMed: 29105177
DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22344 -
Nutrients Sep 2022Optimal Vitamin D (VitD) status and thyroid function are essential for pregnant women. This study aimed to explore associations between dynamic VitD status and thyroid...
Optimal Vitamin D (VitD) status and thyroid function are essential for pregnant women. This study aimed to explore associations between dynamic VitD status and thyroid function parameters in each trimester and throughout the pregnancy period. Information on all 8828 eligible participants was extracted from the Peking University Retrospective Birth Cohort in Tongzhou. Dynamic VitD status was represented as a combination of deficiency/sufficiency in the first and second trimesters. Thyroid function was assessed in three trimesters. The associations between VitD and thyroid function were assessed by multiple linear regression and generalized estimating equation models in each trimester and throughout the pregnancy period, respectively. The results indicated that both free thyroxine (fT4; β = 0.004; 95%CI: 0.003, 0.006; p < 0.001) and free triiodothyronine (fT3; β = 0.009; 95%CI: 0.004, 0.015; p = 0.001) had positive associations with VitD status in the first trimester. A VitD status that was sufficient in the first trimester and deficient in the second trimester had a lower TSH (β = −0.370; 95%CI: −0.710, −0.031; p = 0.033) compared with the group with sufficient VitD for both first and second trimesters. In conclusion, the associations between VitD and thyroid parameters existed throughout the pregnancy. Maintaining an adequate concentration of VitD is critical to support optimal thyroid function during pregnancy.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Pregnancy Trimesters; Retrospective Studies; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Gland; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine; Vitamin D; Vitamins
PubMed: 36145156
DOI: 10.3390/nu14183780 -
Nutrients Jun 2022The association between vitamin D and hemoglobin has been suggested. Vitamin D can affect erythropoiesis by the induction of erythroid progenitor cell proliferation and...
The association between vitamin D and hemoglobin has been suggested. Vitamin D can affect erythropoiesis by the induction of erythroid progenitor cell proliferation and enhance iron absorption by regulating the iron-hepcidin-ferroportin axis in monocytes. However, this relationship in pregnant women is scarce. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between plasma vitamin D levels with hemoglobin concentration in pregnant women considering each trimester and iron supplementation. The data were obtained from Zhoushan Pregnant Women Cohort, collected from 2011 to 2018. Plasma 25(OH)D was measured in each trimester using liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry. Generalized estimating equations and multiple linear regressions were performed. Finally, 2962 pregnant women and 4419 observations in the first trimester were included in this study. Plasma 25(OH)D in first trimester (T1) (β = 0.06, p = 0.0177), second trimester (T2) (β = 0.15, p < 0.0001), and third trimester (T3) (β = 0.12, p = 0.0006) were positively associated with Hb. Association between plasma 25(OH)D levels in T1 and Hb concentration was positively associated with gestational age (β = 0.005, p = 0.0421). Pregnant women with VD deficiency in T1 (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.07−1.88) or T2 (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.30−2.89) presented an increased risk of anemia, compared with women without VD deficiency. Moreover, the significant relationship between VD and Hb was only observed among women with iron supplementation during pregnancy. Plasma 25(OH)D levels in each trimester were positively associated with Hb concentration. Iron supplementation might be an important factor affecting the relationship between VD and Hb.
Topics: Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Iron; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimesters; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamins
PubMed: 35745185
DOI: 10.3390/nu14122455 -
Annals of Agricultural and... 2015The results of epidemiological studies indicate that the higher maternal exposure to air pollution, especially with particulate matter during pregnancy, the lower the...
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
The results of epidemiological studies indicate that the higher maternal exposure to air pollution, especially with particulate matter during pregnancy, the lower the infant's birth weight. The aim of this study was to estimate entire pregnancy and trimester-specific exposure of pregnant women in the city of Krakow, southern Poland, to fine particulate matter [≤10 µg (PM10)], and to assess its effect on the birth weight of boys and girls separately.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study group consisted of 85,000 singleton, live, full-term births in Krakow city during a 15-year period (data from the birth registry). The mean concentrations of the pollutant for each month of gestation were estimated using continuous municipal monitoring data.
