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Toxicology Reports 2018Xanthigen is a nutraceutical combination for weight management capable of increasing energy expenditure via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) in white adipose tissue. It...
Xanthigen is a nutraceutical combination for weight management capable of increasing energy expenditure via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) in white adipose tissue. It consists of brown seaweed extract, rich in the carotenoid fucoxanthin (FX) and pomegranate seed oil (PSO), rich in punicic acid. Xanthigen was screened to determine its genotoxicity and 90-days repeated oral toxicity. Genotoxicity was assessed with the Ames test (TA89, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, WP2), chromosomal aberration assay (Chinese hamster ovary cells) and mammalian micronucleus test (in mice). Xanthigen did not exhibit genotoxicity in any tested strain. Sub-chronic toxicity was evaluated with daily oral administration of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day doses of Xanthigen to Sprague-Dawley rats over 90 days. No deaths and no deleterious effects were observed during the 90-day treatment, indicating an absence of sub-chronic toxicity and a no observed adverse effect level greater than 1000 mg/kg/day. A statistically significant decrease in bodyweight and food intake in Xanthigen treated groups was attributed to the weight loss property of Xanthigen. Overall, Xanthigen shows no significant mutagenic or toxic effects.
PubMed: 30386730
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.10.007 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... May 2019Pomegranate pulp, a by-product of the pomegranate juice industry, contains a remarkable quantity of bioactive compounds that can favorably affect ruminant metabolism and...
Pomegranate pulp, a by-product of the pomegranate juice industry, contains a remarkable quantity of bioactive compounds that can favorably affect ruminant metabolism and milk quality. The present paper investigated the effect of dietary pomegranate pulp on milk yield and quality during late lactation in grazing ewes. Twenty Comisana ewes (150 ± 10 days in milk) were subdivided into control (CTRL) and pomegranate (PP) groups. The CTRL group received a corn-barley based concentrate, while the PP group received a concentrate containing 64.8% pomegranate pulp. Dietary treatment did not affect milk yield. CTRL milk had a greater percentage of -casein and total casein, while -casein percentage tended to be greater in the PP group. The PP milk showed a lower percentage of 14:0, 16:0, but a greater percentage of vaccenic, rumenic, and -linolenic acid. Punicic acid was detected only in the PP milk. Total antioxidant capacity (ORAC) was greater in the CTRL milk as compared with the hydrophilic ORAC. Dietary pomegranate pulp increased milk health quality with no detrimental effects on milk yield. Therefore, pomegranate pulp could represent a strategy for improving milk quality and reducing feeding cost during a less profitable phases such as late lactation. Also, dietary pomegranate pulp, as an alternative to traditional feedstuffs, may lower feed-to-food competition in livestock production.
PubMed: 31137876
DOI: 10.3390/ani9050283 -
Journal of Oleo Science Sep 2020In this study, seed oils of Thladiantha nudiflora and Thladiantha dubia were found to contain 55.5 and 44.4% mole of conjugated octadecatrienoic fatty acids,...
In this study, seed oils of Thladiantha nudiflora and Thladiantha dubia were found to contain 55.5 and 44.4% mole of conjugated octadecatrienoic fatty acids, respectively. The presence of moieties of conjugated fatty acids was confirmed by a series from physical methods: UV, IR, H and C NMR. The triacylglycerols (TAGs) isolated of the seed oils were studied by RP-HPLC with diode array and mass spectrometric detections. It was shown that all 15 TAGs of Thladiantha dubia contain moieties of conjugated fatty acids - punicic, (9Z,11E,13Z)-octadeca-9,11,13-trienoic acid (35.6% mole) and 8.9% mole α-eleostearic, (9Z,11E,13E)-octadeca-9,11,13-trienoic acid. Meanwhile, 24 TAGs of Thladiantha nudiflora seed oil contain both acids in approximately equal proportions (27.4:28.2 % mole). The enrichment for polyunsaturated fatty acids of the hydrolysis product of the seed oils due to urea inclusion complex formation was discussed.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cucurbitaceae; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Plant Oils; Seeds; Triglycerides
PubMed: 32788518
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20075 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2014In this work, we characterized conjugated linolenic acids (e.g., punicic acid) as the major components of the hydrophilic fraction (80% aqueous methanol extract) from...
In this work, we characterized conjugated linolenic acids (e.g., punicic acid) as the major components of the hydrophilic fraction (80% aqueous methanol extract) from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil (PSO) and evaluated their anti-inflammatory potential on some human colon (HT29 and HCT116), liver (HepG2 and Huh7), breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and prostate (DU145) cancer lines. Our results demonstrated that punicic acid and its congeners induce a significant decrease of cell viability for two breast cell lines with a related increase of the cell cycle G0/G1 phase respect to untreated cells. Moreover, the evaluation of a great panel of cytokines expressed by MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells showed that the levels of VEGF and nine pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-1 and TNF-α) decreased in a dose dependent way with increasing amounts of the hydrophilic extracts of PSO, supporting the evidence of an anti-inflammatory effect. Taken together, the data herein suggest a potential synergistic cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant role of the polar compounds from PSO.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cytokines; Drug Synergism; Female; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; HCT116 Cells; HT29 Cells; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Inflammation; Linolenic Acids; Lythraceae; MCF-7 Cells; Plant Extracts; Plant Oils; Seeds
PubMed: 24962397
DOI: 10.3390/molecules19068644 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021Enzymatic pretreatment of seeds is a novel approach that enhances the health benefits of the extracted oil. The study investigated the influence of the enzymatic...
