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International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2016Currently there is little effective treatment available for castration resistant prostate cancer, which is responsible for the majority of prostate cancer related... (Review)
Review
Currently there is little effective treatment available for castration resistant prostate cancer, which is responsible for the majority of prostate cancer related deaths. Emerging evidence suggested that cancer stem cells might play an important role in resistance to traditional cancer therapies, and the studies of cancer stem cells (including specific isolation and targeting on those cells) might benefit the discovery of novel treatment of prostate cancer, especially castration resistant disease. In this review, we summarized major biomarkers for prostate cancer stem cells, as well as their functional mechanisms and potential application in clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Humans; Male; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 27447616
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071163 -
Discovery Medicine Sep 2011Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in men. Screening with prostate specific antigen (PSA) has led to a... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in men. Screening with prostate specific antigen (PSA) has led to a clinical and pathological stage migration such that currently most men diagnosed with prostate cancer have clinically localized disease potentially offering opportunity for curative intervention. On the other hand, the benefit of radical therapy in terms of reducing overall mortality in PSA-screened populations has been controversial with concerns being raised about over-diagnosis and over-treatment. Treatment of prostate cancer is associated with risk and complications that negatively affect the quality of life of men with localized disease. Recently, a new treatment paradigm has been proposed which is called focal therapy, defined as an individualized treatment by which only known disease is targeted and ablated while preserving normal tissue. This review will attempt to describe the opportunities and uncertainties behind this proposed paradigm shift.
Topics: Humans; Male; Precision Medicine; Prostatic Neoplasms; Uncertainty
PubMed: 21955852
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Medicine Mar 2015Recent decades have seen dramatic changes in the management of prostate cancer based on novel research findings. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening has been...
Recent decades have seen dramatic changes in the management of prostate cancer based on novel research findings. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening has been introduced, and then recently modified to include new strategies and biomarkers. Management of advanced disease has been transformed by the rapid introduction of new agents. We have moved from a "one-size-fits-all" approach in prostate cancer management to multidisciplinary strategies tailored to the individual patient and his specific cancer. This editorial marks the launch of the article collection Spotlight on prostate cancer (http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmed/series/SPR), and here, guest editors Sigrid Carlsson and Andrew Vickers give an overview of the past, present, and future of prostate cancer research and management.
Topics: Humans; Male; Medical Oncology; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 25857774
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0311-x -
Archivos Espanoles de Urologia Mar 2022Prostate cancer is themost prevalent and deadliest neoplasm in men, with adiverse clinical presentantion and oncological outcomes.The diagnosis and treatment remains a... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Prostate cancer is themost prevalent and deadliest neoplasm in men, with adiverse clinical presentantion and oncological outcomes.The diagnosis and treatment remains a challenge.New essays about biomarkers show their potential asa tool that may influence in clinical decision making,risk stratification and management of the disease.
METHODS
we performed a literature review abouttissue biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment ofprostate cancer.
