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The Medical Journal of Malaysia Mar 2024The study's objectives are to investigate the level of knowledge, attitude, and performance (KAP) of nurses on the prevention of pressure ulcers (PUs) prevention in the...
INTRODUCTION
The study's objectives are to investigate the level of knowledge, attitude, and performance (KAP) of nurses on the prevention of pressure ulcers (PUs) prevention in the intensive care (ICU) and also to identify the relationship between nurses' KAP toward the implementation of preventive measures for PUs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 registered nurses in the ICU at Taiping Hospital. to assess the nurses' knowledge and attitude level using the Knowledge and Attitude on prevention of PUs questionnaire. A descriptive analysis and Pearson Correlation were used to analyze the data.
RESULT
From a total of 60 nurses 36 (60%) of nurses demonstrated a moderate level of KAP, and 17 (28%) demonstrated a high level of knowledge. They also exhibited neutral attitudes towards PUs prevention 49 (82%). The findings revealed a positive relationship between nurses' KAP toward implementing preventive measures on PUs (p=0.04; r=0.3). The findings show that nurses regularly performed the assessment of the risk factors of PUs for all hospitalized patients when performing PUs care. However, the plan for preventive nursing care was not properly reviewed.
CONCLUSION
This study suggested that appropriate guidelines, education programs, and an environment that makes it possible to provide continuing education should be created for nurses to prevent PUs in the ICU.
Topics: Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Pressure Ulcer; Clinical Competence; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Intensive Care Units; Surveys and Questionnaires; Suppuration
PubMed: 38555882
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Preventive Medicine Jan 2022Intimate partner violence and sexual violence are widespread and often occur early in life. This systematic review examines the effectiveness of interventions for... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Intimate partner violence and sexual violence are widespread and often occur early in life. This systematic review examines the effectiveness of interventions for primary prevention of intimate partner violence and sexual violence among youth.
METHODS
Studies were identified from 2 previous systematic reviews and an updated search (January 2012-June 2016). Included studies were implemented among youth, conducted in high-income countries, and aimed to prevent or reduce the perpetration of intimate partner violence or sexual violence. In 2016-2017, Guide to Community Preventive Services (Community Guide) methods were used to assess effectiveness as determined by perpetration, victimization, or bystander action. When heterogeneity of outcomes prevented usual Community Guide methods, the team systematically applied criteria for favorability (statistically significant at p<0.05 or approaching significance at p<0.10) and consistency (75% of results in the same direction).
RESULTS
A total of 28 studies (32 arms) met inclusion and quality of execution criteria. Interventions used combinations of teaching healthy relationship skills, promoting social norms to protect against violence, or creating protective environments. Overall, 18 of 24 study arms reported favorable results on the basis of the direction of effect for decreasing perpetration; however, favorability for bystander action diminished with longer follow-up. Interventions did not demonstrate consistent results for decreasing victimization. A bridge search conducted during Fall 2020 confirmed these results.
DISCUSSION
Interventions for the primary prevention of intimate partner violence and sexual violence are effective in reducing perpetration. Increasing bystander action may require additional follow-up as effectiveness diminishes over time. Findings may inform researchers, school personnel, public health, and other decision makers about effective strategies to prevent intimate partner violence and sexual violence among youth.
Topics: Adolescent; Crime Victims; Humans; Intimate Partner Violence; Sex Offenses; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners
PubMed: 34772564
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.06.021 -
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling Apr 2014Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Considering the quality of life and treatment cost, the best way to fight against cancer is to prevent... (Review)
Review
SIGNIFICANCE
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Considering the quality of life and treatment cost, the best way to fight against cancer is to prevent or suppress cancer development. Cancer is preventable as indicated by human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination and tamoxifen/raloxifen treatment in breast cancer prevention. The activities of superoxide dismutases (SODs) are often lowered during early cancer development, making it a rational candidate for cancer prevention.
RECENT ADVANCES
SOD liposome and mimetics have been shown to be effective in cancer prevention animal models. They've also passed safety tests during early phase clinical trials. Dietary supplement-based SOD cancer prevention provides another opportunity for antioxidant-based cancer prevention. New mechanistic studies have revealed that SOD inhibits not only oncogenic activity, but also subsequent metabolic shifts during early tumorigenesis.
CRITICAL ISSUES
Lack of sufficient animal model studies targeting specific cancers; and lack of clinical trials and support from pharmaceutical industries also hamper efforts in further advancing SOD-based cancer prevention.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
To educate and obtain support from our society that cancer is preventable. To combine SOD-based therapeutics with other cancer preventive agents to obtain synergistic effects. To formulate a dietary supplementation-based antioxidant approach for cancer prevention. Lastly, targeting specific populations who are prone to carcinogens, which can trigger oxidative stress as the mechanism of carcinogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Curcumin; Humans; Mitochondria; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neoplasms; Oxidative Stress; Superoxide Dismutase
PubMed: 23706068
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5297 -
Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique Et... Feb 2008To assess the efficacy, the tolerance, the duration of protection and the limitations of papillomavirus vaccines and to determine the potential indications for... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To assess the efficacy, the tolerance, the duration of protection and the limitations of papillomavirus vaccines and to determine the potential indications for prophylactic vaccination.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Medline, Biosis and Pascal contents were searched to July 2007. Of 546 abstracts, 30 studies were selected.
