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Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Jun 2022Transgender healthcare faces a dilemma. On the one hand, access to certain medical interventions, including hormone treatments or surgeries, where desired, may be...
Transgender healthcare faces a dilemma. On the one hand, access to certain medical interventions, including hormone treatments or surgeries, where desired, may be beneficial or even vital for some gender dysphoric trans people. But on the other hand, access to medical interventions typically requires a diagnosis, which, in turn, seems to imply the existence of a pathological state-something that many transgender people reject as a false and stigmatizing characterization of their experience or identity. In this paper we argue that developments from the human enhancement debate can help clarify or resolve some of the conceptual and ethical entanglements arising from the apparent conflict between seeking medicine while not necessarily suffering from a pathology or disorder. Specifically, we focus on the welfarist account of human enhancement and argue it can provide a useful conceptual framework for thinking about some of the more contentious disagreements about access to transgender healthcare services.
Topics: Gender Identity; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism
PubMed: 35129785
DOI: 10.1007/s11673-021-10163-7 -
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Sep 2022
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Gender Identity; Hormones; Humans; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism
PubMed: 35678284
DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac356 -
Cell Metabolism May 2016
Topics: Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Research; Women
PubMed: 27166932
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.027 -
Current Opinion in Psychology Dec 2022Recent years have seen considerable interest in consensual non-monogamy from both public and academic perspectives. At least 5% of the North American population is... (Review)
Review
Recent years have seen considerable interest in consensual non-monogamy from both public and academic perspectives. At least 5% of the North American population is currently in a consensually non-monogamous relationship of some form and there is little difference in measures of relationship quality compared to monogamous relationships. Despite increasing levels of understanding and engagement many practitioners of consensual non-monogamy still experience stigma (and minority stress) which is exacerbated by context (e.g. parenting, healthcare settings), type of consensual non-monogamy (e.g. polyamory vs swinging) and intersects with other identities (e.g. race, sexuality). This review outlines what is currently understood about consensual non-monogamy and argues that relationship diversity has a place alongside gender and sexuality when studying sexual behaviours, romantic relationships, and well-being.
Topics: Humans; Sexual Partners; Sexual Behavior; Gender Identity; Social Stigma
PubMed: 36215906
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101468 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Mar 2021
Topics: Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism
PubMed: 33685095
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0137 -
Fertility and Sterility Oct 2021Transgender men experience a disharmony between their birth sex and their intimate sense of gender belonging. Gender-affirming hormone therapy and gender-affirming... (Review)
Review
Transgender men experience a disharmony between their birth sex and their intimate sense of gender belonging. Gender-affirming hormone therapy and gender-affirming surgery (GAS) are often inherently part of the gender-affirming process. In this context, we should ask whether it is better to keep or remove the uterus. Keeping the uterus and ovaries avoids a surgical procedure and a pubic scar. Furthermore, it preserves fertility and the possibility of carrying a baby. On the other hand, keeping the uterus is often psychologically unbearable for transgender men and the long-term effects of androgens on the uterus and ovaries remain uncertain. Conversely, hysterectomy and oophorectomy are part of the GAS process. New mini-invasive surgery procedures for hysterectomies decrease the risks and limit the likelihood of scars to a minimum. In practice, the data suggest that very few transgender men carry a pregnancy and/or use their oocytes after gender-reaffirming treatment. Clinicians should counsel their transgender men patients about the definitive infertility consequences of hysterectomy and oophorectomy and discuss all fertility preservation options before undertaking GAS. Individualized approaches must be preferred to systematic procedures regarding the personal decision to keep or not keep the uterus and ovaries.
