-
BioMed Research International 2014Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common diagnosed malignant disease in men worldwide. Although serum PSA test dramatically improved the early diagnosis of PCa,... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common diagnosed malignant disease in men worldwide. Although serum PSA test dramatically improved the early diagnosis of PCa, it also led to an overdiagnosis and as a consequence to an overtreatment of patients with an indolent disease. New biomarkers for diagnosis, prediction, and monitoring of the disease are needed. These biomarkers would enable the selection of patients with aggressive or progressive disease and, hence, would contribute to the implementation of individualized therapy of the cancer patient. Since the FDA approval of the long noncoding PCA3 RNA-based urine test for the diagnosis of PCa patients, many new noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) associated with PCa have been discovered. According to their size and function, ncRNAs can be divided into small and long ncRNAs. NcRNAs are expressed in (tumor) tissue, but many are also found in circulating tumor cells and in all body fluids as protein-bound or incorporated in extracellular vesicles. In these protected forms they are stable and so they can be easily analyzed, even in archival specimens. In this review, the authors will focus on ncRNAs as novel biomarker candidates for PCa diagnosis, prediction, prognosis, and monitoring of therapeutic response and discuss their potential for an implementation into clinical practice.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; RNA, Untranslated
PubMed: 25243154
DOI: 10.1155/2014/591703 -
British Journal of Cancer May 2013Since they were first described in the 1990s, circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have provided an active and rapidly evolving area of current research that has the potential... (Review)
Review
Since they were first described in the 1990s, circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have provided an active and rapidly evolving area of current research that has the potential to transform cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. In particular, miRNAs could provide potential new biomarkers for prostate cancer, the most common cause of cancer in UK men. Current diagnostic tests for prostate cancer have low specificity and poor sensitivity. Further, although many prostate cancers are so slow growing as not to pose a major risk to health, there is currently no test to distinguish between these and cancers that will become aggressive and life threatening. Circulating miRNAs are highly stable and are both detectable and quantifiable in a range of accessible bio fluids, thus have the potential to be useful diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. This review aims to summarise the current understanding of circulating miRNAs in prostate cancer patients and their potential role as biomarkers.
Topics: Biological Transport; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; MicroRNAs; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 23632485
DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.192 -
Acta Scientific Cancer Biology Nov 2018Prostate specific antigen (PSA) does not provide the reliability that is required for the accurate urology screening of prostate cancer (PCa). Consequently, there has...
Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Zn/Fe Ratiometric Determination of Zinc Levels in Expressed Prostatic Fluid: A Direct, Non-Invasive and Highly Accurate Screening for Prostate Cancer.
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) does not provide the reliability that is required for the accurate urology screening of prostate cancer (PCa). Consequently, there has been a major focus and search for a simple, rapid, direct, preferably non-invasive, and highly accurate biomarker and procedure for the urology screening for prostate cancer. Virtually all PCa cases exhibit a marked decrease in zinc in prostate tissue and in prostatic fluid. This is a hallmark "signature" clinical characteristic for all prostate cancers, which provides the clinical basis for zinc screening of PCa. Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) of zinc levels in expressed prostatic fluid (EPF) provides > 90% accuracy for the identification of prostate cancer vs normal/benign prostate. An energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) Zn/Fe ratiometric analysis of expressed prostatic fluid (EPF) can provide > 90% accuracy for the identification of prostate cancer vs normal/benign prostate. This will be achieved by direct EDXRF analysis of a "drop" of EPF directly deposited on a filter paper disc during the urology digital rectal examination of the subject. Interfering and confounding conditions that besiege PSA do not exist in the EDXRF Zn/Fe radiometric analyses. This report reviews the basis for zinc analysis for PCA, provides the supporting evidence that EDXRF Zn/Fe ratiometric analysis of EPF will provide a simple, rapid, direct, non-invasive, and highly accurate biomarker and procedure for the urology screening for prostate cancer.
