-
Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology... 2022
Topics: Pyloric Antrum; Receptors, Notch; Stem Cell Niche; Stem Cells
PubMed: 34728187
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.10.005 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Apr 2008To assess cyclooxygenase (COX) expression and prostanoid concentrations in pyloric and duodenal mucosae of dogs after administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory...
OBJECTIVE
To assess cyclooxygenase (COX) expression and prostanoid concentrations in pyloric and duodenal mucosae of dogs after administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
ANIMALS
8 healthy dogs.
PROCEDURES
Each dog received carprofen (4.4 mg/kg, q 24 h), deracoxib (2 mg/kg, q 24 h), aspirin (10 mg/kg, q 12 h), and placebo (1 dog treat, q 24 h) orally for 3 days (4-week interval between treatments). Before study commencement (baseline) and on day 3 of each treatment, pyloric and duodenal mucosal appearance was assessed endoscopically and biopsy specimens were obtained for histologic examination. Cyclooxygenase-1 and COX-2 protein expressions were assessed via western blotting, and prostanoid concentrations were measured via ELISAs. An ANOVA was used to analyze data.
RESULTS
Treatments had no effect on mucosal appearance and ulceration was not evident histologically. In pyloric and duodenal mucosae, COX-1 expression was unaffected by treatments. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression remained unchanged in pyloric mucosa; in duodenal mucosa, aspirin significantly increased COX-2 expression, compared with effects of deracoxib and carprofen. At baseline, total prostaglandin and thromboxane B2 concentrations in pyloric mucosa were significantly greater than those in duodenal mucosa. Aspirin significantly decreased both prostanoid concentrations in both mucosal tissues, compared with other treatments. In pyloric mucosa, carprofen administration significantly decreased total prostaglandin and thromboxane B2 concentrations, compared with deracoxib administration.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In dogs, prostanoid synthesis was greater in pyloric mucosa than it was in duodenal mucosa. Nonselective NSAIDs significantly decreased prostanoid concentrations in these mucosae, compared with the effects of a selective COX-2 NSAID.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Biopsy; Blotting, Western; Cross-Over Studies; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Dogs; Endoscopy; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Histocytochemistry; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Prostaglandins; Pyloric Antrum; Random Allocation; Thromboxane B2
PubMed: 18380576
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.4.457 -
Saudi Medical Journal Nov 2023The incidence of malignant transformation in ectopic pancreas (EP), including adenocarcinoma, is extremely rare. Herein, we presented a single case with invasive... (Review)
Review
The incidence of malignant transformation in ectopic pancreas (EP), including adenocarcinoma, is extremely rare. Herein, we presented a single case with invasive adenocarcinoma caused by the EP in the stomach. The patient consulted our hospital due to abdominal discomfort with acid regurgitation. Computed tomography scan showed a pyloric obstruction and thickening of the gastric wall in the gastric antrum; a digestive endoscopic examination showed mucosal congestion, swelling in the anterior pyloric area, and pyloric canal stenosis. Next, the patient underwent gastrointestinal surgery, and the distal gastrectomy specimens revealed a deviation of 10 cm towards the lesser curvature and an extension of 22 cm towards the greater curvature. A 5.5 x 5.4 cm round-like mass was found during surgery. Pathological examination suggested invasive submucosal adenocarcinoma located under the gastric antrum mucosa. Our report provides additional clinical experience for diagnosing EP with canceration in the stomach.
Topics: Humans; Stomach Neoplasms; Pyloric Antrum; Pancreas; Adenocarcinoma
PubMed: 37926464
DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.11.20220914 -
Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology... 2021Helicobacter pylori infection in humans typically begins with colonization of the gastric antrum. The initial Th1 response occasionally coincides with an increase in...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Helicobacter pylori infection in humans typically begins with colonization of the gastric antrum. The initial Th1 response occasionally coincides with an increase in gastrin secretion. Subsequently, the gastritis segues to chronic atrophic gastritis, metaplasia, dysplasia and distal gastric cancer. Despite these well characterized clinical events, the link between inflammatory cytokines and non-cardia gastric cancer remains difficult to study in mouse models. Prior studies have demonstrated that overexpression of the Hedgehog (HH) effector GLI2 induces loss of gastrin (atrophy) and antral hyperplasia. To determine the link between specific cytokines, HH signaling and pre-neoplastic changes in the gastric antrum.
METHODS
Mouse lines were created to conditionally direct IL1β or IFN-γ to the antrum using the Gastrin-CreERT2 and Tet activator. Primary cilia, which transduces HH signaling, on G cells were disrupted by deleting the ciliary motor protein KIF3a. Phenotypic changes were assessed by histology and western blots. A subclone of GLUTag enteroendocrine cells selected for gastrin expression and the presence of primary cilia was treated with recombinant SHH, IL1β or IFN-γ with or without kif3a siRNA.
