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Asian Journal of Andrology 2019Prostate cancer is among the most common malignancies in Western countries, and its incidence is rapidly rising in Asia where it was traditionally considered an uncommon...
Prostate cancer is among the most common malignancies in Western countries, and its incidence is rapidly rising in Asia where it was traditionally considered an uncommon tumor. Our understanding of the disease and management strategies continue to evolve. The first revolution of its treatment was in the 1940s when hormonal therapy was used to treat patients. The discovery of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the subsequent adoption of widespread PSA screening have made it possible to diagnose the disease early, but it was not until recently that the field realized that we had been overdiagnosing and overtreating a large number of men with indolent diseases that will not impact their quality of life or life expectancy. Distinguishing indolent tumors from aggressive ones remains a challenge, although recent advances in multiparametric MRI have given clinicians more confidence in choosing men for active surveillance. However, more need to be done to fundamentally understand the molecular and cellular bases that determine the biologic behavior of each of the tumors.
Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Disease Progression; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 30971530
DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_31_19 -
Cancer Science Nov 2017Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA transcripts larger than 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins the aberrant expression of which has been documented in... (Review)
Review
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA transcripts larger than 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins the aberrant expression of which has been documented in various types of cancer, including prostate cancer. Lack of appropriate sensitive and specific biomarkers for prostate cancer has led to overdiagnosis and overtreatment, making lncRNAs promising novel biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for the disease. The present review attempts to summarize the current knowledge of lncRNA expression patterns and mechanisms in prostate cancer, which contribute to carcinogenesis. In particular, we focused on lncRNAs regulated by androgen receptor and expressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; Medical Overuse; Prostatic Neoplasms; RNA, Long Noncoding
PubMed: 28796922
DOI: 10.1111/cas.13352 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2013
Topics: Animals; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 24235880
DOI: 10.1155/2013/265234 -
The British Journal of Radiology May 2014One in six males will develop prostate cancer during their lifetime. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American males, behind only lung... (Review)
Review
One in six males will develop prostate cancer during their lifetime. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American males, behind only lung cancer. Unfortunately, even though this disease is so common, clinical screening methods such as prostate-specific antigen test and transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy lack sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing prostate cancer. In recent years, multiparametric prostate MRI has emerged as a very important tool in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma with a high accuracy. However, diagnostic difficulty is often encountered even with an experienced abdominal radiologist. That is mainly because many normal and abnormal entities can mimic prostate carcinoma at multiparametric MRI. Therefore, the purpose of this pictorial review is to discuss the usefulness of multiparametric prostate MRI in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma, emphasizing the key MRI features that help to make a distinction of prostate carcinoma from its mimics.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 24646125
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130659 -
Urology Sep 2021Intraductal cribriform (IDC) and invasive cribriform morphologies are associated with worse prostate cancer outcomes. Limited retrospective studies have associated IDC... (Review)
Review
Intraductal cribriform (IDC) and invasive cribriform morphologies are associated with worse prostate cancer outcomes. Limited retrospective studies have associated IDC and cribriform morphology with germline mutations in DNA repair genes, particularly BRCA2. These findings, which prompted the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines for Prostate Cancer and Genetic/Familial High- Risk Assessment to consider germline testing for individuals with IDC/cribriform histology, have been questioned in a recent prospective study. A deepened understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving disease aggressiveness in cribriform morphology is critical to provide more clarity in clinical decision making. This review summarizes the current understanding of IDC and cribriform prostate cancer, with an emphasis on clinical outcomes and molecular alterations.
Topics: Humans; Male; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Neoplasm Grading; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 34058243
DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.05.028 -
Molecular Medicine Reports Sep 2022Prostate cancer (PCa) has long been a major public health problem affecting men worldwide. Even with treatment, it can develop into castration‑resistant PCa. With the... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer (PCa) has long been a major public health problem affecting men worldwide. Even with treatment, it can develop into castration‑resistant PCa. With the continuous advancement in epigenetics, researchers have explored N6‑methyladenosine (mA) in search of a more effective and lasting treatment for PCa. mA is widely distributed in mammalian cells and influences various aspects of mRNA metabolism. Recently, it has been associated with the development or suppression of various types of cancer, including PCa. This review summarizes the recent findings on mA regulation and its functions and mechanisms in cells, focusing on the various functional proteins operating within mA in PCa cells. Moreover, the potential clinical value of exploiting mA modification as an early diagnostic marker in PCa diagnosis and therapeutics was discussed. mA may also be used as an indicator to evaluate treatment outcome and prognosis.
