-
PloS One 2016The number of morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery (BS) has increased dramatically in recent years. Therefore, monitoring food intake and its...
BACKGROUND
The number of morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery (BS) has increased dramatically in recent years. Therefore, monitoring food intake and its consequences in terms of nutritional status is necessary to prevent nutritional deficiencies. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of food restriction on nutritional parameters in the short-term (≤3 months) period after BS in morbid obesity.
METHOD
In a prospective study, we followed 22 obese women who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP) or adjustable gastric banding (AGB) at baseline (T0) and 1 (T1) and 3 (T3) months after surgery. We evaluated food intake, nutrient adequacy and serum concentrations of vitamins and minerals known to be at risk for deficiency following BS.
RESULTS
Before surgery, we observed suboptimal food intakes, leading to a risk of micronutrient deficiencies. Serum analysis confirmed nutritional deficiencies for iron and thiamine for 27 and 23% of the patients, respectively. The drastic energy and food reduction seen in the short term led to very low probabilities of adequacy for nutrients equivalent across both surgeries. Serum analysis demonstrated a continuous decrease in prealbumin during the follow-up, indicating mild protein depletion in 21 and 57% of GBP patients and 50 and 63% of AGB patients, respectively, at T1 and T3. Regarding vitamins and minerals, systematic supplementation after GBP prevented most nutritional deficiencies. By contrast, AGB patients, for whom there is no systematic supplementation, developed such deficiencies.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that cautious monitoring of protein intake after BS is mandatory. Furthermore, AGB patients might also benefit from systematic multivitamin and mineral supplementation at least in the short term.
Topics: Adult; Anthropometry; Bariatric Surgery; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Female; Ferritins; Gastric Bypass; Hemoglobins; Humans; Iron; Malnutrition; Middle Aged; Minerals; Protein Deficiency; Time Factors; Vitamins
PubMed: 26891123
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149588 -
Brazilian Journal of Medical and... Jul 2000A growing body of evidence supports the concept of fetal programming in cardiovascular disease in man, which asserts that an insult experienced in utero exerts a... (Review)
Review
A growing body of evidence supports the concept of fetal programming in cardiovascular disease in man, which asserts that an insult experienced in utero exerts a long-term influence on cardiovascular function, leading to disease in adulthood. However, this hypothesis is not universally accepted, hence animal models may be of value in determining potential physiological mechanisms which could explain how fetal undernutrition results in cardiovascular disease in later life. This review describes two major animal models of cardiovascular programming, the in utero protein-restricted rat and the cross-fostered spontaneously hypertensive rat. In the former model, moderate maternal protein restriction during pregnancy induces an increase in offspring blood pressure of 20-30 mmHg. This hypertensive effect is mediated, in part, by fetal exposure to excess maternal glucocorticoids as a result of a deficiency in placental 11-ss hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. Furthermore, nephrogenesis is impaired in this model which, coupled with increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system, could also contribute to the greater blood pressure displayed by these animals. The second model discussed is the cross-fostered spontaneously hypertensive rat. Spontaneously hypertensive rats develop severe hypertension without external intervention; however, their adult blood pressure may be lowered by 20-30 mmHg by cross-fostering pups to a normotensive dam within the first two weeks of lactation. The mechanisms responsible for this antihypertensive effect are less clear, but may also involve altered renal function and down-regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. These two models clearly show that adult blood pressure is influenced by exposure to one of a number of stimuli during critical stages of perinatal development.
Topics: 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2; Animals; Blood Pressure; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Disease Models, Animal; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; Hypertension; Models, Genetic; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Protein Deficiency; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats, Inbred WKY; Risk Factors
PubMed: 10881047
DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2000000700002 -
The Netherlands Journal of Medicine Mar 2010Optimal nutrition serves to maintain normal organ function and to preserve body energy stores to guarantee survival during times of shortage of food. Especially total... (Review)
Review
Optimal nutrition serves to maintain normal organ function and to preserve body energy stores to guarantee survival during times of shortage of food. Especially total body protein content is an important determinant of survival. However, recommendations about nutrition refer mostly to total energy intake with either no emphasis on total protein content or protein intake only considered as a fixed percentage of caloric intake. This paper focuses on the role of total body protein mass or lean body mass (= mass of organs and muscle) (LBM) on survival of healthy humans and critically ill patients. Recommendations on the amount of protein per kg bodyweight are made based on the scarce evidence available in humans.