RESULTS
IFN-γ increased gastrin and induced antral hyperplasia. However, antral expression of IL1β suppressed tissue and serum gastrin, while also inducing antral hyperplasia. IFN-γ treatment of GLUTAg cells suppressed GLI2 and induced gastrin, without affecting cilia length. By contrast, IL1β treatment doubled primary cilia length, induced GLI2 and suppressed gastrin gene expression. Knocking down kif3a in GLUTAg cells mitigated SHH or IL1β suppression of gastrin.
CONCLUSIONS
Overexpression of IL1β in the antrum was sufficient to induce antral hyperplasia coincident with suppression of gastrin via primary cilia. ORCID: #0000-0002-6559-8184.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Cilia; Gastrins; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Hyperplasia; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-1beta; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Pyloric Antrum
PubMed: 33347972
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.12.008 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2015Gastric carcinogenesis is a multifactorial H.pylori-triggered dynamic process that goes through a cascade of preneoplastic conditions. The expression of miRNAs in the...
Gastric carcinogenesis is a multifactorial H.pylori-triggered dynamic process that goes through a cascade of preneoplastic conditions. The expression of miRNAs in the stomach with regard to preneoplastic precursor conditions and H.pylori infection has not been investigated systematically. In this prospective proof-of-principle study, we evaluated the miRNA expression in gastric antrum and corpus mucosa from patients with chronic non-atrophic gastritis (CNAG), atrophic gastritis (AG), and GC compared to controls. Gastric normal mucosa shows a unique expression pattern for miR-21, miR-155 and miR-223, which is specific for different regions. In correlation with progression of Correa's cascade and H.pylori infection, we observed a gradual increase in miR-155 and miR-223 both in corpus and antrum and miR-21 only in the antrum mucosa. Using miRNA expression we calculated a score that allowed us to discriminate patients with AG from subjects with normal mucosa with high diagnostic accuracy in testing and validation cohorts reproducibly. In summary, the expression pattern of miRNAs in the gastric mucosa is gradually increased with progression of Correa's cascade and H.pylori infection, suggesting miRNAs as potential biomarkers for preneoplastic precursor conditions. However, differences of miRNA expression between the gastric antrum and the corpus need to be considered in future studies.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biopsy; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis, Atrophic; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Male; MicroRNAs; Middle Aged; Precancerous Conditions; Prospective Studies; Pyloric Antrum; Reproducibility of Results; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 25652892
DOI: 10.1038/srep08270 -
Medicine Apr 2023Atrophic gastritis can cause mucosa thinning, while detailed metrological evidence is lacking. We aimed to compare the morphological features of full-thickness gastric...
Atrophic gastritis can cause mucosa thinning, while detailed metrological evidence is lacking. We aimed to compare the morphological features of full-thickness gastric mucosa in antrum and corpus and evaluate the diagnostic performance for atrophy. Gastric cancer patients were prospectively enrolled (N = 401). Full-thickness gastric mucosa was obtained. Foveolar length, glandular length and musculus mucosae thickness were measured. Pathological assessment was conducted using the visual analogue scale of the updated Sydney system. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were calculated for different atrophy degrees. In corpus mucosa, foveolar length and musculus mucosae thickness were positively correlated with the atrophy degree (spearman's correlation coefficient [rs] = 0.231 and 0.224, respectively, P < .05); glandular length and total mucosal thickness were negatively correlated (rs = -0.399 and -0.114, respectively, P < .05). Total mucosal thickness did not correlate with antral atrophy degree (P = .107). The AUCs of total mucosal thickness for corpus and antral atrophy were 0.570 (P < .05) and 0.592 (P < .05), respectively. The AUCs for corpus atrophy, moderate and severe, and severe atrophy were 0.570 (P < .05), 0.571 (P = .003), and 0.584 (P = .006), respectively. The corresponding AUCs for antral atrophy were 0.592 (P = .010), 0.548 (P = .140), and 0.521 (P = .533), respectively. The tendency for mucosal thickness to thin with atrophy occurred in the corpus rather than in the antrum. The diagnostic performance of corpus and antral mucosal thickness was limited for atrophy.
Topics: Humans; Gastritis, Atrophic; Gastritis; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Gastric Mucosa; Atrophy; Pyloric Antrum
PubMed: 37026936
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000033480 -
Gut Apr 1992The relation between pyloric motor activity, opening, and closure was examined in eight healthy men. Manometry was performed with an assembly combining 13 side holes and...