Enzymatic pretreatment of seeds is a novel approach that enhances the health benefits of the extracted oil. The study investigated the influence of the enzymatic pretreatment of seeds on the quality of oil from different pomegranate cultivars. The quality of the ultrasound-assisted (and ethanol-extracted) oil was studied, with respect to the refractive index (RI), yellowness index (YI), conjugated dienes (K232), peroxide value (PV) ρ-anisidine value (AV), total oxidation value (TOTOX), total carotenoid content (TCC), total phenolic compounds (TPC), fatty acid composition, phytosterol composition, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity. The seeds of three different pomegranate cultivars ('Wonderful', 'Herskawitz', and 'Acco') were digested with an equal mixture of Pectinex Ultra SPL, Flavourzyme 100 L, and cellulase crude enzymes, at a concentration, pH, temperature, and time of 1.7%, 4.5, 40 °C, and 5 h, respectively. Enzymatic pretreatment of PS increased oil yield, PV, TPC, TCC, and DPPH radical scavenging capacity, but decreased the YI. The levels of K232, AV and TOTOX, fatty acids, phytosterols, RI, and FRAP, were not significantly affected by enzymatic pretreatment of PS. Principal component analysis (PCA) established that oil extracted from the 'Acco' seed after enzymatic pretreatment had higher yield, TPC, TCC, and DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Therefore, enzyme-pretreated 'Acco' pomegranate fruit seed is a source of quality seed oil with excellent antioxidant properties.
Topics: Antioxidants; Biphenyl Compounds; Carotenoids; Ethanol; Fatty Acids; Fruit; Functional Food; Humans; Hydrolases; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Phytosterols; Picrates; Plant Oils; Pomegranate; Principal Component Analysis; Seeds; Solvents; Sonication
PubMed: 34361727
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154575 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2015Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and is associated with demyelination, neurodegeneration, and sensitivity to...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and is associated with demyelination, neurodegeneration, and sensitivity to oxidative stress. In this work, we administered a nanodroplet formulation of pomegranate seed oil (PSO), denominated Nano-PSO, to mice induced for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an established model of MS. PSO comprises high levels of punicic acid, a unique polyunsaturated fatty acid considered as one of the strongest natural antioxidants. We show here that while EAE-induced mice treated with natural PSO presented some reduction in disease burden, this beneficial effect increased significantly when EAE mice were treated with Nano-PSO of specific size nanodroplets at much lower concentrations of the oil. Pathological examinations revealed that Nano-PSO administration dramatically reduced demyelination and oxidation of lipids in the brains of the affected animals, which are hallmarks of this severe neurological disease. We propose that novel formulations of natural antioxidants such as Nano-PSO may be considered for the treatment of patients suffering from demyelinating diseases. On the mechanistic side, our results demonstrate that lipid oxidation may be a seminal feature in both demyelination and neurodegeneration.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Brain; Demyelinating Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental; Female; Humans; Lipids; Malondialdehyde; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Biological; Multiple Sclerosis; Nanoparticles; Oxidation-Reduction; Particle Size; Plant Oils; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
PubMed: 26648720
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S92704 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2020Pomegranate seed oil (PSO) is mainly composed of punicic acid (PA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid also known as omega-5 (ω-5), a potent antioxidant associated with a...
Pomegranate seed oil (PSO) is mainly composed of punicic acid (PA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid also known as omega-5 (ω-5), a potent antioxidant associated with a variety of metabolic and cellular beneficial effects. However, the potential benefits of a nanoemulsified version of ω-5 (PSOn) have not been evaluated in a pathological liver condition. Here, we examined whether PSOn had beneficial effects on C57BL/6N mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), specifically on hepatic steatosis. We observed that PSOn supplementation decreased body weight and body fat mass in control mice, whereas glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, energy expenditure, and hepatic steatosis were improved in both control mice and in mice fed a HFD. Interestingly, PSOn increased fatty acid oxidation in primary hepatocytes and antioxidant gene expression. Altogether, our data indicate that PSOn effectively reduces some of the HFD-derived metabolic syndrome indicators by means of an increase in fatty acid oxidation within hepatocytes.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Diet, High-Fat; Emulsions; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Glucose Intolerance; Hepatocytes; Insulin Resistance; Linolenic Acids; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Oxidation-Reduction; Phytotherapy; Plant Oils; Pomegranate
PubMed: 32943651
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71878-y -
American Journal of Physiology.... Sep 2012Pomegranate seed oil (PSO), which is the major source of conjugated linolenic acids such as punicic acid (PuA), exhibits strong anti-inflammatory properties. Necrotizing...