RESULTS
Prophylactic vaccines are composed of L1 virus-like particles. They are well-tolerated and effective in preventing HPV 16/18 infections and related cervical diseases in young women who are naive to HPV 16/18 after five years of follow-up. In addition, the quadrivalent vaccine prevents HPV 6/11 infections and their consequences. The bivalent vaccine may also prevent HPV 31/45 infections by cross-protection. Young girls before sexual debut are the main target for prophylactic vaccines. Indeed, they demonstrate an excellent immune response after injection and the prevalence of HPV infection increases dramatically after the first sexual intercourse. However, vaccines are ineffective in healthy HPV 16/18 carriers or on existing lesions. Prophylactic vaccines are not effective in women infected by other oncogenic HPV. Therapeutic vaccine effects against cervical dysplasia are currently being assessed.
CONCLUSION
Prophylactic vaccination against HPV is effective, well-tolerated, and should be associated with screening to optimize the prevention of cervical cancer.
Topics: Female; Human papillomavirus 16; Human papillomavirus 18; Humans; MEDLINE; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 18187268
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2007.11.019 -
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology &... Jul 2014Although the prevalence of childhood obesity is plateauing, it remains a social concern. The Japan Society for the Study of Obesity devised criteria for obesity disease... (Review)
Review
Although the prevalence of childhood obesity is plateauing, it remains a social concern. The Japan Society for the Study of Obesity devised criteria for obesity disease as a morbid state that requires medical treatment in 2002. Moreover, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare announced diagnostic criteria for childhood metabolic syndrome in 2010 because of the increasing number of children with lifestyle-related diseases. The treatment of obesity needs to be prioritized, and three principles, other than behavioral therapy, have been introduced in this study for the general medical treatment of obesity without underlying diseases: (1) diet therapy, (2) exercise, and (3) no pharmacotherapy. However, preventing obesity is more important than its treatment. A previous study reported the tracking of an overweight status from infancy; therefore, it is important to prevent infants from becoming overweight. The concept of the developmental origins of health and disease has been attracting more attention in recent years; however, preventative measures prior to birth should also be considered to reduce the incidence of obesity. Although the methods used to approach the treatment of childhood obesity change with differences in race or lifestyle, those who are engaged in the medical treatment of childhood obesity worldwide can contribute to its treatment and prevention by a mutual exchange of information.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Behavior Therapy; Body Mass Index; Child; Child, Preschool; Exercise; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Japan; Life Style; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Overweight; Pediatric Obesity; Prevalence
PubMed: 24810559
DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2014-0047 -
Global Heart Jun 2016Cognitive impairment is very common in advanced age, with dementia representing the main cause of disability in older adults. Over the past 20 years, several modifiable... (Review)
Review
Cognitive impairment is very common in advanced age, with dementia representing the main cause of disability in older adults. Over the past 20 years, several modifiable risk factors have been identified for dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and many of them are shared with cardiovascular diseases. Given that the pathologic changes leading to dementia may start decades before dementia is diagnosed, it is crucial to adopt a life course approach when investigating risk factors for dementia. The CAIDE (Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia) study is one of the first and still very few existing observational studies to have investigated the role of midlife risk factors for the subsequent development of dementia and AD in late life. The CAIDE study is built on the North Karelia Project, enabling risk factor assessment 20 to 30 years before the dementia diagnosis. The CAIDE study has revealed that late-life dementia and AD are heterogeneous and multifactorial disorders, suggesting that multidomain interventions targeting several risk factors simultaneously may be needed for optimal preventive effects. The FINGER (Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability) study is the first large long-term multidomain lifestyle intervention showing effect on prevention of cognitive impairment in at-risk elderly people. The study is conducted within the existing framework and builds on multidisciplinary prevention expertise following the North Karelia Project and CAIDE study. The FINGER study will, together with the ongoing multinational preventive initiatives, pave the way for pragmatic prevention programs and integrated interventions to facilitate healthy brain aging. This paper summarizes major findings on risk and protective factors for dementia and AD, and reviews key aspects and future directions in preventative strategies.
Topics: Aging; Biomedical Research; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dementia; Finland; Humans; Life Style; Morbidity; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27242093
DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2016.04.013 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Nov 2021acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly called acute renal failure (ARF), is commonly defined as an abrupt decline in renal function, clinically manifesting as a reversible... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly called acute renal failure (ARF), is commonly defined as an abrupt decline in renal function, clinically manifesting as a reversible acute increase in nitrogen waste products-measured by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels-over the course of hours to weeks. AKI occurs in about 20% of all hospitalized patients and is more common in the elderly. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the occurrence of AKI, and to detect and treat early, since it is known that a prolonged period of kidney injury increases cardiovascular complications and the risk of death. Despite advances in modern medicine, there are no consistent treatment strategies for preventing the progression to chronic kidney disease. Through many studies, the safety and efficacy of natural products have been proven, and based on this, the time and cost required for new drug development can be reduced. In addition, research results on natural products are highly anticipated in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. In relation to AKI, many papers have reported that many natural products can prevent and treat AKI.