RESULTS
Within the last years, a wide number ofdiagnostic and prognostic tests in tissue have been developed(ConfirmMDx, Promark, Oncoytype DX, Decipher),creating an opportunity to improve the diagnosis,prognosis and treatment of prostate cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
Since prostate cancer is the mostprevalent neoplasm in men, it is mandatory to stratifypatients correctly to prevent unnecessary biopsiesand overtreatment in low risk patients, as well as designthe best strategy in those with high risk disease.Tissue biomarkers may become a useful tool in precisionmedicine to guide decision making.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Clinical Decision-Making; Humans; Male; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35332888
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2020Zinc is a group IIB heavy metal. It is an important regulator of major cell signaling pathways in most mammalian cells, functions as an antioxidant and plays a role in... (Review)
Review
Zinc is a group IIB heavy metal. It is an important regulator of major cell signaling pathways in most mammalian cells, functions as an antioxidant and plays a role in maintaining genomic stability. Zinc deficiency leads to severe diseases in the brain, pancreas, liver, kidneys and reproductive organs. Zinc loss occurs during tumor development in a variety of cancers. The prostate normally contains abundant intracellular zinc and zinc loss is a hallmark of the development of prostate cancer development. The underlying mechanism of this loss is not clearly understood. The knowledge that excess zinc prevents the growth of prostate cancers suggests that zinc-mediated therapeutics could be an effective approach for cancer prevention and treatment, although challenges remain. This review summarizes the specific roles of zinc in several cancer types focusing on prostate cancer. The relationship between prostate cancer and the dysregulation of zinc homeostasis is examined in detail in an effort to understand the role of zinc in prostate cancer.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Clinical Studies as Topic; Disease Susceptibility; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Homeostasis; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Signal Transduction; Treatment Outcome; Zinc; Zinc Fingers
PubMed: 32340289
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082991 -
BMC Medicine Aug 2022Prostate cancer is an epidemic of the modern age, and despite efforts to improve awareness, it remains the case that mortality has hardly altered over the decades,...
BACKGROUND
Prostate cancer is an epidemic of the modern age, and despite efforts to improve awareness, it remains the case that mortality has hardly altered over the decades, driven largely by late presentation. There is a strong public perception that male urinary symptoms is one of the key indicators of prostate cancer, and this continues to be part of messaging from national guidelines and media health campaigns. This narrative, however, is not based on evidence and may be seriously hampering efforts to encourage early presentation.
DISCUSSION
Anatomically, prostate cancer most often arises in the peripheral zone, while urinary symptoms result from compression of the urethra by prostatic enlargement more centrally. Biopsy studies show that mean prostate volume is actually lower in men found to have (early) prostate cancer compared to those with benign biopsies. This inverse relationship between prostate size and the probability of cancer is so strong that PSA density (PSA corrected for prostate volume) is known to be significantly more accurate in predicting a positive biopsy than PSA alone. Thus, this disconnect between scientific evidence and the current perception is very striking. There is also evidence that using symptoms for investigating possible cancer may lead to higher proportions of men presenting with locally advanced or metastatic disease compared to PSA testing or screening programmes. Concerns about overwhelming health care services if men are encouraged to get tested without symptoms may also be overstated, with recent newer approaches to reduce over-investigation and treatment. In this article, we explore the link between urinary symptoms and prostate cancer and propose that public and professional messaging needs to change.
CONCLUSION
If rates of earlier diagnosis are to improve, we call for strong clear messaging that prostate cancer is a silent disease especially in the curable stages and men should come forward for testing regardless of whether or not they have symptoms. This should be done in parallel with other ongoing efforts to raise awareness including targeting men at highest risk due to racial ancestry or family history. While the current resurgence in interest and debate about prostate cancer screening is timely, change of this message by guideline bodies, charities and the media can be a first simple step to improving earlier presentation and hence cures rates.
Topics: Biopsy; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35922801
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02453-7 -
Cancer Cell Sep 2013
Review
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Male; Mice; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 24029235
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.08.033 -
Urologic Oncology Apr 2016Efforts to improve the clinical outcome for patients with localized high-risk prostate cancer have led to the development of neoadjuvant systemic therapies. We review... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Efforts to improve the clinical outcome for patients with localized high-risk prostate cancer have led to the development of neoadjuvant systemic therapies. We review the different modalities of neoadjuvant therapies for localized prostate cancer and highlight emerging treatment approaches including immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
METHODS
We performed a PubMed search of clinical trials evaluating preoperative systemic therapies for treating high-risk prostate cancer published after 2000, and those studies with the highest clinical relevance to current treatment approaches were selected for review. The database at clinicaltrials.gov was queried for neoadjuvant studies in high-risk prostate cancer, and those evaluating novel targeted therapies and immunotherapies are spotlighted here.
