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International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023Addiction, the continuous misuse of addictive material, causes long-term dysfunction in the neurological system. It substantially affects the control strength of reward,... (Review)
Review
Addiction, the continuous misuse of addictive material, causes long-term dysfunction in the neurological system. It substantially affects the control strength of reward, memory, and motivation. Addictive substances (alcohol, marijuana, caffeine, heroin, methamphetamine (METH), and nicotine) are highly active central nervous stimulants. Addiction leads to severe health issues, including cardiovascular diseases, serious infections, and pulmonary/dental diseases. Drug dependence may result in unfavorable cognitive impairments that can continue during abstinence and negatively influence recovery performance. Although addiction is a critical global health challenge with numerous consequences and complications, currently, there are no efficient options for treating drug addiction, particularly METH. Currently, novel treatment approaches such as psychological contingency management, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational enhancement strategies are of great interest. Herein, we evaluate the devastating impacts of different addictive substances/drugs on users' mental health and the role of tryptophan in alleviating unfavorable side effects. The tryptophan metabolites in the mammalian brain and their potential to treat compulsive abuse of addictive substances are investigated by assessing the functional effects of addictive substances on tryptophan. Future perspectives on developing promising modalities to treat addiction and the role of tryptophan and its metabolites to alleviate drug dependency are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Tryptophan; Substance-Related Disorders; Brain; Behavior, Addictive; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Methamphetamine; Mammals
PubMed: 36769059
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032737 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Sep 2021Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD), defined in 2017, is a vestibular disorder characterized by chronic dizziness that is exacerbated by upright posture and... (Review)
Review
Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD), defined in 2017, is a vestibular disorder characterized by chronic dizziness that is exacerbated by upright posture and exposure to complex visual stimuli. This review focused on recent neuroimaging studies that explored the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PPPD and three conditions that predated it. The emerging picture is that local activity and functional connectivity in multimodal vestibular cortical areas are decreased in PPPD, which is potentially related to structural abnormalities (e.g., reductions in cortical folding and grey-matter volume). Additionally, connectivity between the prefrontal cortex, which regulates attentional and emotional responses, and primary visual and motor regions appears to be increased in PPPD. These results complement physiological and psychological data identifying hypervigilant postural control and visual dependence in patients with PPPD, supporting the hypothesis that PPPD arises from shifts in interactions among visuo-vestibular, sensorimotor, and emotional networks that overweigh visual over vestibular inputs and increase the effects of anxiety-related mechanisms on locomotor control and spatial orientation.
PubMed: 34575385
DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184274 -
Dental Research Journal 2017The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between salivary cotinine level and psychological dependence measured through Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence...
BACKGROUND
The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between salivary cotinine level and psychological dependence measured through Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) questionnaire among tobacco users.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study, conducted on tobacco users. Participants with the present habit of tobacco chewing and smoking above the age of 16 years were included in the study. A standard questionnaire form of FTND revised version for smoking and smokeless form of tobacco were given to each participant. Each participant was asked to answer the questions as per their experience of tobacco consumption and calculate the total point score or FTND score. Salivary cotinine level assessment was done using commercial available NicAlert kit.
RESULTS
When salivary cotinine level was correlated with different variables of both groups, it was observed that weak correlation between salivary cotinine level and FTND scoring in smokers group ( = 0.083) and also in smokeless group ( = 0.081). When two groups were compared for salivary cotinine level, statistically significant difference ( = 0.021) was observed, with smokeless group showing high level of salivary cotinine level as compared to smokers group.
CONCLUSION
Salivary cotinine and psychological dependence through FTND scoring are not strongly correlating with each other. This indicates that dependence over tobacco is a separate phenomenon and cannot be assessed by salivary cotinine level. It is well accepted that salivary cotinine level is influenced by age of individual, duration of habit, and type of tobacco consumption.