Topics: Body Composition; Critical Illness; Dietary Proteins; Humans; Nutritional Requirements; Protein Deficiency; Thinness
PubMed: 20308706
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Clinical... Oct 2004Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk of protein-energy malnutrition. Existing clinical practice guidelines recognize this and recommend specific... (Review)
Review
Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk of protein-energy malnutrition. Existing clinical practice guidelines recognize this and recommend specific methods to assess nutritional status in patients with CKD. This review summarizes the methods for nutritional assessment currently recommended in the United States for children with CKD and details the strengths and limitations of these techniques in the clinical setting. Dietary assessment, serum albumin, height, estimated dry weight, weight/height index, upper arm anthropometry, head circumference, and the protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance are reviewed. We also describe methods for body-composition assessment, such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), total body potassium, densitometry, and in vivo neutron activation analysis, pointing out some advantages and disadvantages of each. In CKD, fluid overload is the most important factor leading to misinterpretation of nutritional assessment measures. Abnormalities in the distribution of fat and lean tissue may also compromise the interpretation of some anthropometric measures. In addition, metabolic abnormalities may influence the results obtained by some techniques. Issues specific to evaluating nutritional status in the pediatric population are also discussed, including normalization of nutritional measures to body size and sexual maturity. We stress the importance of expressing body-composition measures relative to height in a population in whom short stature is highly prevalent.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Composition; Body Fluid Compartments; Body Water; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Reference Values; United States
PubMed: 15447884
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.801 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Aug 2017Crops grown under elevated atmospheric CO concentrations (eCO) contain less protein. Crops particularly affected include rice and wheat, which are primary sources of...
BACKGROUND
Crops grown under elevated atmospheric CO concentrations (eCO) contain less protein. Crops particularly affected include rice and wheat, which are primary sources of dietary protein for many countries.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to estimate global and country-specific risks of protein deficiency attributable to anthropogenic CO emissions by 2050.
METHODS
To model per capita protein intake in countries around the world under eCO, we first established the effect size of eCO on the protein concentration of edible portions of crops by performing a meta-analysis of published literature. We then estimated per-country protein intake under current and anticipated future eCO using global food balance sheets (FBS). We modeled protein intake distributions within countries using Gini coefficients, and we estimated those at risk of deficiency from estimated average protein requirements (EAR) weighted by population age structure.
RESULTS
Under eCO, rice, wheat, barley, and potato protein contents decreased by 7.6%, 7.8%, 14.1%, and 6.4%, respectively. Consequently, 18 countries may lose >5% of their dietary protein, including India (5.3%). By 2050, assuming today's diets and levels of income inequality, an additional 1.6% or 148.4 million of the world's population may be placed at risk of protein deficiency because of eCO. In India, an additional 53 million people may become at risk.
CONCLUSIONS
Anthropogenic CO emissions threaten the adequacy of protein intake worldwide. Elevated atmospheric CO may widen the disparity in protein intake within countries, with plant-based diets being the most vulnerable. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP41.
Topics: Air Pollution; Atmosphere; Carbon Dioxide; Crops, Agricultural; Diet; Humans; India; Protein Deficiency; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 28885977
DOI: 10.1289/EHP41 -
Journal of Biochemistry Jan 1977Employing livers from rats fed on a protein-free diet for two weeks, the effects of protein deficiency on both biosynthesis and degradation of rRNA were investigated and...
