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Proceedings of the National Academy of... Mar 1978Infant cebus monkeys (Cebus albifrons) were fed liquid formulas that were limited in protein, energy, or a combination of the two restrictions. Weight gain, food intake,...
Infant cebus monkeys (Cebus albifrons) were fed liquid formulas that were limited in protein, energy, or a combination of the two restrictions. Weight gain, food intake, hematological development, and plasma protein and cholesterol levels were monitored over a 20-week period. The animals restricted in protein developed the classical signs of protein deficiency--reductions in plasma albumin, a mild anemia, accumulation of fat in the liver, and, in a few cases, facial edema. These animals maintained a relatively high energy intake, and apparently wasted energy when compared to similarly non-growing energy-restricted animals. Energy-restricted animals did not exhibit these symptoms, even when their daily protein intake was reduced to match that of protein-restricted monkeys. It is concluded that an energy restriction superimposed upon a limited protein intake did not increase protein requirements or precipitate protein deficiency.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blood Proteins; Body Composition; Cholesterol; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Growth; Haplorhini; Hematocrit; Protein Deficiency; Protein-Energy Malnutrition
PubMed: 418417
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.3.1600 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Feb 1969
Review
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Central; Amino Acids; Black People; Blood Proteins; Body Height; Body Weight; Bone Development; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Edema; Female; Humans; Infant; Kwashiorkor; Male; Muscles; Protein Deficiency; Serum Albumin; United States
PubMed: 4891572
DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.45.520.107 -
The Journal of Nutrition Jun 2004It has long been known that dietary amino acid adequacy is markedly influenced by energy balance but in recent years the importance of this has been generally... (Review)
Review
It has long been known that dietary amino acid adequacy is markedly influenced by energy balance but in recent years the importance of this has been generally underestimated. Important practical issues include unintentional variation in energy intake and consequence energy balance that may be responsible for much of the apparent variability in protein requirements. Because variation in energy expenditure and intakes in subjects in energy balance may influence nitrogen balance (NB), a framework for evaluating studies of protein or amino acid adequacy in relation to the level of energy intake needs definition. The common assumption that the type of energy influences protein utilization is probably incorrect with fat as effective as carbohydrate in maintaining NB at energy maintenance. A more difficult conceptual issue relates to the use of protein:energy (P:E) ratios in evaluating adequacy of intakes in relation to requirements. This is necessary given that protein intakes are determined by overall food energy intake that varies markedly throughout the life cycle and with lifestyle. For any diet that might be considered limiting in protein, population groups most likely to be at risk are those with the lowest energy requirements, the sedentary elderly. Thus, increased amino acid density of diets becomes more important for this population, and increased physical activity and higher food intakes at energy balance are likely to reduce the extent of any deficiency. Modeling of the implications of proposed protein and amino acid requirement values for likely risk of deficiency by comparing P:E ratios of intakes and requirements implies high levels of deficiency risk in both developing and developed population groups. This raises the question of whether proposed values for the lysine requirement need to be reevaluated and consideration given to the extent to which adaptive mechanisms might enable the metabolic requirement for protein to be met from current intakes.
Topics: Amino Acids; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Requirements; Nutritional Status; Protein Deficiency; Proteins; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 15173435
DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.6.1588S -
British Medical Journal Mar 1967
Topics: Adult; Africa; Celiac Disease; Child; Deficiency Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Lactose Intolerance; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Middle Aged; Pancreatitis; Protein Deficiency; Sprue, Tropical; Tropical Medicine
PubMed: 6023324
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5540.613 -
Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Sep 2001The aims of this work were to evaluate the effects of the deficient ingestion of protein and vitamin B on the biochemical and hematologic parameters and on the NADH- and...
The aims of this work were to evaluate the effects of the deficient ingestion of protein and vitamin B on the biochemical and hematologic parameters and on the NADH- and NADPH-diaphorase positive myenteric neurons. The control animals (n=10) received commercial chow and the experimental rats (n=10) received chow with protein level reduced to 8% during 120 days. At the time of killing blood was collected for assessment of the blood and hematologic parameters and the ascending colon for quantitative analysis of the neurons of the myenteric plexus. It was observed that the reduction of the protein level to 8% coupled to the reduction of the levels of vitamin B in adult rats neither led to qualitative or quantitative changes on red or white blood cells, nor decreased globulin levels, induced the formation of edema or gave rise to clinical signs typical of protein or vitamin B deficiency. On the other hand, the experimental protocol led to less weight gain, change on the body composition with fat deposition; decrease of the values of serum total protein and albumin; reduction of the area of colon and density of nitrergic and NADH-diaphorase myenteric neurons inferior to the expected.
Topics: Animals; Blood Cells; Colon; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Male; Models, Animal; Myenteric Plexus; NADPH Dehydrogenase; Protein Deficiency; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vitamin B Deficiency
PubMed: 11588624
DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2001000400003 -
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Nov 2016One carbon metabolism or methyl transfer, a crucial component of metabolism in all cells and tissues, supports the critical function of synthesis of purines, thymidylate... (Review)
Review
One carbon metabolism or methyl transfer, a crucial component of metabolism in all cells and tissues, supports the critical function of synthesis of purines, thymidylate and methylation via multiple methyl transferases driven by the ubiquitous methyl donor s-adenosylmethionine. Serine is the primary methyl donor to the one carbon pool. Intracellular folates and methionine metabolism are the critical components of one carbon transfer. Methionine metabolism requires vitamin B12, B6 as cofactors and is modulated by endocrine signals and is responsive to nutrient intake. Perturbations in one carbon transfer can have profound effects on cell proliferation, growth and function. Epidemiological studies in humans and experimental model have established a strong relationship between impaired fetal growth and the immediate and long term consequences to the health of the offspring. It is speculated that during development, maternal environmental and nutrient influences by their effects on one carbon transfer can impact the health of the mother, impair growth and reprogram metabolism of the fetus, and cause long term morbidity in the offspring. The potential for such effects is underscored by the unique responses in methionine metabolism in the human mother during pregnancy, the absence of transsulfuration activity in the fetus, ontogeny of methionine metabolism in the placenta and the unique metabolism of serine and glycine in the fetus. Dietary protein restriction in animals and marginal protein intake in humans causes characteristic changes in one carbon metabolism. The impact of perturbations in one carbon metabolism on the health of the mother during pregnancy, on fetal growth and the neonate are discussed and their possible mechanism explored.