RESULTS
Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the mean PM10 concentration during entire pregnancy was inversely associated with birth weight in girls and the group of boys and girls combined, after adjusting for maternal age, gestational age and year of birth; in boys the relationship was not statistically significant. Maternal exposure to PM10 during the first trimester was negatively associated with birth weight separately in girls and boys, and the group of boys and girls combined. However, the PM10 exposure during the second and third trimester of pregnancy was not associated with birth weight.
CONCLUSIONS
PM10 air pollution at levels currently encountered in Krakow city adversely affect infant birth weight; however, the effect seems to be very small. The influence of particulate air pollution on foetal growth in early gestation is one of several possible explanations for the results, but further research is needed to establish possible biological mechanisms explaining the observed relationship.
Topics: Adult; Air Pollutants; Cities; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Linear Models; Male; Maternal Exposure; Particle Size; Particulate Matter; Poland; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimesters; Sex Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 26094521
DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1152078 -
Allergology International : Official... Apr 2018Solar irradiation affects sensitization to aeroallergens and the prevalence of allergic diseases. Little is known, however, about how the time and amount of solar...
BACKGROUND
Solar irradiation affects sensitization to aeroallergens and the prevalence of allergic diseases. Little is known, however, about how the time and amount of solar irradiation during pregnancy affects such risks in children. We aimed to find out how solar irradiation during pregnancy affects sensitization to aero-allergens and the prevalence of allergic diseases in children.
METHODS
This population-based cross-sectional study involved 7301 aged 6 years and aged 12 years children. Maternal exposure to solar irradiation during pregnancy was evaluated using data from weather stations closest to each child's birthplace. Monthly average solar irradiation during the second and third trimesters was calculated with rank by quartiles. Risks of allergic sensitization and allergic disease were estimated.
RESULTS
Relative to the first (lowest) quartile, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for allergic sensitization in the fourth (highest) quartile was lowest within solar irradiation during pregnancy months 5-6 (aOR = 0.823, 95% CI 0.720-0.942, p < 0.05). During months 9-10, the aOR for allergic sensitization for the fourth was higher than the first quartile of solar irradiation (aOR = 1.167, 95% CI 1.022-1.333, p < 0.05). Similar results were observed when solar irradiation was analyzed as a continuous variable during months 5 (aOR = 0.975, 95% CI 0.962-0.989, p < 0.001) and month 9 (aOR = 1.018, 95% CI 1.004-1.031, p = 0.003). Increased solar irradiation during months 7-8 increased the risk of asthma (aOR = 1.309, 95% CI 1.024-1.674, p = 0.032).
CONCLUSIONS
Maternal exposure to solar irradiation during the second trimester of pregnancy associated with reduced aeroallergen sensitization, whereas solar irradiation during the third trimester was related to increased sensitization to aeroallergens.
Topics: Adult; Child; Climate; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Male; Maternal Exposure; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Prevalence; Republic of Korea; Sunlight
PubMed: 28882557
DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.08.007 -
Association of second and third trimester weight gain in pregnancy with maternal and fetal outcomes.PloS One 2013To investigate the association between weekly weight gain, during the second and third trimesters, classified according to the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM/NRC)...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association between weekly weight gain, during the second and third trimesters, classified according to the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM/NRC) recommendations, and maternal and fetal outcomes.
METHODS
Gestational weight gain was evaluated in 2,244 pregnant women of the Brazilian Study of Gestational Diabetes (Estudo Brasileiro do Diabetes Gestacional--EBDG). Outcomes were cesarean delivery, preterm birth and small or large for gestational age birth (SGA, LGA). Associations between inadequate weight gain and outcomes were estimated using robust Poisson regression adjusting for pre-pregnancy body mass index, trimester-specific weight gain, age, height, skin color, parity, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.