PubMed: 28584536
DOI: No ID Found -
Patient Education and Counseling Mar 2009Clinical relationships are usually asymmetric, being defined by patients' dependence and practitioners' care. Our aims are to: (i) identify literature that can... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Clinical relationships are usually asymmetric, being defined by patients' dependence and practitioners' care. Our aims are to: (i) identify literature that can contribute to theory for researching and teaching clinical communication from this perspective; (ii) highlight where theoretical development is needed; and (iii) test the utility of the emerging theory by identifying whether it leads to implications for educational practice.
METHODS
Selective and critical review of research concerned with dependence and caring in clinical and non-clinical relationships.
RESULTS
Attachment theory helps to understand patients' need to seek safety in relationships with expert and authoritative practitioners but is of limited help in understanding practitioners' caring. Different theories that formulate practitioners' care as altruistic, rewarded by personal connection or as a contract indicate the potential importance of practitioners' emotions, values and sense of role in understanding their clinical communication.
CONCLUSION
Extending the theoretical grounding of clinical communication can accommodate patients' dependence and practitioners' caring without return to medical paternalism.
PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
A broader theoretical base will help educators to address the inherent subjectivity of clinical relationships, and researchers to distinguish scientific questions about how patients and clinicians are from normative questions about how they should be.
Topics: Altruism; Attitude of Health Personnel; Authoritarianism; Communication; Dependency, Psychological; Education, Professional; Emotions; Empathy; Humans; Individuality; Morale; Object Attachment; Paternalism; Patient Participation; Prejudice; Professional Role; Professional-Patient Relations; Psychological Theory; Reward; Safety
PubMed: 19157761
DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.12.011 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2022With the ongoing development of the information society, the Internet and smartphones have become an essential way of life, but also fostered the problem of mobile phone...
Relationship between university students' physical activity and mobile phone dependence: Mediating effect of subjective well-being and moderating effect of psychological capital.
BACKGROUND
With the ongoing development of the information society, the Internet and smartphones have become an essential way of life, but also fostered the problem of mobile phone dependence. Physical activity and subjective well-being have both been shown to correlate with mobile phone dependence, but the impact of subjective well-being on the relationship between physical activity and mobile phone dependence is not fully understood. This study investigates subjective well-being as a potential mediating variable in the relationship. It also investigates whether psychological capital moderates the association between subjective well-being and mobile phone dependence.
METHODS
A total of 9,569 students from 38 universities in Jiangsu Province were selected. Participants were surveyed the online questionnaire distribution platform Questionnaire Star. Common method bias test and Pearson correlation tests were used to analyze the study indicators, and the theoretical model for this study was validated using Process plug-in developed by Hayes and set at < 0.05 (two- tail) as statistically significant.
RESULTS
The levels of physical activity, subjective well-being, and psychological capital were all significantly higher for male students than female students. However, female students had a significantly higher level of mobile phone dependence. As predicted, there was a direct negative correlation between physical activity and mobile phone dependence, and subjective well-being mediated that relationship. Psychological capital moderated the relationship between subjective well-being and mobile phone dependence. It also positively moderated the indirect effect between physical activity and mobile phone dependence subjective well-being.
PubMed: 36643699
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.983487 -
The Western Journal of Medicine May 1990Since the 1988 Surgeon General's report on nicotine addiction, more attention is being given to nicotine dependence as a substantial contributing factor in cigarette... (Review)
Review
Since the 1988 Surgeon General's report on nicotine addiction, more attention is being given to nicotine dependence as a substantial contributing factor in cigarette smokers' inability to quit. Many new medications are being investigated for treating nicotine withdrawal and for assisting in long-term smoking abstinence. Medications alone probably will not be helpful; they should be used as adjuncts in comprehensive smoking abstinence programs that address not only the physical dependence on nicotine but also the psychological dependence on cigarette smoking.
