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Neuron Dec 2001Previous studies have shown that dendrites and axons contain both mRNAs and the machinery for local protein translation. While a number of studies in recent years have... (Review)
Review
Previous studies have shown that dendrites and axons contain both mRNAs and the machinery for local protein translation. While a number of studies in recent years have focused on the functional role of protein synthesis in dendrites, relatively less is know about the role of local translation in axons. Campbell and Holt (this issue of Neuron) show that local protein synthesis and degradation are required for proper chemotropic turning responses of isolated retinal growth cones.
Topics: Animals; Axons; Molecular Biology; Protein Biosynthesis
PubMed: 11754825
DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00555-4 -
Protein Science : a Publication of the... Jan 2023
Topics: Genetic Code; Protein Biosynthesis
PubMed: 36371621
DOI: 10.1002/pro.4488 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Jan 2013Genome-wide analysis of translational control has taken strides in recent years owing to the advent of high-throughput technologies, including DNA microarrays and deep... (Review)
Review
Genome-wide analysis of translational control has taken strides in recent years owing to the advent of high-throughput technologies, including DNA microarrays and deep sequencing. Global studies have unraveled a principal role, among posttranscriptional mechanisms, for mRNA translation in determining protein levels in the cell. The impact of translational control in dynamic regulation of the proteome under different conditions is increasingly appreciated. Here we review genome-wide studies that use high-throughput techniques and bioinformatics to assess the role of mRNA translation in the regulation of protein levels; we also discuss how genome-wide data on mRNA translation can be obtained, analyzed, and used to identify mechanisms of translational control.
Topics: Gene Expression; Genome; Genomics; Protein Biosynthesis; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 23209130
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012302 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... May 2006Memories become stabilized through a time-dependent process that requires gene expression and is commonly known as consolidation. During this time, memories are labile... (Review)
Review
Memories become stabilized through a time-dependent process that requires gene expression and is commonly known as consolidation. During this time, memories are labile and can be disrupted by a number of interfering events, including electroconvulsive shock, trauma and other learning or the transient effect of drugs such as protein synthesis inhibitors. Once consolidated, memories are insensitive to these disruptions. However, they can again become fragile if recalled or reactivated. Reactivation creates another time-dependent process, known as reconsolidation, during which the memory is restabilized. Here we discuss some of the questions currently debated in the field of memory consolidation and reconsolidation, the molecular and anatomical requirements for both processes and, finally, their functional relationship.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Conditioning, Psychological; Memory; Models, Neurological; Protein Biosynthesis; Rats; Reaction Time; Time
PubMed: 16596332
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-006-6025-7 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... May 2013The historical origins and current interpretation of the molecular chaperone concept are presented, with the emphasis on the distinction between folding chaperones and... (Review)
Review
The historical origins and current interpretation of the molecular chaperone concept are presented, with the emphasis on the distinction between folding chaperones and assembly chaperones. Definitions of some basic terms in this field are offered and misconceptions pointed out. Two examples of assembly chaperone are discussed in more detail: the role of numerous histone chaperones in fundamental nuclear processes and the co-operation of assembly chaperones with folding chaperones in the production of the world's most important enzyme.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation; Histones; Molecular Chaperones; Protein Biosynthesis; Protein Conformation; Protein Folding
PubMed: 23530255
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0398 -
Aging Jul 2009The molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate ageing are currently under scrutiny because ageing is linked to many human diseases. The nutrient sensing TOR pathway... (Review)
Review
The molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate ageing are currently under scrutiny because ageing is linked to many human diseases. The nutrient sensing TOR pathway is emerging as a key regulator of ageing. TOR signaling is complex affecting several crucial cellular functions and two such functions, which show clear effects on ageing, are protein synthesis and autophagy. In this article we discuss the relative importance of both these processes in ageing, identify how TOR regulates translation and autophagy and speculate on links between the TOR signaling network and ageing pathways.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Autophagy; Humans; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Protein Biosynthesis; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 20157541
DOI: 10.18632/aging.100070 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA 2010The ability to control cellular and viral gene expression, either globally or selectively, is central to a successful viral infection, and it is also crucial for the... (Review)
Review
The ability to control cellular and viral gene expression, either globally or selectively, is central to a successful viral infection, and it is also crucial for the host to respond and eradicate pathogens. In eukaryotes, regulation of message stability contributes significantly to the control of gene expression and plays a prominent role in the normal physiology of a cell as well as in its response to environmental and pathogenic stresses. Not surprisingly, emerging evidence indicates that there are significant interactions between the eukaryotic RNA turnover machinery and a wide variety of viruses. Interestingly, in many cases viruses have evolved mechanisms not only to evade eradication by these pathways, but also to manipulate them for enhanced viral replication and gene expression. Given our incomplete understanding of how many of these pathways are normally regulated, viruses should be powerful tools to help deconstruct the complex networks and events governing eukaryotic RNA stability.