PubMed: 30547158
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2021Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have brought great momentum to the non-invasive liquid biopsy procedure for the detection, characterization, and monitoring of cancer.... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have brought great momentum to the non-invasive liquid biopsy procedure for the detection, characterization, and monitoring of cancer. Despite the common use of PSA (prostate-specific antigen) as a biomarker for prostate cancer, there is an unmet need for a more specific diagnostic tool to detect tumor progression and recurrence. Exosomes, which are EVs that are released from all cells, play a large role in physiology and pathology, including cancer. They are involved in intercellular communication, immune function, and they are present in every bodily fluid studied-making them an excellent window into how cells are operating. With liquid biopsy, EVs can be isolated and analyzed, enabling an insight into a potential therapeutic value, serving as a vehicle for drugs or nucleic acids that have anti-neoplastic effects. The current application of advanced technology also points to higher-sensitivity detection methods that are minimally invasive. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the significance of exosomes in prostate cancer and the potential diagnostic value of these EVs in disease progression.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Exosomes; Humans; Liquid Biopsy; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 34576294
DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810131 -
The Tohoku Journal of Experimental... Feb 1992We analyzed metallothionein (MT) in rat prostates by gel filtration and radioimmunoassay. The concentration of MT in the prostate, kidney and liver of cadmium-induced...
We analyzed metallothionein (MT) in rat prostates by gel filtration and radioimmunoassay. The concentration of MT in the prostate, kidney and liver of cadmium-induced rats was measured. The concentration of MT was also measured in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer and the prostatic fluids from various prostatic diseases in humans. MT was detected in rat prostates by gel filtration and radioimmunoassay. The concentration of MT (micrograms/g wet tissue) was 0.3 +/- 0.1 (S.D.) in the ventral lobe, 30.4 +/- 24.0 in the lateral lobe, 5.2 +/- 0.9 in the dorsal lobe, 25.0 +/- 6.4 in the kidney and 2.0 +/- 1.5 in the liver of the rat control group. Change in MT content in CdCl2-induced organs increased quantitatively with the dose administered. The concentration of MT (micrograms/g wet tissue) in human prostate was 99.3 +/- 121.8 in the peripheral zone (PZ), 12.0 +/- 8.5 in the preprostatic region (PR), 7.3 +/- 3.1 in the central zone (CZ), 17.5 +/- 15.0 in benign hyperplastic nodules (A) and 4.2 +/- 0.5 in cancer tissue (CA). MT concentration in PZ was very high and that of CA, low (p less than 0.05). MT concentration in prostatic fluids (ng/mg protein) was 11.5 +/- 5.7 in normal patients, 3.8 +/- 2.3 in acute prostatitis, 6.5 +/- 3.7 in chronic prostatitis with pyuria, 39.6 +/- 3.9 in chronic prostatitis without pyuria and 16.9 +/- 3.0 in benign prostatic hyperplasia. We concluded that MT in the prostate is induced by heavy metals and secreted into prostatic fluid. Possibly, it is a marker of secretory function in the prostate.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Kidney; Liver; Male; Metallothionein; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatitis; Radioimmunoassay; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains
PubMed: 1373527
DOI: 10.1620/tjem.166.251 -
Oncotarget Mar 2017The clinical and fundamental research in prostate cancer - the most common urological cancer in men - is currently entering the proteomic and genomic era. The focus has... (Review)
Review
The clinical and fundamental research in prostate cancer - the most common urological cancer in men - is currently entering the proteomic and genomic era. The focus has switched from one single marker (PSA) to panels of biomarkers (including proteins involved in ribosomal function and heat shock proteins). Novel genetic markers (such as Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2)-ERG fusion gene mRNA) or prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) had already entered the clinical practice, raising the question whether subsequent protein changes impact the evolution of the disease and the response to treatment. Proteomic technologies such as MALDI-MS, SELDI-MS, i-TRAQ allow a qualitative/quantitative analysis of the proteome variations, in both serum and tumor tissue. A new trend in prostate cancer research is proteomic analysis of prostasomes (prostate-specific exosomes), for the discovery of new biomarkers. This paper provides an update of novel clinical tests used in research and clinical diagnostic, as well as of potential tissue or fluid biomarkers provided by extensive proteomic research data.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Proteins; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proteomics; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 28061466
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14501 -
Current Medicinal Chemistry 2012The early detection of urological cancers is pivotal for successful patient treatment and management. The development of molecular assays that can diagnose disease... (Review)
Review
The early detection of urological cancers is pivotal for successful patient treatment and management. The development of molecular assays that can diagnose disease accurately, or that can augment current methods of evaluation, would be a significant advance. Ideally, such molecular assays would be applicable to non-invasively obtained body fluids, enabling not only diagnosis of at risk patients, but also asymptomatic screening, monitoring disease recurrence and response to treatment. The advent of advanced proteomics and genomics technologies and associated bioinformatics development is bringing these goals into focus. In this article we will discuss the promise of biomarkers in urinalysis for the detection and clinical evaluation of the major urological cancers, including bladder, kidney and prostate. The development of urine-based tests to detect urological cancers would be of tremendous benefit to both patients and the healthcare system.