Topics: Animals; Carbon; Female; Fetal Development; Fetal Growth Retardation; Fetus; Health Status; Humans; Methylation; Pregnancy; Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Protein Deficiency; Vitamin B Deficiency
PubMed: 27267668
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.06.006 -
Kidney International Oct 1978Uremia is associated with a decrease in muscle and adipose tissue mass and a low weight-for-height ratio. These findings are related to dietary deficiencies in... (Review)
Review
Uremia is associated with a decrease in muscle and adipose tissue mass and a low weight-for-height ratio. These findings are related to dietary deficiencies in uremia--particularly energy deficiency and to metabolic disorders characteristic of uremia. These latter have features of an exaggerated catabolic state which may be modified by other stresses, e.g. short starvation or high-protein diets. Recommendations for diet therapy for children with uremia are of limited value because of the lack of definitive studies. At present, diet should be adequate in energy to improve nitrogen balance and weight gain commensurate with age. There may be advantages to using a protein:energy ratio in the diet that is lower than the ratio used in conventional diets.
Topics: Body Composition; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Growth Hormone; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Protein Deficiency; Proteins; Triglycerides; Uremia
PubMed: 366224
DOI: 10.1038/ki.1978.128 -
Proceedings of the Japan Academy.... 2018The 26S proteasome is a large protease complex that selectively degrades ubiquitinated proteins. It comprises 33 distinct subunits, each of which differ in function and... (Review)
Review
The 26S proteasome is a large protease complex that selectively degrades ubiquitinated proteins. It comprises 33 distinct subunits, each of which differ in function and structure, and which cannot be substituted by the other subunits. Owing to its complicated structure, the biogenesis of the 26S proteasome is elaborately regulated at the transcription, translation, and molecular assembly levels. Recent studies revealed that Nrf1 (NFE2L1) is a transcription factor that upregulates the expression of all the proteasome subunit genes in a concerted manner, especially during proteasome impairment in mammalian cells. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the transcriptional regulation of the proteasome and recent findings concerning the regulation of Nrf1 transcription activity.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Protein Deficiency; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 30305478
DOI: 10.2183/pjab.94.021 -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1976Asymptomatic small intestinal disease characterized by abnormalities of structure and function has been reported from many developing countries. Abnormalities of... (Review)
Review
Asymptomatic small intestinal disease characterized by abnormalities of structure and function has been reported from many developing countries. Abnormalities of structure include changes in villus architecture and in appearance under both the light and the electron microscope. Changes in function include abnormalities in the absorption of xylose, fat, vitamin B(12), amino acids, and dipeptides and excessive faecal losses of nitrogen and energy. The etiology of the condition is unknown but appears to be closely related to exposure to the environment. The nutritional consequences of this condition have not been fully explored but for people living on marginally sufficient dietary intakes they may be extremely important.
Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Ascariasis; Developing Countries; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Intestines; Lipid Metabolism; Malabsorption Syndromes; Protein Deficiency; Tropical Climate; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Xylose
PubMed: 800354
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2020Some evidence suggests that edible insects could be used to treat malnutrition following protein deficiency. However, additional studies are needed to better assess the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Comparison of cricket diet with peanut-based and milk-based diets in the recovery from protein malnutrition in mice and the impact on growth, metabolism and immune function.
Some evidence suggests that edible insects could be used to treat malnutrition following protein deficiency. However, additional studies are needed to better assess the potential of edible insects as a therapeutic food supplement and their long-term impact on recovery from malnutrition. The goals of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of a cricket-based diet in recovery from protein-malnutrition in early life, and to compare cricket protein to more traditional sources used for food fortification and supplementation. Protein-malnutrition was induced by administration of an isocaloric hypoprotein diet (5% protein calories) in young male mice for two weeks during puberty, followed by a six-week recovery period using a cricket-, peanut- or milk-based diet. We examined the impact of protein-malnutrition and subsequent recovery on body weight, growth and select biomarkers of inflammation and metabolism. Protein-malnutrition resulted in growth retardation, downregulation of inflammatory markers in spleen tissue, decreased levels of serum triglycerides, and elevated serum levels of leptin and adiponectin. The cricket-based diet performed equally well as the peanut- and milk-based diets in body weight recovery, but there were differences in immune and metabolic markers among the different recovery diets. Results suggest edible crickets may provide an alternative nutrient-dense protein source with relatively low environmental demands for combating the effects of early-life malnutrition compared to more traditional supplementation and fortification sources. Additional investigations are needed to examine the short and long term impacts of different recovery diets on metabolism and immune function.
Topics: Animals; Arachis; Body Weight; Cytokines; Diet; Edible Insects; Gryllidae; Male; Mice; Milk; Protein Deficiency
PubMed: 32525953
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234559