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The Pan African Medical Journal 2018Research has shown variations in morphology of root canals to differ amongst ethnic groups. We aimed to investigate the root morphology and canal configuration of...
INTRODUCTION
Research has shown variations in morphology of root canals to differ amongst ethnic groups. We aimed to investigate the root morphology and canal configuration of permanent mandibular molars in a native Tanzanian population.
METHODS
146 first and 85 second mandibular molars were collected from Tanzanian patients. After removal of the pulp tissues and staining using Methylene blue ink from the canal system, the teeth were decalcified and rendered clear using 98% methyl salicylate. The teeth were then examined under magnification of 10X for: number of roots, tooth length, number of canals, location of apical foramen, presence of an apical delta and canal configuration using Vertucci's classification.
RESULTS
All mandibular molars had two separate roots. The mean tooth length for mandibular 1 and 2molars were 21.7 mm and 20.5mm, respectively, with no statistically significant difference in mean tooth length between males and females. All the mesial roots 1st and 2 mandibular molars possessed two root canals, while 40.4% and 54.1% of the distal roots of 1 and 2 molars, respectively, had two canals. The majority of the examined teeth had their apical foramen located centrally, with an apical delta present in the distal root of one-second molar. Root canal configuration types commonly reported were Type II in the mesial and Type I in the distal roots of the mandibular 1 molar; while the 2 molar had, respectively, root types II / IV and type I.
CONCLUSION
There were observed variations in the morphology of root canals in a Tanzanian population. Caution is advised to clinicians when performing root canal treatment.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Pulp Cavity; Female; Humans; Male; Molar; Tanzania; Tooth Apex; Tooth Root
PubMed: 30918551
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.31.24.14416 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2018To develop a novel strategy for sealing and obturating dental root canals by tooth-like tissue regeneration, premolars with mature root apices were freshly collected,...
To develop a novel strategy for sealing and obturating dental root canals by tooth-like tissue regeneration, premolars with mature root apices were freshly collected, and root canals were prepared by following the clinical protocols in vitro. The teeth were immersed in supersaturated calcium and phosphate solution containing gallic acid and fluoride. At certain intervals, the dental roots were taken out, and their mineral precipitates were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy mapping, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The cytocompatibility of the mineralizing products were evaluated with rabbit bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Results showed that the precipitates were mainly composed of fluoridated hydroxyapatite with ahexagonal prism morphology. Fluoridated hydroxyapatite initially nucleated and grew from the root canal dentine surface to the root canal centre. The fluoridated hydroxyapatite precipitate and root canal dentine intergraded together such that the interface became hardly distinguishable. The fluoridated hydroxyapatite precipitate grew into and obturated the dentinal tubules. In the root canal, the regenerated fluoridated hydroxyapatite densely packed and bundled together with a c-axis extension. After 7 days of mineralisation, the root canal was completely obturated, and the apical foramen was sealed. The mineralizing products had good biocompatibility with the cells, and the cells grew well on the mineralized surface. Biomimetic mineralisation strategy provides a novel means to regenerate tooth-like tissue to seal the root canal system permanently other than by passive synthetic material filling.
Topics: Animals; Biomimetic Materials; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Durapatite; Female; Humans; Male; Materials Testing; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Rabbits; Root Canal Obturation; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Root; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 30190589
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31643-8 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2021Successful endodontic treatment depends on cleaning and disinfecting the root canals, in order to provide conditions for three-dimensional filling, which should prevent... (Review)
Review
Successful endodontic treatment depends on cleaning and disinfecting the root canals, in order to provide conditions for three-dimensional filling, which should prevent root canal reinfection. However, anatomical complexities pose a challenge during endodontic treatment. The present study was a literature review carried out in the following databases: PubMed, SciELO, and MEDLINE, which were searched for articles published from 2017 to 2021. Micro-CT studies published in English, which analysed the capacity for preparation of oval and long-oval root canals, were included. The following keywords were used: "oval-shaped canals," "long-oval-shaped canals," "endodontics," and "micro-CT." The aim of this study was to carry out a literature review of micro-CT studies on the scope of the capacity for preparation performed in oval and long-oval root canals with rotary and reciprocating instruments.