Topics: Biomarkers; DNA; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Metabolomics; Pathology, Molecular; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Prostatic Neoplasms; RNA; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urologic Neoplasms
PubMed: 22680923
DOI: 10.2174/092986712801661103 -
Asian Journal of Urology Jul 2017Intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) has emerged as a new prostatic morphometric parameter of significance to aid the clinicians in various aspects of managing the... (Review)
Review
Intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) has emerged as a new prostatic morphometric parameter of significance to aid the clinicians in various aspects of managing the patients with some diseases of the lower urinary tract and the prostate. These include but may not be limited to its role in such conditions as: bladder outlet obstruction, trial without catheter, medical treatment effect, progression of lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hypertrophy (LUTS/BPH), risk factor for bladder stone in BPH, overactive bladder, prostate carcinoma, and early urinary continence recovery after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. In this review, I will try to summarize the different researchers' efforts on the potential practical application of this clinical tool. Technology is ever evolving to help us in the diagnosis and management of our patients. However, we as clinicians should contemplate their cost and possible suffering for the patient by wise and judicious utilization based on our clinical experience and tools. IPP seems to be one such promising clinical tool.
PubMed: 29264227
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2016.10.001 -
Asian Journal of Andrology Sep 2006To investigate the risk factors for prostatic inflammation extent and infection in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) so as to manage prostatic...
AIM
To investigate the risk factors for prostatic inflammation extent and infection in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) so as to manage prostatic inflammation more efficiently.
METHODS
Sixty patients with BPH undergoing TURP between September 2005 and December 2005 in West China Hospital of Sichuan University were studied. Prostate fluid (PF) was collected for the measurement of secretory IgA (SIgA) and complement 3 (C3). Prostate tissue were collected for testing bacterial 16S rDNA by real-time PCR, examining SIgA in the tissue and examining the inflammation. The possible clinical and immune risk factors for prostatic inflammation or infection were analyzed by using the logistic regression method.
RESULTS
Abnormal white blood cell count in urinalysis, prostatic infection and a high concentration of C3 in PF are the risk factors for prostatic inflammation extent (P = 0.025, 0.034 and 0.035, respectively and odds ratio [OR] = 18.269, 8.284 and 1.508, respectively). Risk factors for prostatic infection include the C3 concentration and the concentration of SIgA in PF (P = 0.003 and 0.013, respectively, and OR=1.645 and 0.993, respectively).
CONCLUSION
The present study suggests that prostatic inflammation is associated with urinary tract infection, prostatic infection and the activated complement and that prostatic infection is associated with the activated complement and downregulated mucosal immunity in prostates of the patients with BPH. It is also suggested that individual immune regulation should be considered in the treatment of prostatic inflammation and infection of patients with BPH.
Topics: Bacteria; China; DNA, Ribosomal; Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Leukocyte Count; Male; Patient Selection; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Transurethral Resection of Prostate
PubMed: 16751994
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2006.00188.x