Pomegranate seed oil (PSO), which is the major source of conjugated linolenic acids such as punicic acid (PuA), exhibits strong anti-inflammatory properties. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease associated with severe and excessive intestinal inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of orally administered PSO on the development of NEC, intestinal epithelial proliferation, and cytokine regulation in a rat model of NEC. Premature rats were divided into three groups: dam fed (DF), formula-fed rats (FF), or rats fed with formula supplemented with 1.5% of PSO (FF + PSO). All groups were exposed to asphyxia/cold stress to induce NEC. Intestinal injury, epithelial cell proliferation, cytokine production, and trefoil factor 3 (Tff3) production were evaluated in the terminal ileum. Oral administration of PSO (FF+PSO) decreased the incidence of NEC from 61 to 26%. Feeding formula with PSO improved enterocyte proliferation in the site of injury. Increased levels of proinflammatory IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-23, and TNF-α in the ileum of FF rats were normalized in PSO-treated animals. Tff3 production in the FF rats was reduced compared with DF but not further affected by the PSO. In conclusion, administration of PSO protects against NEC in the neonatal rat model. This protective effect is associated with an improvement of intestinal epithelial homeostasis and a strong anti-inflammatory effect of PSO on the developing intestinal mucosa.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Diet; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Ileum; Lipids; Lythraceae; Mucin-2; Neuropeptides; Plant Oils; Pregnancy; RNA; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Seeds; Trefoil Factor-3
PubMed: 22821948
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00248.2012 -
Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences Mar 2014Pomegranate seed oil and its main constituent, punicic acid, have been shown to decrease plasma glucose and have antioxidant activity. The objective of the present study...
BACKGROUND
Pomegranate seed oil and its main constituent, punicic acid, have been shown to decrease plasma glucose and have antioxidant activity. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of pomegranate seed oil on rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
METHOD
Six groups (n=8 each) of male Sprague-Dawley rats, comprising a control, a diabetic (induced by Streptozocin and Nicotinamide) receiving water as vehicle, a diabetic receiving pomegranate seed oil (200 mg/kg/day), a diabetic receiving pomegranate seed oil (600 mg/kg/day), a diabetic receiving soybean oil (200 mg/kg/day), and a diabetic receiving soybean oil (600 mg/kg/day), were used. After 28 days of receiving vehicle or oils, blood glucose, serum levels of insulin, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, and lipid profile were determined.
RESULTS
The diabetic rats had significantly higher levels of blood glucose, serum triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and malondialdehyde and lower levels of serum insulin and glutathione peroxidase. Rats treated with pomegranate seed oil had significantly higher levels of serum insulin and glutathione peroxidase activity, and there were no statistically significant differences in terms of blood glucose between them and the diabetic control group.
CONCLUSION
The findings of the present study suggest that pomegranate seed oil improved insulin secretion without changing fasting blood glucose.
PubMed: 24644382
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Nutrition Aug 2006We showed previously that alpha-eleostearic acid (alpha-ESA; 9Z11E13E-18:3) is converted to 9Z11E-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in rats through a Delta13-saturation...
We showed previously that alpha-eleostearic acid (alpha-ESA; 9Z11E13E-18:3) is converted to 9Z11E-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in rats through a Delta13-saturation reaction. To investigate this further, we examined the absorption and metabolism of alpha-ESA in rat intestine using a lipid absorption assay in lymph from the thoracic duct. In this study, we used 4 test oils [tung oil, perilla oil, CLA-triacylglycerol (TG), and pomegranate seed oil, containing alpha-ESA, alpha-linolenic acid (LnA; 9Z12Z15Z-18:3), CLA, and punicic acid (PA; 9Z11E13Z-18:3), respectively]. Emulsions containing the test oils were administered to rats, and lymph from the thoracic duct was collected over 24 h. The positional and geometrical isomerism of CLA produced by PA metabolism was determined using GC-electron impact (EI)-MS and (13)C-NMR, respectively; the product was confirmed to be 9Z11E-CLA. A part of alpha-ESA and PA was converted to 9Z11E-CLA 1 h after administration; therefore the lymphatic recoveries of alpha-ESA and PA were modified by the amount of recovered CLA. Cumulative recovery of CLA, alpha-ESA, and PA was lower than that of LnA only during h 1 (P < 0.05), and cumulative recovery of alpha-ESA and PA was significantly lower than that of LnA and CLA for 8 h (P < 0.05). Therefore, the absorption rate was LnA > CLA > alpha-ESA = PA. The conversion ratio of alpha-ESA to 9Z11E-CLA was higher than that of PA to 9Z11E-CLA over 24 h (P < 0.05). These results indicated that alpha-ESA and PA are slowly absorbed in rat intestine, and a portion of these fatty acids is quickly converted to 9Z11E-CLA.
Topics: Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Isomerism; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Male; Plant Oils; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; alpha-Linolenic Acid
PubMed: 16857834
DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.8.2153