Topics: Dental Instruments; Dental Pulp Cavity; Equipment Design; Humans; Root Canal Preparation; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 34475808
DOI: 10.1155/2021/5330776 -
International Endodontic Journal Nov 2014The C-shaped root canal constitutes an unusual root morphology that can be found primarily in mandibular second permanent molars. Due to the complexity of their... (Review)
Review
The C-shaped root canal constitutes an unusual root morphology that can be found primarily in mandibular second permanent molars. Due to the complexity of their structure, C-shaped root canal systems may complicate endodontic interventions. A thorough understanding of root canal morphology is therefore imperative for proper diagnosis and successful treatment. This review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding C-shaped roots and root canals, from basic morphology to advanced endodontic procedures. To this end, a systematic search was conducted using the MEDLINE, BIOSIS, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, PLoS and BioMed Central databases, and many rarely cited articles were included. Furthermore, four interactive 3D models of extracted teeth are introduced that will allow for a better understanding of the complex C-shaped root canal morphology. In addition, the present publication includes an embedded best-practice video showing an exemplary root canal procedure on a tooth with a pronounced C-shaped root canal. The survey of this unusual structure concludes with a number of suggestions concerning future research efforts.
Topics: Dental Pulp Cavity; Humans; Incidence; Root Canal Therapy
PubMed: 24483229
DOI: 10.1111/iej.12256 -
BMC Oral Health Jul 2022Relatively high incidence of single canals with oval or round shape were observed in human mandibular incisors. In order to investigate the influence of the root canal...
BACKGROUND
Relatively high incidence of single canals with oval or round shape were observed in human mandibular incisors. In order to investigate the influence of the root canal morphology on root canal preparation, the shaping outcome of ProTaper NEXT in oval and round canals of mandibular incisors were evaluated by using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis.
METHODS
This experiment was approved by the School Medical Ethics Committee. The sample size calculation was conducted using G*Power software. Intact mandibular incisors with a single canal were selected. Oval canals (2 < aspect ratio (AR) ≤ 4) and round canals (AR ≤ 2) were pair-matched according to canal length, and assigned to two experimental groups (13 per group). ProTaper NEXT was used for root canal preparation for both groups. Untouched canal wall (UCW), root canal morphological parameters and three-dimensional (3D) dentin thickness were evaluated in the entire root canal and each canal third after micro-CT scanning.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Data were collected and analyzed with Mann-Whitney test and Friedman test using SPSS statistics software 25 (P < 0.05). Additionally, correlations of UCW area with canal morphological parameters were also investigated.
RESULTS
After root canal preparation, no significant difference was observed in all analyzed parameters in the apical third between oval and round canal groups (P > 0.05). In the coronal two thirds of the canal, the post-operative structure model index (SMI), form factor and roundness were significantly increased, while the AR was significantly decreased in both groups (P < 0.05). In addition, in the coronal two thirds, significantly more UCW and higher UCWΔ% was observed in oval canal group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, UCW correlated very strongly to canal major diameter (0.924) and initial volume (0.938), and strongly to canal form factor (- 0.724), minor diameter (0.799) and canal area (0.882). Proximal dentin wall was associated with significantly thinner pre-operative dentin thickness and higher amount of dentin removal after root canal preparation in both oval and round canal groups.
CONCLUSIONS
(1) Both types of canals were more conical after root canal preparation, but oval root canals tend to leave more UCW area than round canals in the coronal two thirds of mandibular incisors, which contributes to the challenge for endodontic infection control. (2) Root canal preparation usually results in excessive dentin removal in the proximal dentin wall comparing with buccal and lingual walls in both types of canals of mandibular incisors.
Topics: Dental Pulp Cavity; Humans; Incisor; Molar; Root Canal Preparation; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 35869473
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02335-7 -
Journal of the Indian Society of... 2022The root canal system in primary molars is considered to be complex. The aim of the present study was to assess the morphology of roots and root canals of primary...
INTRODUCTION
The root canal system in primary molars is considered to be complex. The aim of the present study was to assess the morphology of roots and root canals of primary maxillary and mandibular second molars using the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From a total of 104 collected primary maxillary and mandibular molars (51 maxillary second molars and 53 mandibular second molars), 60 teeth (30 each of maxillary and mandibular second molars) were selected randomly and accordingly assigned into two groups: MAX2M (primary maxillary second molars) and MAN2M (primary mandibular second molars). CBCT was used to assess the number of roots and root canals, length of root, mesiodistal and buccolingual width of the canal, shape of the canal, and intercanal communications. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software version 17.0.