The relation between pyloric motor activity, opening, and closure was examined in eight healthy men. Manometry was performed with an assembly combining 13 side holes and a sleeve sensor positioned astride the pylorus. Simultaneous with manometry, pyloric opening and closure and antroduodenal contractions were observed fluoroscopically with the antrum filled with barium. During intraduodenal normal saline infusion, coordinated antral pressure waves swept over the pylorus and ejected barium into the duodenum. No localised pyloric motor pattern was observed under these conditions. In contrast, the intraduodenal triglyceride infusion was associated with the absence of antral pressure waves and virtual absence of antral wall movement. At the pylorus, there was a zone of luminal occlusion less than 1 cm long that persisted for the period of observation. This zone of luminal occlusion corresponded precisely with manometric recordings of a narrow zone of pyloric phasic and tonic activity. During the duodenal triglyceride infusion, the pylorus was closed for 98.5% of the measurement period when basal pyloric pressure was 4 mm Hg or more, and during this motor pattern, barium did not traverse the pylorus. Localised pyloric contractions cause sustained pyloric closure, whether these contractions are phasic or tonic. These contractions occur independently of antral or duodenal contractions and may interrupt gastric emptying.
Topics: Adult; Duodenum; Fluoroscopy; Gastric Emptying; Humans; Male; Manometry; Pyloric Antrum; Pylorus; Sodium Chloride; Triglycerides
PubMed: 1582588
DOI: 10.1136/gut.33.4.466 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Mar 2013We investigate flow in the stomach during gastric mixing using a numerical simulation with an anatomically realistic geometry and free-surface flow modeling. Because of...
We investigate flow in the stomach during gastric mixing using a numerical simulation with an anatomically realistic geometry and free-surface flow modeling. Because of momentum differences between greater and lesser curvatures during peristaltic contractions, time-averaged recirculation is generated in the antrum, with retropulsive flow away from the pylorus and compensation flow along the greater curvature toward the pylorus. Gastric content in the distal stomach is continuously transported to the distal antrum by the forward flow of antral recirculation, and it is then mixed by the backward retropulsive flow. Hence, the content inside the antral recirculation is well mixed independently of initial location, whereas the content outside the recirculation is poorly mixed. Free-surface modeling enables us to analyze the effects of posture on gastric mixing. In the upright, prone, and right lateral positions, most of the antrum is filled with content, and the content is well mixed by antral recirculation. In contrast, in the supine and left lateral positions, most of the content is located outside antral recirculation, which results in poor mixing. The curved, twisted shape of the stomach substantially supports gastric mixing in fluid mechanical terms.
Topics: Algorithms; Gastric Emptying; Gastrointestinal Contents; Humans; Models, Anatomic; Peristalsis; Posture; Pyloric Antrum; Stomach
PubMed: 23275619
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00350.2012 -
Gut Jul 2002Gastric accommodation describes the reduction in gastric tone and increase in compliance that follows ingestion of a meal and involves at least two responses: "receptive... (Review)
Review
Gastric accommodation describes the reduction in gastric tone and increase in compliance that follows ingestion of a meal and involves at least two responses: "receptive relaxation" which allows the stomach to accept a volume load without a significant rise in gastric pressure and "adaptive relaxation" which modulates gastric tone in response to the specific properties of the meal ingested. However, there are considerable technical difficulties in measuring the accommodation process. The current standard barostat studies, and other methods such as conventional and three dimensional ultrasound, or single photon emission computed tomography have significant disadvantages. Preliminary findings from the development and validation of a new magnetic resonance imaging technique that addresses many of the deficiencies of previous methods are presented.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Postprandial Period; Pressoreceptors; Pyloric Antrum; Sensation; Stomach; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; Ultrasonography; Visceral Afferents
PubMed: 12077068
DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.suppl_1.i59 -
Motor function of gastric antrum and pylorus for evacuation of low and high viscosity meals in dogs.Gut Feb 1982In five conscious dogs motility of the antrum, pyloric sphincter, and duodenum was recorded with strain gauge transducers and induction coils. Gastric evacuation of low,...
In five conscious dogs motility of the antrum, pyloric sphincter, and duodenum was recorded with strain gauge transducers and induction coils. Gastric evacuation of low, medium, and high viscosity meals was measured via a duodenal cannula and observed simultaneously by radiography. Computer analysis of the propagation of the gastric waves revealed increased velocity in the distal antrum but no simultaneous contractions of the terminal antrum and pyloric sphincter. Radiography showed, and measurements of the antral diameter confirmed, that the indentations of the gastric waves were significantly deeper with the low viscosity liquid meal compared with the medium and high viscosity meals. Thereby, retropulsion of the medium and high viscosity ingesta was produced. Results indicated that gastric evacuation was regulated predominantly by the depth of the peristaltic indentation, which depended on the viscosity of the gastric contents. Nothing indicated that the phasic contractions of the pyloric sphincter were of importance for the regulation of gastric emptying.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Food; Gastric Emptying; Male; Muscle Contraction; Peristalsis; Pyloric Antrum; Pylorus; Radiography; Viscosity
PubMed: 7068038
DOI: 10.1136/gut.23.2.150