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Physical and Engineering Sciences in... Sep 2022Modern human populations are exposed to anthropogenic sources of radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs), primarily to telecommunication and broadcasting... (Review)
Review
Modern human populations are exposed to anthropogenic sources of radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs), primarily to telecommunication and broadcasting technologies. As a result, ongoing concerns from some members of the public have arisen regarding potential health effects following RF-EMF exposures. In order to monitor human RF-EMF exposures and investigate potential health effects, an objective assessment of RF-EMF exposures is necessary. Accurate dosimetry is essential for any investigation of potential associations between RF-EMF exposure and health effects in human populations. This review updates state-of-the-art knowledge of currently available RF-EMF exposure assessment tools applicable in human epidemiological studies. These tools cater for assessing RF-EMF exposures in human environments; through mobile phone-based tools or other standalone tools. RF-EMF exposure assessment has been significantly improved through the application of some of these tools in recent years.
Topics: Cell Phone; Electromagnetic Fields; Humans; Radio Waves
PubMed: 35737222
DOI: 10.1007/s13246-022-01146-y -
Annals of Agricultural and... Dec 2023Mobile phones and Wi-Fi are the most commonly used forms of telecommunications. Initiated with the first generation, the mobile telephony is currently in its fifth...
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
Mobile phones and Wi-Fi are the most commonly used forms of telecommunications. Initiated with the first generation, the mobile telephony is currently in its fifth generation without being screened extensively for any biological effects that it may have on humans or on animals. Some studies indicate that high frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phone and Wi-Fi connection can have a negative effect upon human health, and can cause cancer, including brain tumour.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on the proliferation and morphology of normal (human embryonic kidney cell line Hek-293) and cancer cells (glioblastoma cell line U-118 MG).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The cell cultures were incubated in RF-EMF at the frequency of 2.4 GHz, with or without dielectric screen, for 24, 48 and 72h. In order to analyse the influence of the electromagnetic field on cell lines, Cytotoxicity test Cell Counting Kit-8 was performed. To protect cells against emission of the electromagnetic field, a dielectric screen was used.
RESULTS
It was found that 2.4 GHz RF electromagnetic field exposure caused a significant decrease in viability of U-118 MG and Hek-293 cells. The impact of the electromagnetic field was strongest in the case of cancer cells, and the decrease in their survival was much greater compared to the healthy (normal) cells of the Hek-293 line.
CONCLUSIONS
Results of the study indicate that using a radio frequency electromagnetic field (2.4 GHz) has a clearly negative effect on the metabolic activity of glioblastoma cells. RF-EMF has much less impact on reducing the viability of normal cells (Hek -293) than cancer cells.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Electromagnetic Fields; Glioblastoma; Environmental Exposure; HEK293 Cells; Radio Waves
PubMed: 38153083
DOI: 10.26444/aaem/176405 -
Scandinavian Journal of Work,... Aug 1998Users of mobile telephones are exposed to radiofrequency radiation. One of the questions still open today is whether amplitude-modulated radiofrequency signals from... (Review)
Review
Users of mobile telephones are exposed to radiofrequency radiation. One of the questions still open today is whether amplitude-modulated radiofrequency signals from digital phones exert specific bioeffects different from those of continuous (unmodulated) radiofrequency radiation. This paper reviews recent literature on the bioeffects of amplitude-modulated radiofrequency radiation, from cells to humans. The consistency of the results is discussed, and exposure parameters are compared to identify possible biologically active forms of amplitude modulation. Several studies have reported findings consistent with effects on the nervous system and cancer-related biological processes. However, the methods and exposure parameters vary widely, and no independent replications of the positive findings have been reported. The results available today fail to support the existence of well-defined modulation-specific bioeffects from exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Additional systematic studies are needed to identify possible reproducible modulation-dependent effects and biologically active modulation parameters.
Topics: Animals; Electromagnetic Fields; Humans; Microwaves; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Radiation Injuries; Radio Waves; Risk Factors; Telephone
PubMed: 9754855
DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.317 -
Nutrients Jan 2022Obesity and mobile phone usage have simultaneously spread worldwide. Radio frequency-modulated electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) emitted by mobile phones are largely... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Obesity and mobile phone usage have simultaneously spread worldwide. Radio frequency-modulated electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) emitted by mobile phones are largely absorbed by the head of the user, influence cerebral glucose metabolism, and modulate neuronal excitability. Body weight adjustment, in turn, is one of the main brain functions as food intake behavior and appetite perception underlie hypothalamic regulation. Against this background, we questioned if mobile phone radiation and food intake may be related. In a single-blind, sham-controlled, randomized crossover comparison, 15 normal-weight young men (23.47 ± 0.68 years) were exposed to 25 min of RF-EMFs emitted by two different mobile phone types vs. sham radiation under fasting conditions. Spontaneous food intake was assessed by an ad libitum standard buffet test and cerebral energy homeostasis was monitored by phosphorus-magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements. Exposure to both mobile phones strikingly increased overall caloric intake by 22-27% compared with the sham condition. Differential analyses of macronutrient ingestion revealed that higher calorie consumption was mainly due to enhanced carbohydrate intake. Measurements of the cerebral energy content, i.e., adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine ratios to inorganic phosphate, displayed an increase upon mobile phone radiation. Our results identify RF-EMFs as a potential contributing factor to overeating, which underlies the obesity epidemic. Beyond that, the observed RF-EMFs-induced alterations of the brain energy homeostasis may put our data into a broader context because a balanced brain energy homeostasis is of fundamental importance for all brain functions. Potential disturbances by electromagnetic fields may therefore exert some generalized neurobiological effects, which are not yet foreseeable.