Employing livers from rats fed on a protein-free diet for two weeks, the effects of protein deficiency on both biosynthesis and degradation of rRNA were investigated and the following results were obtained. 1. Protein deficiency led to a decrease of total liver RNA content per DNA to about 80% of that in normal rat liver. 2. From the kinetics of rRNA labelling with [14C]orotic acid in vivo, the half-lives of cytoplasmic rRNA's of normal and protein-deficient rat livers were determined to be 6.2 and 5.1 days, respectively. Furthermore, considering the pool size of rRNA in rat liver, the turnover rate of cytoplasmic rRNA was calculated to be 0.212 pmole/min/mg of nuclear DNA in normal rats and 0.240 pmole/min/mg of nuclear DNA in protein-deficient rats. 3. From the electrophoretic patterns of nucleolar RNA's of both groups of rat livers labeled with [14C]orotic acid, the time courses of the specific activities of nucleolar 45S, 32S, and 28S rRNA's were analysed and the half-life of each nucleolar RNA in both groups of rat livers was determined. Nucleolar 45S, 32S, and 28S RNA's had half-lives of 6.0, 15.9, and 26.5 min in normal rats, respectively, and 5.5, 19.4, and 22.9 min in protein-deficient rats, respectively Considering the pool size of each nucleolar RNA obtained from the leectrophoretic pattern, the turnover rates of 45S, 32S, and 28S RNA's were calculated to be the same, i.e., o.189 pmoles/min/mg of nuclear DNA, in normal rat liver and 0.372, 0.372, and 0.358 pmoles/min/mg of nuclear DNA in protein-deficient rat liver, respectively. 4. These results indicate that protein deficiency increased both the rate of degradation of cytoplasmic rRNA and that of nucleolar rRNA synthesis in rat liver. While in normal rat liver the rates of rRNA synthesis and degradation were rather similar, the rate of rRNA synthesis in protein-deficient rats was about 1.5 times higher than that of its degradation. Therefore, the decrease of total liver RNA content in protein deficiency might be accounted for by stimulated degradation of rRNA in the nucleus. 5. The activities of RNase in nuclear fractions of both groups of rat livers were compared. Both activities of nuclear acid RNase and especially that of the free form of alkaline RNase in protein-deficient rat liver were higher than those in normal rat liver.
Topics: Animals; Cell Nucleolus; Cytoplasm; DNA; Dietary Proteins; Female; Liver; Molecular Weight; Orotic Acid; Protein Deficiency; RNA, Ribosomal; Rats; Ribonucleases
PubMed: 845133
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a131429 -
Polish Journal of Pathology : Official... 2023It has been reported that mismatch repair deficient (d-MMR) tumors show sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors. We aimed to evaluate the correlation of d-MMR and...
It has been reported that mismatch repair deficient (d-MMR) tumors show sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors. We aimed to evaluate the correlation of d-MMR and PD-1/PD-L1 expression in invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Tissue microarray (TMA) tissues were stained PD-1/PD-L1 and MMR proteins. The expression ratio of these markers has been compared with histopathologic parameters. d-MMR tumors were more superficial muscle invasive (p = 0.012). When the d-MMR, and PD-1/PD-L1 expression ratios were examined, a significant correlation was obtained between the d-MMR and PD-L1 expression ratio of > 5% in both the tumor and immune cells (p = 0.02 and p = 0.004, respectively). The expression ratio was higher in the patients without MMR loss. PD-1 and PD-L1expression in those with MSH6 loss was one or none. When PD1/PDL1 expression was compared with histopathological parameters, a significant relationship was observed between tumor grade and depth of muscle invasion. PD-L1 expression was not observed in the superficial muscle invasive tumors. This study was shown the status of d-MMR and PD-1/PD-L1 in invasive urothelial cancers and their correlation with prognostic markers. PD-1/PD-L1 expression may contribute to the progression and poor prognosis of bladder cancer. However, further studies are required to research the clinical utility.
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; B7-H1 Antigen; DNA Mismatch Repair; Biomarkers, Tumor; Protein Deficiency
PubMed: 37955535
DOI: 10.5114/pjp.2023.132221 -
Nutrition Journal Nov 2023Protein-energy wasting (PEW) has been reported to be pretty common in maintenance dialysis patients. However, the existing PEW diagnostic standard is limited in clinical...
BACKGROUND
Protein-energy wasting (PEW) has been reported to be pretty common in maintenance dialysis patients. However, the existing PEW diagnostic standard is limited in clinical use due to the complexity of it. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), as a non-invasive nutritional assessment method, can objectively and quantitatively analyze the changes of body tissue components under different nutritional states. We aim to explore the association between PEW and BIA and establish a reliable diagnostic model of PEW.