RESULTS
The mandibular second molars showed the presence of two roots in 27 sample molars while the presence of three roots was observed in three MAN2M group. In these molars, all three roots exhibited Type I root canal configuration. The maxillary second molars exhibited three roots. A total of nine intercanal communications were seen in MAX2M group, whereas two communications were seen in MAN2M group. The palatal root in MAX2M group was more angulated (mean value: 127.21 ± 9.10) as compared to mesial (mean value: 95.39 ± 8.64) and distal roots (114 ± 11.24).
CONCLUSION
The comprehensive knowledge of root and canal morphology of primary molars and anatomic variations is essential for successful endodontic therapy.
Topics: Child; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Dental Pulp Cavity; Humans; Maxilla; Molar; Tooth Root
PubMed: 35859410
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the Indian Society of... 2022The complex root canal anatomy of primary root canals is considered to be most challenging. The quality of the root canal preparation plays a significant role in the...
BACKGROUND
The complex root canal anatomy of primary root canals is considered to be most challenging. The quality of the root canal preparation plays a significant role in the success of endodontic treatment. Now, there are very few root canal instruments that are capable of cleaning the canal three dimensionally. To evaluate the efficacy of root canal instruments, various technologies have been used; one of the most reliable strategies was cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
AIM
The aim of this study is to compare the centralization ability and canal transportation of three commercially available pediatric rotary file systems using CBCT analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty-three extracted human primary teeth with a minimum 7 mm root length were randomly divided into three groups (group I - Kedo-SG Blue, group II - Kedo-S Square, and group III - Pro AF Baby Gold). Biomechanical preparation was done according to the manufacturers instructions. Pre- and postinstrumentation CBCT images were taken for each group to evaluate the remaining dentin thickness thereby assessing the centering ability and the canal transportation ability of different file systems.
RESULTS
Significant difference was noticed in canal transportation and centering ability between the three tested groups. Mesiodistal canal transportation was significant at all three levels, whereas buccolingual canal transportation was significant only at the apical third of the root. However, Kedo-SG Blue and Pro AF Baby Gold showed lesser canal transportation compared to Kedo-S Square rotary file system. Mesiodistal centering ability was significant at cervical and apical thirds of the root with Kedo-S Square rotary file system maintaining less canal centricity.
CONCLUSIONS
All three file systems tested in the study were effective in removing the radicular dentin. However, Kedo-SG Blue and Pro AF Baby Gold rotary file systems showed comparatively less canal transportation and more centering ability than Kedo-S Square rotary file system.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Child; Dental Pulp Cavity; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Dental Care; Gold; Root Canal Preparation
PubMed: 36861555
DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_380_22 -
BMC Oral Health May 2022Adequate knowledge of root canal morphology and possible variations is essential to achieve perfect root canal treatment and overcome treatment failure. Appropriate...
BACKGROUND
Adequate knowledge of root canal morphology and possible variations is essential to achieve perfect root canal treatment and overcome treatment failure. Appropriate knowledge on root and canal morphology, communication, and documentation amongst dentists will be challenging from a diagnostic and successful treatment point of view.
METHODS
A total of 3420 samples were included in this study from 285 cone-beam computed tomography images of the Saudi residents, including 171 males and 114 females aged 15 to 68 years from retrospective data dated from January 2018 to April 2021. The images were examined in sagittal, axial and coronal views using a 3D version software 1.0.10.6388. The number of canal and canal morphology was recorded using Vertucci and the new classification system. The SPSS 26 was used to conduct the statistical analysis as descriptive statistics such as mean; standard deviation and frequency were calculated. The Chi-square test analysed the data with the significance level set at 0.05.
RESULTS
A total of 285 subjects participated in the study. Majority of the participants were Saudi nationals (80.7%), followed by Indian (7.4%), Pakistani (4.2%) and other nationalities. According to Vertucci and the new classification system, Type I and TN were the most common types, followed by Type III and Type IV, and then TN and TN in mandibular anteriors. The prevalence of canal variations in mandibular canine was higher in females than in males (P = 0.002). Maxillary laterals and mandibular anteriors showed the significant difference in the prevalence of root canal variation in relation to the ethnicity (P = 0.001) and age of the patients. Younger patients showed more variations than the older patients (P = 0.012, P = 0.023, P = 0.001, P = 0.001) in terms of maxillary laterals, mandibular central, laterals and canines, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Mandibular permanent anteriors showed a wide range of canal variations and canal complexity. Males and females did not demonstrate a wide range of variation in the root canal morphology except for the canines in relation to the gender of the patients.