Topics: Brain; Cell Phone; Cross-Over Studies; Eating; Electromagnetic Radiation; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Homeostasis; Humans; Male; Single-Blind Method; Young Adult
PubMed: 35057520
DOI: 10.3390/nu14020339 -
Reviews on Environmental Health Sep 2022Part of the population considers themselves as sensitive to the man-made electromagnetic radiation (EMF) emitted by powerlines, electric wiring, electric home appliance... (Review)
Review
Part of the population considers themselves as sensitive to the man-made electromagnetic radiation (EMF) emitted by powerlines, electric wiring, electric home appliance and the wireless communication devices and networks. Sensitivity is characterized by a broad variety of non-specific symptoms that the sensitive people claim to experience when exposed to EMF. While the experienced symptoms are currently considered as a real life impairment, the factor causing these symptoms remains unclear. So far, scientists were unable to find causality link between symptoms experienced by sensitive persons and the exposures to EMF. However, as presented in this review, the executed to-date scientific studies, examining sensitivity to EMF, are of poor quality to find the link between EMF exposures and sensitivity symptoms of some people. It is logical to consider that the sensitivity to EMF exists but the scientific methodology used to find it is of insufficient quality. It is time to drop out psychology driven provocation studies that ask about feelings-based non-specific symptoms experienced by volunteers under EMF exposure. Such research approach produces only subjective and therefore highly unreliable data that is insufficient to prove, or to disprove, causality link between EHS and EMF. There is a need for a new direction in studying sensitivity to EMF. The basis for it is the notion of a commonly known phenomenon of individual sensitivity, where individuals' responses to EMF depend on the genetic and epigenetic properties of the individual. It is proposed here that new studies, combining provocation approach, where volunteers are exposed to EMF, and high-throughput technologies of transcriptomics and proteomics are used to generate objective data, detecting molecular level biochemical responses of human body to EMF.
Topics: Electromagnetic Fields; Humans; Radio Waves
PubMed: 34229366
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0038 -
Neurology India 2020In the era of globalization, too much dependency on mobile phones is a cause of concern.
INTRODUCTION
In the era of globalization, too much dependency on mobile phones is a cause of concern.
OBJECTIVE
The present study was designed to evaluate the risk assessment of microwave radiation (MWR) at 1800 MHz frequency and specific absorption rate 0.433 (W/kg) on male Wistar rats.
METHODOLOGY
Animals were divided into two groups: the first group is the control group, and the second group was exposed to 1800 MHz radiation for 90 days at 4 h/5 days/week in a month.
RESULTS
Chronic exposure of MWR may alter GSH homeostasis due to alteration in various GSH cycle regulating enzymes such as GR, GPx, GST, and G6PDH which showed an imbalance in GSH content and causes an increase in the oxidative stress and release of inflammatory cytokines. A remarkable increase in the DNA damage was seen due to disorganization and pyknosis of neurons in exposed animal's brain when compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). There was also a significant decline in AChE level.
CONCLUSION
The study concludes that MWR may cause neurochemical and pathophysiological damage by initiating the inflammatory process in various brain regions, especially in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. These effects are further associated with a remarkable elevation in the genotoxicity of neurons with reference to the control group.
Topics: Animals; Cell Phone; DNA Damage; Electromagnetic Fields; Male; Microwaves; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 33109858
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.294554 -
Benefits and hazards of electromagnetic waves, telecommunication, physical and biomedical: a review.European Review For Medical and... Apr 2019The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on electromagnetic radiation (EMR): physical, biophysical, and telecommunication. The widespread application of... (Review)
Review
The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on electromagnetic radiation (EMR): physical, biophysical, and telecommunication. The widespread application of EMR in modern technologies requires telecommunication and healthcare professionals to possess some knowledge of its physical and biological properties. In this review article, we will discuss biophysical principles of EMR, its interactions with living organisms and its application in clinical practices. We will discuss here beneficial as well as hazardous effects of EMR. We will also discuss the safety guidelines.
