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The Korean Journal of Parasitology Feb 2013Pseudoterranova decipiens larva is a rare cause of anisakiasis. Indeed, prior to the present study, there had been only 12 reports of larval P. decipiens infection in...
Pseudoterranova decipiens larva is a rare cause of anisakiasis. Indeed, prior to the present study, there had been only 12 reports of larval P. decipiens infection in the Republic of Korea. In June 2011, an anisakid larva, 32.1 mm in length and 0.88 mm in width, and finally identified as the third stage larva of P. decipiens owing to the presence of an intestinal cecum but lacking ventricular appendage, was discovered in a 61-year-old woman during the course of endoscopy executed as a part of routine physical examinations. The patient had eaten raw a rockfish 13 hr prior to the endoscopy, but showed no symptoms of anisakiasis. This paper is the 13th report of P. decipiens infection in Korea.
Topics: Animals; Ascaridida Infections; Ascaridoidea; Asymptomatic Diseases; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Larva; Middle Aged; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 23467819
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.115 -
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Feb 2013European smelt Osmerus eperlanus (n = 501) from the German Wadden Sea (North Sea) near the city of Cuxhaven were examined for their infestation with parasitic anisakid...
European smelt Osmerus eperlanus (n = 501) from the German Wadden Sea (North Sea) near the city of Cuxhaven were examined for their infestation with parasitic anisakid nematodes, especially with sealworms of the genus Pseudoterranova. The distribution of third-stage larvae (L3) in the musculature and viscera of the fish was analyzed. In total, we isolated 543 L3 from the hosts' body cavity and musculature. A subsample of 105 larvae were identified as the (sibling) species P. decipiens s.s. using direct sequencing of the highly variable ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 genetic marker. The mean abundance was 1.1, the mean intensity was 2.3 P. decipiens s.s. and the prevalence was 47.3%. Total length and total weight, but not Fulton's condition factor (K), were significantly different in infected compared to uninfected smelt. No correlation was found between the total length of infected fish and the intensity of anisakid nematodes. The vast majority of P. decipiens s.s. was found in the musculature of the smelt. More than half (55.7%) of all nematodes were located in the 3 parts of the epaxial musculature, whereas 18.4 and 26.0% were found in the hypaxial musculature and the compartments of the tail muscles, respectively.
Topics: Animals; Ascaridida; Ascaridida Infections; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Female; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Germany; Male; North Sea
PubMed: 23446971
DOI: 10.3354/dao02555 -
Parasitology Dec 2022Northeast Arctic cod, saithe and haddock are among the most important fisheries resources in Europe, largely shipped to various continental markets. The present study...
Anisakid parasites (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in 3 commercially important gadid fish species from the southern Barents Sea, with emphasis on key infection drivers and spatial distribution within the hosts.
Northeast Arctic cod, saithe and haddock are among the most important fisheries resources in Europe, largely shipped to various continental markets. The present study aimed to map the presence and distribution of larvae of parasitic nematodes in the Anisakidae family which are of socioeconomic and public health concern. Fishes were sourced from commercial catches during winter or spring in the southern Barents Sea. Samples of fish were inspected for nematodes using the UV-press method while anisakid species identification relied on sequencing of the mtDNA gene. (s.s.) was the most prevalent and abundant anisakid recorded, occurring at high infection levels in the viscera and flesh of cod and saithe, while being less abundant in haddock. (s.l.) larvae, not found in the fish flesh, showed moderate-to-high prevalence in saithe, haddock and cod, respectively. Most spp. larvae occurred at low-to-moderate prevalence, and low abundance, in the viscera () and flesh ( (s.s.) and ) of cod, only 2 (s.s.) appeared in the flesh of saithe. Body length was the single most important host-related factor to predict overall abundance of anisakid larvae in the fish species. The spatial distribution of larvae in the fish flesh showed much higher abundances in the belly flaps than in the dorsal fillet parts. Trimming of the flesh by removing the belly flaps would reduce larval presence in the fillets of these gadid fish species by 86–91%.