RESULTS
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has become standard of care for treating some malignancies, including breast and bladder cancers. In prostate cancer, preoperative hormonal therapy or chemotherapy has failed to demonstrate improvements in overall survival. Nevertheless, the emergence of novel treatment modalities such as targeted small molecules and immunotherapy has spawned neoadjuvant clinical trials that provide a unique vantage from which to study mechanism of action and biological potency. Tissue-based biomarkers are being developed to elucidate the biological efficacy of these treatments. With targeted therapy, these can include phospho-proteomic signatures of target pathway activation and deactivation. With immunotherapies, including sipuleucel-T and ipilimumab, recruitment of immune cells to the tumor microenvironment can also be used as robust markers of a biological effect. Such studies can provide insight not only into mechanism of action for these therapies but can also provide paths forward to improving clinical efficacy like with rationally designed combinations and dose selection.
CONCLUSIONS
The use of neoadjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy and chemotherapy either singly or in combination before radical prostatectomy is generally safe and feasible while reducing prostate volume and tumor burden. However, pathologic complete response rates are low and no long-term survival benefit has been observed with the addition of neoadjuvant therapies over surgery alone at present, and therefore preoperative therapy is not the current standard of care in prostate cancer treatment.
Topics: Humans; Immunotherapy; Male; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
PubMed: 24495446
DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.12.001 -
International Braz J Urol : Official... 2017As patients with end-stage renal disease are receiving renal allografts at older ages, the number of male renal transplant recipients (RTRs) being diagnosed with... (Review)
Review
As patients with end-stage renal disease are receiving renal allografts at older ages, the number of male renal transplant recipients (RTRs) being diagnosed with prostate cancer (CaP) is increasing. Historically, the literature regarding the management of CaP in RTR's is limited to case reports and small case series. To date, there are no standardized guidelines for screening or management of CaP in these complex patients. To better understand the unique characteristics of CaP in the renal transplant population, we performed a literature review of PubMed, without date limitations, using a combination of search terms including prostate cancer, end stage renal disease, renal transplantation, prostate cancer screening, prostate specific antigen kinetics, immunosuppression, prostatectomy, and radiation therapy. Of special note, teams facilitating the care of these complex patients must carefully and meticulously consider the altered anatomy for surgical and radiotherapeutic planning. Active surveillance, though gaining popularity in the general low risk prostate cancer population, needs further study in this group, as does the management of advance disease. This review provides a comprehensive and contemporary understanding of the incidence, screening measures, risk stratification, and treatment options for CaP in RTRs.
Topics: Humans; Incidence; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 28338305
DOI: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2016.0510 -
Acta Bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis Dec 2019In the era of biochemical tests and algorithms, the management of prostate cancer from prevention to treatment is still controversial. The debate is focused on... (Review)
Review
In the era of biochemical tests and algorithms, the management of prostate cancer from prevention to treatment is still controversial. The debate is focused on clinically-significant and clinically-insignificant prostate cancer. As it is well known, the diagnostic tools available are not able to distinguish between the two, thus leading to men treated for prostate cancer even if not strictly necessary. Unfortunately, as of today, there is no test available able to predict the clinical aggressiveness of prostate cancer at the time of the diagnosis. However, some indexes, PSA derivatives, immunocomplexes, and diagnostic methods have been proposed. If properly used in the daily clinical practice, these tools may be of support in the decision making process, in the effort to reduce the overdiagnosis and the overtreatment of prostate cancer.For this reason, we believe that a clear knowledge of this tools, indexes and diagnostic methods is of the utmost importance in preventing the morbidities related to unnecessary treatment as weel as preventing the detrimental effect of missing the diagnosis of a clinically significant prostate cancer.This reviews encompasses the most studied tests and diagnostic methods to predict the aggressiveness of prostate cancer, to avoid to miss a diagnosis of clinically significant cancers and to optimize the overall pre-treatment work-up. (www.actabiomedica.it).
Topics: Humans; Male; Medical Overuse; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 31910165
DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i4.9070