Topics: Androgens; Counseling; Female; Fertility; Fertility Preservation; Gender Dysphoria; Gender Identity; Health Services for Transgender Persons; Humans; Hysterectomy; Male; Ovariectomy; Reproductive Medicine; Sex Reassignment Procedures; Testosterone; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34364678
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.07.005 -
Zeitschrift Fur Kinder- Und... 2020Gender identities in transition In recent years, the healthcare system has been confronted with an increasing number of children and adolescents with gender... (Review)
Review
Gender identities in transition In recent years, the healthcare system has been confronted with an increasing number of children and adolescents with gender nonconformity, gender incongruence, and gender dysphoria. Medical professionals are still debating how to interpret this phenomenon and how best to meet the healthcare needs of this diverse group of young people. Meanwhile, the transgender and gender nonconforming youths themselves face enormous challenges in finding appropriate support and treatment in the mental healthcare system. This article reviews the available epidemiological data, the paradigm shift in the social, legal, and medical systems, the developments in diagnostic classifications (DSM-5, ICD-11) as well as important aspects of the AWMF S3 guideline for adults with gender incongruence and gender dysphoria. In addition, it describes the complexity of working with transgender, gender nonconforming, and gender-questioning youth in the context of the current discourse and the underlying ethical dilemmas. In conclusion, this article outlines the challenges facing child and adolescent psychiatry and psychotherapy in this complex environment.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Delivery of Health Care; Gender Dysphoria; Gender Identity; Humans; Psychotherapy; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism
PubMed: 32162593
DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000724 -
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 2022to identify scientific evidence on gender violence perpetrated against trans women. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
to identify scientific evidence on gender violence perpetrated against trans women.
METHODS
integrative review, carried out in June 2020, without time frame, in the Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, WoS, PsycInfo and LILACS databases. The controlled descriptors of DeCS, MeSH and their entry terms were used: "Transgender People", "Transgender", "Gender Identity", "Transsexuality", "Gender Violence", "Aggression", "Sexual Offenses", "Rape", "Violence", "Domestic Violence". The presentation and synthesis of the results were presented in the PRISMA-2009 flowchart.
RESULTS
the final sample, consisting of 16 articles, identified different types of violence (sexual, physical, verbal, psychological and financial), perpetrated by family members, strangers, police officers, intimate partners, health professionals, acquaintances, or friends.
CONCLUSIONS
trans women suffer violence and social exclusion that result from stigma and discrimination due to gender identity and result in unrestricted damage to physical health.
Topics: Domestic Violence; Female; Gender Identity; Gender-Based Violence; Humans; Intimate Partner Violence; Male; Sex Offenses; Transsexualism
PubMed: 35262561
DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0173 -
Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo 2012Gender identity disorder is a sexual disorder characterized by strong identification with the opposite gender, followed by unpleasant feeling dueto the birth given... (Review)
Review
Gender identity disorder is a sexual disorder characterized by strong identification with the opposite gender, followed by unpleasant feeling dueto the birth given gender. Longstanding clinical experience with transgender population has brought new knowledge and better understanding of gender identity and gender identity disorders. Initial knowledge referred to sexual orientation of gender dysphoric persons such as homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual and asexual.The contemporary literature dealing with transgenderism and transsexualism brings out the concept of autogynephilia (from Greek "love oneself as a woman") which is the subject of numerous controversies among the experts in this field as well as in the transgender community. The concept of autogynephilia gained importance in Blanchard's work and his attempts to improve diagnostic categories of gender identity disorders and implement efficient strategies in the management of adult male patients. The main topic of this paper refers to the evolution of the autogynephilia concept, which most prominent authors within the field elaborate as a type of male paraphillic tendency of a person to be sexually by the idea of a phantasy or an image of oneself as a woman, naming these persons "nonhomosexual transsexuals" or "autogynephilic transsexuals".
Topics: Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Transsexualism
PubMed: 22826997
DOI: 10.2298/sarh1206385b -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Feb 2023Everyone has sexual rights and is entitled to enjoy sex, regardless of gender identity or expression. It is therefore encouraging to witness a recent growth in research... (Review)
Review
Everyone has sexual rights and is entitled to enjoy sex, regardless of gender identity or expression. It is therefore encouraging to witness a recent growth in research on sexuality in transgender individuals. We provide a short overview of extant research on sex and relationships in this population and argue that current research has mostly been conducted from a medical and functional approach; there is a strong focus on negative experiences and prevention; and there is a lack of data regarding psychological and socio-relational variables. Furthermore, many studies have been conducted in a cis- and hetero-normative setting and have methodological shortcomings such as applying questionnaires that have not been validated in a transgender population. We encourage researchers to expand their focus to positive variables such as sexual pleasure and (in accordance with the biopsychosocial model) investigate subjective experiences and relationship variables when studying sexuality in transgender individuals.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Gender Identity; Transsexualism; Sexual Behavior; Transgender Persons
PubMed: 36635133
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2022.102294