Topics: Animals; Parasites; Fish Diseases; Ascaridoidea; Anisakis; Fishes; Larva; Gadiformes; Anisakiasis
PubMed: 36321524
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182022001305 -
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia... 2019The current parasitological study was carried out to investigate helminth parasites infecting the Red spot emperor Lethrinus lentjan inhabiting Hurghada City at the Gulf...
The current parasitological study was carried out to investigate helminth parasites infecting the Red spot emperor Lethrinus lentjan inhabiting Hurghada City at the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, Egypt. Third-stage larvae of nematode parasite was isolated from the intestine as well as body cavity of the examined fish. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed that this parasite belonged to Anisakidae family within the genus Pseudoterranova. The present species is named Pseudoterranova decipiens based on the presence of triangular mouth aperture with prominent boring teeth and soft swellings of the cuticle, long muscular esophagus, ventrally excretory pore, and narrow transverse slit of anal opening followed by a short mucron. The morphological characteristics of this species were confirmed by molecular analysis of 18S rDNA gene region of the present parasite. It demonstrated a close identity ≥89% with taxa under family Anisakidae, 85% with Raphidascarididae, and 79-84% with Toxocaridae. A preliminary genetic comparison between gene sequence of the present parasite and other oxyurid species placeed it as a putative sister taxon to other Pseudoterranova decipiens described previously. This study demonstrated that the 18S rDNA gene region of Pseudoterranova decipiens yielded a unique sequence that confirmed its taxonomic position in Anisakidae.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Ribosomal; Egypt; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Indian Ocean; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nematoda; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S
PubMed: 31460624
DOI: 10.1590/S1984-29612019057 -
PeerJ 2016Pseudoterranovosis is a well-known human disease caused by anisakid larvae belonging to the genus Pseudoterranova. Human infection occurs after consuming infected fish....
Pseudoterranovosis is a well-known human disease caused by anisakid larvae belonging to the genus Pseudoterranova. Human infection occurs after consuming infected fish. Hence the presence of Pseudoterranova larvae in the flesh of the fish can cause serious losses and problems for the seafood, fishing and fisheries industries. The accurate identification of Pseudoterranova larvae in fish is important, but challenging because the larval stages of a number of different genera, including Pseudoterranova, Terranova and Pulchrascaris, look similar and cannot be differentiated from each other using morphological criteria, hence they are all referred to as Terranova larval type. Given that Terranova larval types in seafood are not necessarily Pseudoterranova and may not be dangerous, the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Terranova larval types in Australian marine fish and to determine their specific identity. A total of 137 fish belonging to 45 species were examined. Terranova larval types were found in 13 species, some of which were popular edible fish in Australia. The sequences of the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2 respectively) of the Terranova larvae in the present study showed a high degree of similarity suggesting that they all belong to the same species. Due to the lack of a comparable sequence data of a well identified adult in the GenBank database the specific identity of Terranova larval type in the present study remains unknown. The sequence of the ITS regions of the Terranova larval type in the present study and those of Pseudoterranova spp. available in GenBank are significantly different, suggesting that larvae found in the present study do not belong to the genus Pseudoterranova, which is zoonotic. This study does not rule out the presence of Pseudoterranova larvae in Australian fish as Pseudoterranova decipiens E has been reported in adult form from seals in Antarctica and it is known that they have seasonal presence in Australian southern coasts. The genetic distinction of Terranova larval type in the present study from Pseudoterranova spp. along with the presence of more species of elasmobranchs in Australian waters (definitive hosts of Terranova spp. and Pulchrascaris spp.) than seals (definitive hosts of Pseudoterranova spp.) suggest that Terranova larval type in the present study belong to either genus Terranova or Pulchrascaris, which are not known to cause disease in humans. The present study provides essential information that could be helpful to identify Australian Terranova larval types in future studies. Examination and characterisation of further specimens, especially adults of Terranova and Pulchrascaris, is necessary to fully elucidate the identity of these larvae.