Topics: Adenosine; Epigenesis, Genetic; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35856412
DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12796 -
Annals of Palliative Medicine May 2023Oligometastatic prostate cancer (OMPC) encompasses a heterogenous group of clinical entities defined by the timing of the development of metastases. These include de... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Oligometastatic prostate cancer (OMPC) encompasses a heterogenous group of clinical entities defined by the timing of the development of metastases. These include de novo oligometastatic, oligorecurrent and oligoprogressive prostate cancer (PrCa). We describe the evidence supporting the use of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) to the oligometastases to improve patient outcomes in each of these settings.
METHODS
Published clinical trials relevant to 'OMPC' and 'SABR' where used for this narrative review.
KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS
The driving force behind this narrative review is the constantly evolving field of OMPC with an increasing number of salvage radiotherapy options changing the current treatment paradigm. We now have evidence to support that disease control can be optimised with SABR as shown in several practice changing trials including 'ORIOLE', 'STOMP' for PrCa and 'SABR-COMET' showing a survival advantage with a tumour agnostic salvage approach. We also describe the challenges with data interpretation and cost implications. Challenges include the small sample size for most reported trials, in combination with a lack of cost-efficiency analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
SABR is a promising treatment approach for OMPC with a proven clinical benefit in some clinical settings and its use will expand in the future.
Topics: Male; Humans; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiosurgery
PubMed: 37038063
DOI: 10.21037/apm-22-828 -
Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases Sep 2022Prostate cancer has the widest racial disparities of any cancer, and these disparities appear at every stage of the cancer continuum. This review focuses on the... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer has the widest racial disparities of any cancer, and these disparities appear at every stage of the cancer continuum. This review focuses on the disparities in prostate cancer between Black and White men, spanning from prevention and screening to clinical outcomes. We conduct an expansive review of the literature on racial disparities in prostate cancer, interpret the findings, and discuss areas of unmet need in research. We provide an overview of epidemiologic concepts necessary to understanding the current state of prostate cancer disparities, discuss the complexities of studying race, and review potential drivers of disparities in incidence and mortality. We argue that the cause of this disparity is multifactorial and due to a combination of social and environmental factors. The path forward needs to focus on enrolling and retaining Black men in prostate cancer clinical trials and observational studies and identifying potential interventions to improve prevention and clinical outcomes in Black men.
Topics: Black or African American; Black People; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Incidence; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; White People
PubMed: 34475523
DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00451-z -
Seminars in Cancer Biology Jul 2022Although prostate adenocarcinoma lacks distinguishable histopathological subtypes, prostate cancer displays significant inter- and intratumor heterogeneity at the... (Review)
Review
Although prostate adenocarcinoma lacks distinguishable histopathological subtypes, prostate cancer displays significant inter- and intratumor heterogeneity at the molecular level and with respect to disease prognosis and treatment response. In principle, understanding the basis for prostate cancer heterogeneity can help distinguish aggressive from indolent disease, and help overcome castration-resistance in advanced prostate cancer. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in understanding the cell types of origin, putative cancer stem cells, and tumor plasticity in prostate cancer, focusing on insights from studies of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). We will also outline future directions for investigating tumor heterogeneity using mouse models of prostate cancer.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Male; Mice; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 34147640
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.016 -
The Malaysian Journal of Pathology Aug 2023Prostate cancer is the second-most frequently diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Serum prostatespecific antigen is currently used for the early detection of prostate... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is the second-most frequently diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Serum prostatespecific antigen is currently used for the early detection of prostate cancer. However, new biomarkers are needed to decrease over diagnosis and over treatment of prostate cancer due to limitations of prostate-specific antigen. Recently, molecular biomarkers have shown promising results for diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. Molecular biomarkers have improved the sensitivity and specificity of prostate-specific antigen and studies are ongoing to identify molecular biomarkers as a replacement for prostate-specific antigen. This review aims to give an overview of emerging molecular biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer.
Topics: Male; Humans; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Mutation; Neoplasms, Second Primary
PubMed: 37658525
DOI: No ID Found