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Asian Journal of Andrology May 2012In this paper, we reviewed the features of common prostate diseases, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCa) and chronic prostatitis (CP) that... (Review)
Review
In this paper, we reviewed the features of common prostate diseases, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCa) and chronic prostatitis (CP) that are specific to Asian men. Compared to the Westerners, Asians exhibit particular characteristics of prostate diseases. Through summarizing the epidemiology, symptomatology, diagnostics and therapeutics of these diseases, we find that Asians have a lower incidence of PCa than whites, but the incidences of BPH and CP are similar. Asian men with CP often suffer from fewer disease sites, but have a higher frequency of pain during urination rather than after sexual climax. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a widely used marker for the diagnosis of PCa in both Asian and Western countries. Although the PSA level may be lower in Asians, the threshold used is based on whites. After reviewing the treatments available for these diseases, we did not find a fundamental difference between Asians and whites. Furthermore, the selection for the most appropriate treatment based on the individual needs of patients remains a challenge to urologists in Asia. After considering the traits of prostate diseases that are specific to Asian men, we hope to pave the way for the development of specific diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeted specifically to Asian men.
Topics: Asian People; Chronic Disease; Disease Progression; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis
PubMed: 22306914
DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.137 -
Abdominal Radiology (New York) Dec 2020
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 33230591
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-020-02862-3 -
The American Journal of Pathology Feb 2015The prostate is an androgen-sensitive organ that needs proper androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signals for normal development. The progression of prostate diseases,... (Review)
Review
The prostate is an androgen-sensitive organ that needs proper androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signals for normal development. The progression of prostate diseases, including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa), also needs proper androgen/AR signals. Tissue recombination studies report that stromal, but not epithelial, AR plays more critical roles via the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions to influence the early process of prostate development. However, in BPH and PCa, much more attention has been focused on epithelial AR roles. However, accumulating evidence indicates that stromal AR is also irreplaceable and plays critical roles in prostate disease progression. Herein, we summarize the roles of stromal AR in the development of normal prostate, BPH, and PCa, with evidence from the recent results of in vitro cell line studies, tissue recombination experiments, and AR knockout animal models. Current evidence suggests that stromal AR may play positive roles to promote BPH and PCa progression, and targeting stromal AR selectively with AR degradation enhancer, ASC-J9, may allow development of better therapies with fewer adverse effects to battle BPH and PCa.
Topics: Animals; Curcumin; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Proteins; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Androgen; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 25432062
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.10.012 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2019Inflammation is inherent in prostatic diseases and it is now accepted that it may facilitate cellular proliferation in both benign and malignant conditions. The strong... (Review)
Review
Inflammation is inherent in prostatic diseases and it is now accepted that it may facilitate cellular proliferation in both benign and malignant conditions. The strong relationship between prostatic inflammation and pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is supported by epidemiologic, histopathologic and molecular evidence. Contrariwise, the role of inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis is still controversial, although current data indicate that the inflammatory microenvironment can regulate prostate cancer (PCa) growth and progression. Knowledge of the complex molecular landscape associated with chronic inflammation in the context of PCa may lead to the introduction and optimization of novel targeted therapies. In this perspective, evaluation of the inflammatory component in prostate specimens could be included in routine pathology reports.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Disease Progression; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Male; Prevalence; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis
PubMed: 31390729
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153833 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2023Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and complications are often seen in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and affect their clinical management. Despite acceptable safety... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and complications are often seen in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and affect their clinical management. Despite acceptable safety profiles and patient compliance, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), the mainstay of PCa treatment and chemotherapy, has increased cardiovascular risks and metabolic syndromes in patients. A growing body of evidence also suggests that patients with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions show an increased incidence of PCa and present with fatal forms of the disease. Therefore, it is possible that a molecular link exists between the two diseases, which has not yet been unraveled. This article provides insight into the connection between PCa and CVDs. In this context, we present our findings linking PCa progression with patients' cardiovascular health by performing a comprehensive gene expression study, gene set enrichment (GSEA) and biological pathway analysis using publicly available data extracted from patients with advanced metastatic PCa. We also discuss the common androgen deprivation strategies and CVDs most frequently reported in PCa patients and present evidence from various clinical trials that suggest that therapy induces CVD in PCa patients.