PubMed: 27014510
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1722 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Sep 1995Anisakid larvae were found from the liver and stomach of the codfish (Notothenia neglecta) caught from the Antarctic Ocean, South Pole, where the Polar Research Center...
Anisakid larvae were found from the liver and stomach of the codfish (Notothenia neglecta) caught from the Antarctic Ocean, South Pole, where the Polar Research Center of The Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute is operating. Through observations by scanning electron (SEM) and light microscopy (LM), they were identified as the third stage larvae of Pseudoterranova decipiens, a potential agent of human codworm anisakiasis. They measured 25.0-28.5 mm in length, and 0.6-0.8 mm in width. The SEM revealed a prominent boring tooth, three lips, and excretory pore at the anterior end, and a small but prominent mucron at the posterior end. From whole mounts and cross sections of the larvae the ventriculus, intestinal cecum and a Renette cell were found characteristically at the same plane. Raw eating of the codfish caught from the Antarctic Ocean near the South Pole should be avoided so as to prevent human codworm anisakiasis in this area.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Antarctic Regions; Fishes; Humans; Larva; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission; Seawater
PubMed: 8528631
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1995.33.3.231 -
International Journal For Parasitology.... Aug 2020Harbour porpoises () are the only native cetacean species in the German North and Baltic Seas and the final host of (.) , which infects their first and second gastric...
Harbour porpoises () are the only native cetacean species in the German North and Baltic Seas and the final host of (.) , which infects their first and second gastric compartments and may cause chronic ulcerative gastritis. belongs to the family Anisakidae (Ascaridoidea, Rhabditida) as well as the phocine gastric nematode species (.) and (.) . These nematode species are the main causative agents for the zoonosis anisakidosis. The taxonomy of these genus with life cycles including crustaceans and commercially important fish is complex because of the formation of sibling species. Little is known about anisakid species infecting porpoises in the study area. Mature nematodes and larval stages are often identifiable only by molecular methods due to high morphological and genetic similarity. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method is an alternative to sequencing and was applied to identify anisakid nematodes found in harbour porpoises from the North Sea, Baltic Sea and North Atlantic to species level for the first time. In the study areas, five gastric nematodes from different harbour porpoise hosts were selected to be investigated with restriction enzymes I, I and III, which were able to differentiate several anisakid nematode species by characteristic banding patterns. s. s. was the dominant species found in the North Sea and Baltic porpoises, identified by all three restriction enzymes. Additionally, a hybrid of . s. s. and . was determined by I in the North Sea samples. Within the North Atlantic specimens, . s. s., . s. s. and (.) were identified by all enzymes. This demonstrates the value of the RFLP method and the chosen restriction enzymes for the species identification of a broad variety of anisakid nematodes affecting the health of marine mammals.
PubMed: 32489854
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.05.004 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2016Ascaridomorph nematodes threaten the health of humans and other animals worldwide. Despite their medical, veterinary and economic importance, the identification of...
Ascaridomorph nematodes threaten the health of humans and other animals worldwide. Despite their medical, veterinary and economic importance, the identification of species lineages and establishing their phylogenetic relationships have proved difficult in some cases. Many working hypotheses regarding the phylogeny of ascaridomorphs have been based on single-locus data, most typically nuclear ribosomal RNA. Such single-locus hypotheses lack independent corroboration, and for nuclear rRNA typically lack resolution for deep relationships. As an alternative approach, we analyzed the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of anisakids (~14 kb) from different fish hosts in multiple countries, in combination with those of other ascaridomorphs available in the GenBank database. The circular mt genomes range from 13,948-14,019 bp in size and encode 12 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs and 22 transfer RNA genes. Our analysis showed that the Pseudoterranova decipiens complex consists of at least six cryptic species. In contrast, the hypothesis that Contracaecum ogmorhini represents a complex of cryptic species is not supported by mt genome data. Our analysis recovered several fundamental and uncontroversial ascaridomorph clades, including the monophyly of superfamilies and families, except for Ascaridiidae, which was consistent with the results based on nuclear rRNA analysis. In conclusion, mt genome analysis provided new insights into the phylogeny and taxonomy of ascaridomorph nematodes.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Bayes Theorem; DNA, Mitochondrial; Databases, Genetic; Fishes; Genome, Mitochondrial; Likelihood Functions; Open Reading Frames; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal
PubMed: 27982084
DOI: 10.1038/srep39248 -
International Journal For Parasitology Jul 2019Human toxocariasis is a zoonosis resulting from the migration of larval stages of the dog parasite Toxocara canis into the human paratenic host. Despite its well-known...