Topics: Animals; Exoribonucleases; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Humans; Models, Biological; Polyadenylation; Protein Biosynthesis; RNA Stability; RNA-Binding Proteins; Viruses
PubMed: 21956906
DOI: 10.1002/wrna.3 -
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition... May 2008To highlight recent studies that have examined the cell-signalling mechanisms responsible for the amino acid (primarily leucine and the essential amino acids)... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To highlight recent studies that have examined the cell-signalling mechanisms responsible for the amino acid (primarily leucine and the essential amino acids) stimulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis.
RECENT FINDINGS
Ingestion of a leucine-enriched essential amino acid nutrient solution rapidly and potently activates the mammalian target of rapamycin signalling pathway and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Further, mTOR signalling and muscle protein synthesis are enhanced when leucine-enriched nutrients are ingested following resistance exercise. The addition of leucine to regular meals may improve the ability of feeding to stimulate protein synthesis in old human muscle.
SUMMARY
Leucine and essential amino acids appear to stimulate human muscle protein synthesis primarily by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin signalling pathway. How human muscle cells sense an increase in leucine and/or essential amino acids to activate mammalian target of rapamycin signalling is currently unknown. Recent work, however, suggests that the kinases hVps34 and MAP43K may be involved. Leucine-enriched essential amino acid ingestion, in combination with resistance exercise in some cases, may be a useful intervention to promote mTOR signalling and protein synthesis in an effort to counteract a variety of muscle wasting conditions (e.g. sarcopenia, cachexia, AIDS, inactivity/bed rest, sepsis, kidney failure, and trauma).
Topics: Humans; Leucine; Muscle Proteins; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational; Protein Biosynthesis; Protein Kinases; Signal Transduction; Sirolimus; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Weight Lifting
PubMed: 18403916
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282fa17fb -
Annual Review of Genomics and Human... 2014Nonsense suppression therapy encompasses approaches aimed at suppressing translation termination at in-frame premature termination codons (PTCs, also known as nonsense... (Review)
Review
Nonsense suppression therapy encompasses approaches aimed at suppressing translation termination at in-frame premature termination codons (PTCs, also known as nonsense mutations) to restore deficient protein function. In this review, we examine the current status of PTC suppression as a therapy for genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations. We discuss what is currently known about the mechanism of PTC suppression as well as therapeutic approaches under development to suppress PTCs. The approaches considered include readthrough drugs, suppressor tRNAs, PTC pseudouridylation, and inhibition of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. We also discuss the barriers that currently limit the clinical application of nonsense suppression therapy and suggest how some of these difficulties may be overcome. Finally, we consider how PTC suppression may play a role in the clinical treatment of genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations.
Topics: Codon, Nonsense; Genetic Diseases, Inborn; Humans; Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay; Peptide Chain Termination, Translational; Protein Biosynthesis
PubMed: 24773318
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153527 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Feb 2013Bacterial pathogens produce protein toxins to influence host-pathogen interactions and tip the outcome of these encounters toward the benefit of the pathogen. Protein... (Review)
Review
Bacterial pathogens produce protein toxins to influence host-pathogen interactions and tip the outcome of these encounters toward the benefit of the pathogen. Protein toxins modify host-specific targets through posttranslational modifications (PTMs) or noncovalent interactions that may inhibit or activate host cell physiology to benefit the pathogen. Recent advances have identified new PTMs and host targets for toxin action. Understanding the mechanisms of toxin action provides a basis to develop vaccines and therapies to combat bacterial pathogens and to develop new strategies to use toxin derivatives for the treatment of human disease.
Topics: Actins; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Toxins; GTPase-Activating Proteins; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Protein Biosynthesis; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; SNARE Proteins; Signal Transduction; Ubiquitin
PubMed: 23378599
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013573