Topics: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Dental Pulp Cavity; Female; Humans; Male; Retrospective Studies; Saudi Arabia; Spiral Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Tooth Root
PubMed: 35538514
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02187-1 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Dec 2019This study compared canal transportation and centering ratio produced after instrumentation with a single heat-treated reciprocating system, WaveOne Gold (WOG; Dentsply... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
This study compared canal transportation and centering ratio produced after instrumentation with a single heat-treated reciprocating system, WaveOne Gold (WOG; Dentsply Sirona, Tulsa, OK, USA) and a single heat-treated rotary instrument, XP-endo Shaper (XPS; FKG, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland), using micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) imaging, and evaluated the ability of double-digital radiography (DDR) to detect canal transportation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Mesial root canals of mandibular molars with severe curvature (25-70°) were randomly assigned to either WOG or XPS groups for preparation. Centering ratio was measured by micro-CT imaging, while canal transportation was measured by micro-CT and DDR methods at 3, 5, and 7 mm from the apex. Data were statistically compared between groups using the t test (α = 5%).
RESULTS
The micro-CT method showed that XPS's shaping ability regarding the centering ability (P = 0.030) and canal transportation (P = 0.028) was significantly better than WOG only at the 7-mm level. The DDR technique detected no difference in canal transportation between groups at any level (P > 0.05); however, a significant difference between evaluation methods was detected at the 5-mm level in the WOG group (P = 0.023).
CONCLUSIONS
Micro-CT technique revealed a significantly better centering ability and less canal transportation with XPS compared to WOG. The DDR technique was not capable of detecting the significant difference between the tested groups.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Root canal curvatures may lead to procedural errors during endodontic treatment. Thus, differences on the shaping ability of single heat-treated reciprocating and rotary systems should be known.
Topics: Dental Pulp Cavity; Equipment Design; Humans; Molar; Radiography, Dental, Digital; Root Canal Preparation; Switzerland; Tooth Root; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 30834991
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02870-8 -
BMC Oral Health Nov 2022Endodontic ledge (EL) formation is the most common complication of endodontic treatment. Although various etiological factors have been identified, canal curvature is...
BACKGROUND
Endodontic ledge (EL) formation is the most common complication of endodontic treatment. Although various etiological factors have been identified, canal curvature is the most significant variable correlated with EL formation. The aim of this micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) study was to evaluate EL position in the mesial canals of the lower molars in relation to the degree of canal curvature.
METHODS
Forty intact mandibular first molars with independent mesial canals with 20°-40° primary mesio-distal curvature, 10°-30° buccal-lingual canal curvature and 4 < r ≤ 8 mm main curvature radius were selected. Working length was measured with a K-File #10 and a high resolution pre-operative micro-CT analysis was performed. Ledges were created at the point of maximum canal curvature using stainless steel K-Files #30-35, alternating irrigation with 5% NaOCl and 10% EDTA. A post-operative high-resolution micro-CT analysis was then completed. Pre- and post-operative images were analyzed. The angle (α) formed between the vector passing through the geometric center of the EL and the center of the original canal lumen and the line joining the centers of the mesio-buccal and mesio-lingual canal orifices was calculated, and a descriptive statistical analysis was achieved. The α angle values were analyzed in relation to canal curvature using Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn's tests. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.
RESULTS
The α angles appeared inversely proportional to canal curvatures in the buccal-lingual and mesio-distal projections. The mean α angle was 36.4° (standard deviation 10.64; 95% confidence interval 34.1-40.9).
CONCLUSION
Within the limitations of this study, endodontic ledges develop in the opposite direction to the three-dimensional canal curvature and their position is influenced by the degree of curvature. Clinically, the α angle values may be related to the recommended direction to manage endodontic ledges.
Topics: Humans; Dental Pulp Cavity; Molar; X-Ray Microtomography; Root Canal Preparation
PubMed: 36357901
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02531-5