Topics: Chewing Gum; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Nicotine; Polymethacrylic Acids; Polyvinyls; Smoking; Substance-Related Disorders; Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
PubMed: 2190425
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation Aug 2015This research discusses the effects of the integrated resorts centered around casinos being implemented in Korea. It particularly focuses on the symptoms and most recent... (Review)
Review
This research discusses the effects of the integrated resorts centered around casinos being implemented in Korea. It particularly focuses on the symptoms and most recent definitions of gambling addiction such as physiological or psychological dependence from excessive gambling. This paper suggests that there is a high prevalence rate of pathological gambling in Korea. It provides an argument for prevention, early detection, and lastly, active and voluntary treatment. Furthermore, the study addresses the physiological pathway of gambling addiction and the physiological factors of gambling addicts to suggest exercise rehabilitation that are currently limited to psychological treatments.
PubMed: 26331132
DOI: 10.12965/jer.150217 -
Japanese Journal of Pharmacology Jun 2000Catecholaminergic and/or cyclic AMP (cAMP) systems have been demonstrated to be involved in the development of drug dependence. We investigated the involvement of both... (Review)
Review
Catecholaminergic and/or cyclic AMP (cAMP) systems have been demonstrated to be involved in the development of drug dependence. We investigated the involvement of both systems in psychological dependence on phencyclidine (PCP) by using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) heterozygous (TH+/-) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) binding protein (CBP) heterozygous (CBP+/-) mice. PCP (8 mg/kg) induced place preference in wild-type mice pretreated with PCP (10 mg/kg once a day for 28 days). In these mice, the level of cAMP in the striatum, but not in the thalamus, was increased one day after the last injection of PCP (10 mg/kg). In TH+/- and CBP+/- mice pretreated with PCP (10 mg/kg per day for 28 days), however, no PCP (8 mg/kg)-induced place preference was observed. The level of cAMP in the striatum was increased in CBP+/- mice, but not TH+/- mice. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the place preference induced by PCP is attenuated by 6-hydroxydopamine, a dopaminergic neurotoxin, and (+) SCH-23390, a dopamine-D1 receptor antagonist, but not by DSP-4, a noradrenergic neurotoxin, and (-) sulpiride, a dopamine-D2 receptor antagonist. These findings suggest that catecholamines and CBP are involved in the development of psychological dependence on PCP and that changes in dopaminergic and/or cAMP systems induced by repeated PCP treatment play an important role in the addiction to PCP.
Topics: Animals; Catecholamines; Cyclic AMP; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Phencyclidine; Receptors, Dopamine; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 10928319
DOI: 10.1254/jjp.83.89 -
Alzheimer's Research & Therapy Aug 2018The concept of dependence has been proposed as a unified representation of disease severity to quantify and stage disease progression in a manner more informative to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The concept of dependence has been proposed as a unified representation of disease severity to quantify and stage disease progression in a manner more informative to patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers.
METHODS
This paper provides a review of the Dependence Scale (DS) as a quantitative measure of Alzheimer's disease severity, its properties as an outcome measure, a metric of disease progression, and a correlate of medical costs.
RESULTS
The literature supports the notion that the DS is related to, but distinct from, key severity measures, including cognition, function, and behavior, and captures the full spectrum of patient needs. It also presents as a useful measure for assessing disease progression.
CONCLUSIONS
Results underscore the importance of the DS as a unique endpoint in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials, providing important information about the impact of therapeutic interventions. The DS also is a useful measure for economic evaluation of novel interventions aimed at delaying progression.
Topics: Dementia; Dependency, Psychological; Disease Progression; Humans; Psychometrics; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 30103820
DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0414-7 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jul 2018Patients are often prescribed opioids after hospital discharge for surgery. However, several studies have shown that at least 3% of preoperative opioid-naive patients... (Review)
Review
Patients are often prescribed opioids after hospital discharge for surgery. However, several studies have shown that at least 3% of preoperative opioid-naive patients continue to use opioids for a long time after surgery. Prolonged opioid use is associated with serious side effects such as physical and psychological dependence, cognitive disturbances and adverse effects on sex hormone balance. Prolonged opioid use should be avoided, if possible. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge of prolonged opioid use after surgery and propose several preventive measures.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Morphine; Opioid-Related Disorders; Pain, Postoperative; Postoperative Complications; Risk Factors
PubMed: 30064619
DOI: No ID Found