RESULTS
In fully adjusted models, in the second trimester, insufficient weight gain was associated with SGA (relative risk [RR] 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-2.33), and excessive weight gain with LGA (RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.16-2.31); in third trimester, excessive weight gain with preterm birth (RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.08-2.70) and cesarean delivery (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.03-1.44). Women with less than recommended gestational weight gain in the 2nd trimester had a lesser risk of cesarean deliveries (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71-0.96) than women with adequate gestational weight gain in this trimester.
CONCLUSION
Though insufficient weight gain in the 3rd trimester was not associated with adverse outcomes, other deviations from recommended weight gain during second and third trimester were associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. These findings support, in part, the 2009 IOM/NRC recommendations for nutritional monitoring during pregnancy.
Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Brazil; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Risk Factors; Weight Gain; Young Adult
PubMed: 23382944
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054704 -
European Journal of Sport Science 2016The aim of this study was to investigate changes in physical activity across pregnancy and the relationship between trimester-specific physical activity and unplanned... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The aim of this study was to investigate changes in physical activity across pregnancy and the relationship between trimester-specific physical activity and unplanned caesarean sections (CSs). A cohort study design was carried out. A cohort of 150 pregnant women was established when they received prenatal care at 29-40 weeks of gestation at a medical centre in northern Taiwan. Participants were asked to recall the amounts of physical activity in which they had engaged in the three trimesters as assessed by the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ). Overall self-reported physical activity for the cohort decreased by 31% in the first trimester compared to the pre-gravid period, then increased in the second trimester and remained stable until delivery. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the data and revealed significantly more physical activity during the second trimester than in the first and third trimesters (F = 36.471, P = 0.000). In addition, there was a significant difference between normal spontaneous delivery and unplanned CS groups (F = 4.770, P = 0.031). Logistic regression determined that the odds ratio of undergoing a CS increased by 0.644 (95% confidence interval: 0.429-0.968) for women in the third trimester who performed low levels of physical activity. Results support the benefits of physical activity, and professionals are encouraged to provide pregnant women with information on recommendations for physical activity, particularly in terms of reducing unplanned CSs.
Topics: Adult; Cesarean Section; Cohort Studies; Exercise; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Odds Ratio; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 25837804
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1028468 -
Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira... Nov 2020
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Ultrasonography; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 33295392
DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.11.1472 -
Pediatric Obesity Mar 2020To describe total and trimester-specific gestational weight gain (GWG) among low-income Hispanic women and determine whether these GWG exposures are associated with...
OBJECTIVE
To describe total and trimester-specific gestational weight gain (GWG) among low-income Hispanic women and determine whether these GWG exposures are associated with infant anthropometric outcomes at birth and 6 months.
STUDY DESIGN
Data were from 448 mother-infant pairs enrolled in the Starting Early child obesity prevention trial. Prenatal weights were used to calculate total GWG and 2 and 3 trimester GWG rates (kg/week) and categorized as inadequate, adequate, and excessive according to the 2009 Institute of Medicine recommendations. Multivariable linear and modified Poisson regressions estimated associations of infant anthropometric outcomes (birthweight, small-for-gestational age [SGA], large-for-gestational age [LGA], rapid weight gain, and weight-for-age, length-for-age, and weight-for-length z-scores at 6 months) with GWG categories.
RESULTS
For total GWG, 39% and 27% of women had inadequate and excessive GWG, respectively. 57% and 46% had excessive GWG rates in the 2 and 3 trimesters, respectively, with 29% having excessive rates in both trimesters. Inadequate total GWG was associated with lower infant weight and length outcomes (ß range for z-scores = -0.21 to -0.46, p < 0.05) and lower risk of LGA (adjusted Relative Risk, aRR = 0.38; 95% confidence intervals, CI: 0.16, 0.95) and rapid weight gain (aRR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.51, 1.00). GWG rates above recommendations in the 2 trimester or 2 /3 trimesters were associated with greater weight outcomes at birth and 6 months (ß range for z-scores = 0.24 to 0.35, p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Counseling women about health behaviors and closely monitoring GWG beginning in early pregnancy is necessary, particularly among populations at high-risk of obesity.
Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Body Height; Female; Gestational Weight Gain; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pediatric Obesity; Poverty; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Weight Gain
PubMed: 31696650
DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12589