CONCLUSIONS
in this paper, the results of studies on natural products related to AKI were found and summarized, and the mechanism by which the efficacy of AKI was demonstrated was reviewed. Many natural products show that AKI can be prevented and treated, suggesting that these natural products can help to develop new drugs. In addition, we may be helpful to elucidate additional mechanisms and meta-analysis in future natural product studies.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Biological Products; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Creatinine; Humans
PubMed: 34833485
DOI: 10.3390/medicina57111266 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jul 2023Postmenopausal osteoporosis, an epidemic disorder is defined as a loss in bone mineral density and a greater possibility of fractures in older women. It is a... (Review)
Review
Postmenopausal osteoporosis, an epidemic disorder is defined as a loss in bone mineral density and a greater possibility of fractures in older women. It is a multifactorial disease under the control of various genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Insufficiency of estrogen hormone, leads to postmenopausal osteoporosis. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), despite being the most effective treatment, it is associated with the risk of breast cancer and cardiovascular disorders. This review seeks to compile the most recent information on medicinal plants and natural compounds used to treat and prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis. Furthermore, the origin, chemical constituents and the molecular mechanisms responsible for this therapeutic and preventive effect are also discussed. Literature research was conducted using PubMed, Science direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Different plant extracts and pure compounds exerts their antiosteoporotic activity by inhibition of RANKL and upregulation of OPG. RANKL signaling regulates osteoclast formation, characterized by increased bone turnover and osteoprotegrin is a decoy receptor for RANKL thereby preventing bone loss from excessive resorption. In addition, this review also includes the chemical structure of bioactive compounds acting on NFκB, TNF α, RUNX2. In conclusion, we propose that postmenopausal osteoporosis could be prevented or treated with herbal products.
Topics: Female; Humans; Aged; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Bone Density; Fractures, Bone; Estrogens; Phytochemicals
PubMed: 37172332
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114850 -
Revista de NeurologiaTo review the preventive and prophylactic aspects of epilepsy. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the preventive and prophylactic aspects of epilepsy.
DEVELOPMENT
The description of the prevention of the causes of epilepsy includes the measures to prevent epilepsy and epileptic seizures. The concept of antiepileptogenesis is discussed according to the available information about the role that both the classic and new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) play in this process. Neuroprotection is discussed in the context of the mechanisms of action of the AEDs and of the mechanisms of neuronal lesion produced by the causes of epilepsy or by the seizures themselves. Among the new therapeutic modalities the current knowledge about the vagus nerve stimulator and the surgical treatment is summarized. The potential future therapeutic modalities include alternative medicine, pharmacologic treatment of the epileptogenic focus, genetic treatment and vaccination.
CONCLUSIONS
The first step in preventing epilepsy is to avoid the causes or the risk factors. Some classic AEDs have demonstrated to be effective in the prophylaxis of provoked seizures (acute, symptomatic) but not of unprovoked seizures (epileptic). The best knowledge of the pathogenesis and the molecular and biological basis of epileptogenesis secondary to lesional causes, suggest that antioxidant and neuroprotective agents, including the new AEDs, may prevent epilepsy. There is a need to design studies with the goal of demonstrating their antiepileptogenic and/or neuroprotective activity at different ages in life. New and future therapeutic modalities may offer additional preventive options.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Humans
PubMed: 11988916
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Geriatrics May 2016Few studies on falls interventions have been conducted in South East Asia. Despite its population ageing rapidly, the acceptability of interventions among the older...
BACKGROUND
Few studies on falls interventions have been conducted in South East Asia. Despite its population ageing rapidly, the acceptability of interventions among the older population in this region remains variable. This study aims to explore views and experiences regarding falls and their prevention among older persons at high risk of falls.
METHOD
Sixteen individuals aged 60 years and over with at least one fall in the preceding 12 months were recruited from our Primary Care clinics. A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews among individuals and focus-groups was conducted. Thematic analyses were conducted on transcriptions of audio-taped interviews using the WeftQDA software. The interviews ceased when data saturation was achieved.
RESULTS
The three themes included older persons' views on falls, help-seeking behaviour and views on falls interventions. Many older persons interviewed did not perceive falls as a serious problem, some reported a stigma surrounding falls, while others felt they had not sustained more serious injuries due to God's grace. Older persons sought traditional medicine and other alternative treatments for pain relief and other fall-related symptoms. Accessibility of healthcare facilities often prevented older persons from receiving physiotherapy or eye tests.
CONCLUSION
The delivery of complex interventions for a multifactorial condition such as falls in the older persons in our setting is inhibited by various cultural barriers, falls perceptions as well as logistic difficulties. Efforts to establish a multi-disciplinary intervention among our older population will need to include strategies to overcome these issues.
Topics: Accidental Falls; Aged; Female; Focus Groups; Help-Seeking Behavior; Humans; Malaysia; Male; Middle Aged; Qualitative Research; Risk Factors; Social Stigma
PubMed: 27153989
DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0274-6