Topics: Male; Humans; Prostatic Neoplasms; Androgen Antagonists; Androgens; Cardiovascular Diseases
PubMed: 37108147
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086984 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Oct 2013Prostate cancer (PCa) metabolism appears to be unique in comparison with other types of solid cancers. Normal prostate cells mainly rely on glucose oxidation to provide... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer (PCa) metabolism appears to be unique in comparison with other types of solid cancers. Normal prostate cells mainly rely on glucose oxidation to provide precursors for the synthesis and secretion of citrate, resulting in an incomplete Krebs cycle and minimal oxidative phosphorylation for energy production. In contrast, during transformation, PCa cells no longer secrete citrate and they reactivate the Krebs cycle as energy source. Moreover, primary PCas do not show increased aerobic glycolysis and therefore they are not efficiently detectable with (18)F-FDG-PET. However, increased de novo lipid synthesis, strictly intertwined with deregulation in classical oncogenes and oncosuppressors, is an early event of the disease. Up-regulation and increased activity of lipogenic enzymes (including fatty acid synthase and choline kinase) occurs throughout PCa carcinogenesis and correlates with worse prognosis and poor survival. Thus, lipid precursors such as acetate and choline have been successfully used as alternative tracers for PET imaging. Lipid synthesis intermediates and FA catabolism also emerged as important players in PCa maintenance. Finally, epidemiologic studies suggested that systemic metabolic disorders including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes as well as hypercaloric and fat-rich diets might increase the risk of PCa. However, how metabolic disorders contribute to PCa development and whether dietary lipids and de novo lipids synthesized intra-tumor are differentially metabolized still remains unclear. In this review, we examine the switch in lipid metabolism supporting the development and progression of PCa and we discuss how we can exploit its lipogenic nature for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lipid Metabolism in Cancer.
Topics: Genes, Tumor Suppressor; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Oncogenes; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 23562839
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.03.010 -
Hormones & Cancer Apr 2017Activins are members of the TGF-β superfamily and have been linked to prostate cancer. There are four mammalian activin subunits (β, β, β, and β) that dimerize to...
Activins are members of the TGF-β superfamily and have been linked to prostate cancer. There are four mammalian activin subunits (β, β, β, and β) that dimerize to form functional proteins. The role of activin-A (β-β) has been relatively well characterized and has been shown to generally inhibit growth in the prostate. In contrast, little is known about the biological function of the β and β subunits. Previous work indicated activin-C (β-β) to be an antagonist of activin-A. This is important because resistance to activin-A growth inhibition occurs during prostate cancer progression. This paradox is not currently well understood. Hence, we hypothesize that local expression of the activin-β subunit antagonizes activin-A-dependent growth inhibition and represents a key factor contributing to acquired insensitivity to activin-A observed in prostate cancer progression. To test our hypothesis, we characterized the ventral prostate lobes of 9-month-old transgenic mice over-expressing activin-β and examined the expression of activin-β, activin-β, and the activin intracellular signaling factor, Smad-2, in human prostate diseases. Prostate epithelial cell hyperplasia, low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions, alterations in cell proliferation, and reduced Smad-2 nuclear localization were evident in mice over-expressing activin-β. Increased activin-β and -β subunit immunoreactive scores and decreased Smad-2 nuclear localization were also evident in human prostate cancer. This study suggests that over-expression of activin-β is associated with murine and human prostate pathologies. We conclude that the activin-β subunit may have therapeutic and/or diagnostic implications in human prostate disease.
Topics: Animals; Cell Nucleus; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Inhibin-beta Subunits; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostatic Neoplasms; Signal Transduction; Smad2 Protein; Tissue Array Analysis; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 28116672
DOI: 10.1007/s12672-017-0283-8 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Mar 2010The differential diagnoses of prostatic carcinoma and bladder epithelial neoplasms include several histologic mimics that should be known to avoid misdiagnosis. (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
The differential diagnoses of prostatic carcinoma and bladder epithelial neoplasms include several histologic mimics that should be known to avoid misdiagnosis.