Topics: Animals; Diagnostic Imaging; Electromagnetic Fields; Electromagnetic Radiation; Humans; Smartphone; Telecommunications
PubMed: 31002166
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201904_17596 -
Biomedical Engineering Online Apr 2004The literature on biological effects of magnetic and electromagnetic fields commonly utilized in magnetic resonance imaging systems is surveyed here. After an... (Review)
Review
The literature on biological effects of magnetic and electromagnetic fields commonly utilized in magnetic resonance imaging systems is surveyed here. After an introduction on the basic principles of magnetic resonance imaging and the electric and magnetic properties of biological tissues, the basic phenomena to understand the bio-effects are described in classical terms. Values of field strengths and frequencies commonly utilized in these diagnostic systems are reported in order to allow the integration of the specific literature on the bio-effects produced by magnetic resonance systems with the vast literature concerning the bio-effects produced by electromagnetic fields. This work gives an overview of the findings about the safety concerns of exposure to static magnetic fields, radio-frequency fields, and time varying magnetic field gradients, focusing primarily on the physics of the interactions between these electromagnetic fields and biological matter. The scientific literature is summarized, integrated, and critically analyzed with the help of authoritative reviews by recognized experts, international safety guidelines are also cited.
Topics: Animals; Contraindications; Electrocardiography; Electromagnetic Fields; Environmental Exposure; Equipment Safety; Female; Hot Temperature; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Models, Biological; Pacemaker, Artificial; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Radiation Dosage; Radio Waves
PubMed: 15104797
DOI: 10.1186/1475-925X-3-11 -
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology Jan 2023Radiofrequency and HIFEM have been used as standalone modalities in body contouring. The novel device allows their synchronous emission simultaneously in a single...
BACKGROUND
Radiofrequency and HIFEM have been used as standalone modalities in body contouring. The novel device allows their synchronous emission simultaneously in a single applicator.
OBJECTIVES
This prelusive trial aims to investigate the safety and efficacy of such treatment when used on multiple body parts on the same day for a full-body remodeling.
METHODS
Three female subjects (21.0 ± 2.0 years) underwent 4 treatment sessions. The treatment was applied to the abdomen, saddlebags, inner thighs, and buttocks, during each visit, lasting 30 min for each site. The outcomes were assessed through examination of MRI images acquired at baseline and 3 months post-treatment. Fat and muscle thickness were measured at predefined locations. Weight and waist, hip, and thigh circumference records along with digital photographs were also taken.
RESULTS
Fat thickness measurement showed a reduction of 17.57 ± 3.22 mm in the saddlebag region, 12.43 ± 1.93 mm in inner thighs, and 10.65 ± 1.26 mm in the abdomen. The fat in the buttock region showed negligible changes. The muscle thickness increased on average by 2.98 ± 0.60 mm for rectus abdominis and 7.42 ± 1.56 mm for gluteus maximus. The circumferential reduction was also observed on the waist (7.83 ± 2.25 cm), at the level of outer thighs (2.83 ± 1.53 cm), and inner thighs (3.58 ± 1.84 cm). Digital photographs showed noticeable improvement in the overall body appearance. The treatments were safe, and no side effects were noted.
CONCLUSION
The preliminary outcomes indicate that the procedure delivering HIFEM and RF simultaneously on multiple body areas on the same day could be an effective and comfortable treatment for fat reduction on multiple body parts, thickening of underlying muscles, and overall improved aesthetic appearance.
Topics: Humans; Female; Treatment Outcome; Electromagnetic Fields; Electromagnetic Radiation; Radio Waves; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 36045514
DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14736 -
BioMed Research International 2014One of the side effects of each electrical device work is the electromagnetic field generated near its workplace. All organisms, including humans, are exposed daily to... (Review)
Review
One of the side effects of each electrical device work is the electromagnetic field generated near its workplace. All organisms, including humans, are exposed daily to the influence of different types of this field, characterized by various physical parameters. Therefore, it is important to accurately determine the effects of an electromagnetic field on the physiological and pathological processes occurring in cells, tissues, and organs. Numerous epidemiological and experimental data suggest that the extremely low frequency magnetic field generated by electrical transmission lines and electrically powered devices and the high frequencies electromagnetic radiation emitted by electronic devices have a potentially negative impact on the circadian system. On the other hand, several studies have found no influence of these fields on chronobiological parameters. According to the current state of knowledge, some previously proposed hypotheses, including one concerning the key role of melatonin secretion disruption in pathogenesis of electromagnetic field induced diseases, need to be revised. This paper reviews the data on the effect of electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields on melatonin and cortisol rhythms-two major markers of the circadian system as well as on sleep. It also provides the basic information about the nature, classification, parameters, and sources of these fields.
Topics: Animals; Circadian Clocks; Circadian Rhythm; Electromagnetic Fields; Electromagnetic Radiation; Humans
PubMed: 25136557
DOI: 10.1155/2014/169459