Human toxocariasis is a zoonosis resulting from the migration of larval stages of the dog parasite Toxocara canis into the human paratenic host. Despite its well-known limitations, serology remains the most important tool to diagnose the disease. Our objective was to employ camelid single domain antibody fragments also known as nanobodies (Nbs) for a specific and sensitive detection of Toxocara canis excretory/secretory (TES) antigens. From an alpaca immune Nb library, we retrieved different Nbs with specificity for TES antigens. Based on ELISA experiments, these Nbs did not show any cross-reactivity with Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris suum, Pseudoterranova decipiens, Anisakis simplex and Angiostrongylus cantonensis larval antigens. Western blot and immunocapturing revealed that Nbs 1TCE39, 1TCE52 and 2TCE49 recognise shared epitopes on different components of TES antigen. The presence of disulphide bonds in the target antigen seems to be essential for recognition of the epitopes by these three Nbs. Three separate sandwich ELISA formats, using monovalent and bivalent Nbs, were assessed to maximise the detection of TES antigens in solution. The combination of biotinylated, bivalent Nb 2TCE49 on a streptavidin pre-coated plate to capture TES antigens, and Nb 1TCE39 chemically coupled to horseradish peroxidase for detection of the captured TES antigens, yielded the most sensitive ELISA with a limit of detection of 0.650 ng/ml of TES antigen, spiked in serum. Moreover, the assay was able to detect TES antigens in sera from mice, taken 3 days after the animals were experimentally infected with T. canis. The specific characteristics of Nbs make this ELISA not only a promising tool for the detection of TES antigens in clinical samples, but also for a detailed structural and functional study of TES antigens.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Antigens, Helminth; Blotting, Western; Camelids, New World; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Microspheres; Plasmids; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Single-Domain Antibodies; Toxocara canis
PubMed: 31150611
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.03.004 -
International Journal For Parasitology.... Dec 2018The population of California sea lion (CSL) has steadily increased during the last several decades. Despite extensive research addressing CSL biology and ecology...
The population of California sea lion (CSL) has steadily increased during the last several decades. Despite extensive research addressing CSL biology and ecology performed during the last decades, there has been a minimal number of published papers documenting their parasite fauna. Our objective was to analyze the actual list of the metazoan parasites reported from CSLs and add new data on the age-related differences in the prevalence and biodiversity of the parasite community. There have been 33 species recorded but this study considers only 24 of them valid. Among them, 11 species are specific parasites of CSLs and 13 species are not specific. Additional species represent accidental infections or misidentifications. In total, 6653 helminths and 847 mites were collected and identified from 34 CSLs for this study. Six species of nematodes, . . (prevalence 41%; intensity 7.6), . . (38%; 269.6), . . (29%; 33), (9%; 2.7), (15%; 3.5) and were found. Two species of cestodes, sp. (38%; 8.5) and sp. (15%; 14.6) represent novel undescribed species. Two species of trematodes, (18%; 19.7) and (12%; 39.2), and five species of acanthocephalans, (68%; 100.8), (53%; 4.6), (3%; 1), sp. (9%; 4.3) and (6%; 8.5) were found. Mites (prevalence 85%) were found in the nasal cavity, while (21%) parasitized in the trachea and bronchi. The highest levels of infection with nematodes and trematodes were found in adult CSLs (3-16 years old), whereas the highest level of infection with acanthocephalans was found in young CSLs (pups and yearlings).
PubMed: 30228958
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.09.001