METHODS
We collected cross-sectional data of 609 maintenance dialysis patients at the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University. PEW was diagnosed according to International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) criteria. Among them, 448 consecutive patients were included in the training set for the establishment of a diagnostic nomogram. 161 consecutive patients were included for internal validation. 52 patients from Zhejiang Hospital were included for external validation of the diagnostic model. Correlation analysis of BIA indexes with other nutritional indicators was performed. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of BIA indexes with PEW. 12 diagnostic models of PEW in maintenance dialysis patients were developed and the performance of them in terms of discrimination and calibration was evaluated using C statistics and Hosmer-Lemeshow-type χ2 statistics. After comparing to existing diagnostic models, and performing both internal and external validation, we finally established a simple but reliable PEW diagnostic model which may have great value of clinical application.
RESULTS
A total of 609 individuals from First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University and 52 individuals from Zhejiang Hospital were included. After full adjustment, age, peritoneal dialysis (compared to hemodialysis), subjective global assessment (SGA, compared to non-SGA) and water ratio were independent risk factors, while triglyceride, urea nitrogen, calcium, ferritin, BCM, VFA and phase angle were independent protective factors of PEW. The model incorporated water ratio, VFA, BCM, phase angle and cholesterol revealed best performance. A nomogram was developed according to the results of model performance. The model achieved high C-indexes of 0.843 in the training set, 0.841 and 0.829 in the internal and external validation sets, respectively, and had a well-fitted calibration curve. The net reclassification improvement (NRI) showed 8%, 13%, 2%, 38%, 36% improvement of diagnostic accuracy of our model compared with "PEW score model", "modified PEW score model", "3-index model", "SGA model" and "BIA decision tree model", respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
BIA can be used as an auxiliary tool to evaluate PEW risk and may have certain clinical application value.
Topics: Humans; Renal Dialysis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Electric Impedance; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Water
PubMed: 37940938
DOI: 10.1186/s12937-023-00890-5 -
Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Jun 2003We carried out this work with the purpose of studying the effects of protein and vitamin B deficiency on the morphologic and quantitative aspects of the myenteric plexus...
We carried out this work with the purpose of studying the effects of protein and vitamin B deficiency on the morphologic and quantitative aspects of the myenteric plexus of the descending colon of adult Rattus norvegicus. Twenty-eight rats were divided in two groups, one of them receiving chow with 22% protein level (control) and the other fed with chow having 8% protein level without vitamin B supplementation, during 120 days. Whole-mounts of the descending colon were prepared and stained with Giemsa, NADH-diaphorase and NADPH-diaphorase. The undernourished rats had a body weight 11.84% less than the control group. Relative to the controls, the experimental group had a colonic area 48% smaller, 51.9% less Giemsa-stained neurons, 28.3% less NADH-diaphorase positive neurons and 24.2% less NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cell Count; Colon; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Male; Myenteric Plexus; NADPH Dehydrogenase; Neurons; Protein Deficiency; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
PubMed: 12806501
DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2003000200012 -
Blood Dec 1990In plasma, 40% of the protein S is free and functions as a cofactor for the anticoagulant effects of activated protein C. The remaining 60% of protein S is complexed to...
In plasma, 40% of the protein S is free and functions as a cofactor for the anticoagulant effects of activated protein C. The remaining 60% of protein S is complexed to C4b-binding protein and is functionally inactive. A family with hereditary C4b binding protein deficiency has been identified with C4b-binding protein levels in an affected father and daughter of 37 micrograms/mL and 23 micrograms/mL, respectively; these values are significantly below the normal range for this protein of 180 micrograms/mL +/- 44 micrograms/mL (mean +/- 2 SD). The total protein S (free + bound) is normal in these individuals (23.2 micrograms/mL and 17.8 micrograms/mL, respectively; normal 19.1 micrograms/mL +/- 6.0 micrograms/mL). The free protein S levels are markedly increased at 22.5 micrograms/mL and 17.4 micrograms/mL, respectively (normal 5.9 micrograms/mL +/- 2.4 micrograms/mL). This experiment of nature shows that total protein S levels in plasma are not affected by the absence of C4b-binding protein and that chronic elevation of free protein S is not associated with increased hemorrhagic tendencies.
Topics: Adult; Carrier Proteins; Complement Inactivator Proteins; Family Health; Female; Glycoproteins; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis, Two-Dimensional; Male; Pedigree; Protein Deficiency; Protein S
PubMed: 2148274
DOI: No ID Found