OBJECTIVE
To discuss pseudoneoplastic lesions of the prostate and bladder that could potentially be confused with prostatic carcinoma and bladder epithelial neoplasms, respectively, with specific focus on their distinguishing histopathologic features.
DATA SOURCES
Relevant published literature and authors' experience.
CONCLUSIONS
Pseudoneoplastic lesions in the prostate include those of prostatic epithelial origin, the most common being atrophy, adenosis (atypical adenomatous hyperplasia), basal cell hyperplasia, and crowded benign glands, as well as those of nonprostatic origin, such as seminal vesicle epithelium. Such lesions often mimic lower-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma, whereas others, such as clear cell cribriform hyperplasia and granulomatous prostatitis, for example, are in the differential diagnosis of Gleason adenocarcinoma, Gleason grade 4 or 5. Pseudoneoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder include lesions that could potentially be confused with urothelial carcinoma in situ, such as reactive urothelial atypia, and others, such as polypoid/papillary cystitis, where papillary urothelial neoplasms are the main differential diagnostic concern. Several lesions can mimic invasive urothelial carcinoma, including pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia, von Brunn nests, and nephrogenic adenoma. Diagnostic awareness of the salient histomorphologic and relevant immunohistochemical features of these prostatic and urinary bladder pseudoneoplasms is critical to avoid rendering false-positive diagnoses of malignancy.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Granuloma, Plasma Cell; Humans; Male; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Diseases; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 20196670
DOI: 10.5858/134.3.427 -
The Prostate Oct 2019The protist Trichomonas vaginalis causes a common, sexually transmitted infection and has been proposed to contribute to the development of chronic prostate conditions,...
BACKGROUND
The protist Trichomonas vaginalis causes a common, sexually transmitted infection and has been proposed to contribute to the development of chronic prostate conditions, including benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. However, few studies have investigated the extent to which it involves the prostate in the current antimicrobial era. We addressed this question by investigating the relation between T. vaginalis antibody serostatus and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration, a marker of prostate infection, inflammation, and/or cell damage, in young, male, US military members.
METHODS
We measured T. vaginalis serum IgG antibodies and serum total PSA concentration in a random sample of 732 young, male US active duty military members. Associations between T. vaginalis serostatus and PSA were investigated by linear regression.
RESULTS
Of the 732 participants, 341 (46.6%) had a low T. vaginalis seropositive score and 198 (27.0%) had a high score, with the remainder seronegative. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of PSA by T. vaginalis serostatus. However, slightly greater, nonsignificant differences were observed when men with high T. vaginalis seropositive scores were compared with seronegative men, and when higher PSA concentrations were examined (≥0.70 ng/mL). Specifically, 42.5% of men with high seropositive scores had a PSA concentration greater than or equal to 0.70 ng/mL compared with 33.2% of seronegative men (adjusted P = .125).
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, our findings do not provide strong support for prostate involvement during T. vaginalis infection, although our suggestive positive findings for higher PSA concentrations do not rule out this possibility entirely. These suggestive findings may be relevant for prostate condition development because higher early- to mid-life PSA concentrations have been found to predict greater prostate cancer risk later in life.
Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Protozoan; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Male; Military Personnel; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Diseases; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vaginalis; United States
PubMed: 31376187
DOI: 10.1002/pros.23886 -
International Braz J Urol : Official... 2016Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are two common urological diseases of the elderly. Scientific community has always looked for a link that could explain... (Review)
Review
Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are two common urological diseases of the elderly. Scientific community has always looked for a link that could explain the correlation between the two diseases and the role of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of BPH and PCa. As shown by the reports of the two diseases relationship with oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome, the use of compounds with antioxidant action could therefore affect both the symptoms and their onset. Polyphenols appear to act not only against oxidative stress but also at different levels. The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of the most important polyphenols on these two urological diseases. As antioxidants these compounds seems to have a direct action on the cell cycle and hormone function, important for both prostate cancer and BPH. Despite a large number of articles about the relationship of the polyphenols with prostate cancer, very little evidence exists for BPH. Additional clinical trials or meta-analysis are necessary on this topic.
Topics: Antioxidants; Humans; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Oxidative Stress; Polyphenols; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27286103
DOI: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2015.0095