-
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Sep 2021To improve our current understanding of normal flora in children, we investigated bacterial isolates from the pharynx and nasopharynx of 173 and 233 healthy children,...
To improve our current understanding of normal flora in children, we investigated bacterial isolates from the pharynx and nasopharynx of 173 and 233 healthy children, respectively. The bacterial isolation rates were compared among three age groups: infants (<1 year), toddlers (1-5 years), and school-aged children (6-15 years). Gram-positive cocci were the predominant bacteria in the pharynx (Streptococcus mitis/oralis, 87.3%; Streptococcus salivarius, 54.3%; Rothia mucilaginosa, 41.6%; Staphylococcus aureus, 39.3%). Among infants, S. salivarius and Neisseria subflava, which are related to the development of teeth, were significantly lower than in the other age groups (P <0.0001, S. salivarius; P <0.01, N. subflava). With the exception of Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum (44.2%, gram-positive rods), gram-negative rods largely predominated the nasopharynx (Moraxella catarrhalis, 32.1%; Moraxella nonliquefaciens, 28.3%). Among toddlers, M. catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, which are the most common pathogens in acute otitis media, were significantly higher than in the infant group (P <0.05). Among the bacterial species implicated in pediatric respiratory infections, Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated in 3.5% of the pharyngeal samples. S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were isolated in 22.3% and 17.2% of the nasopharyngeal samples, respectively. In conclusion, the normal flora of the respiratory tract differs not only by the sampling site but also by the age group.
Topics: Adolescent; Bacterial Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci; Gram-Positive Cocci; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Male; Moraxella; Moraxella catarrhalis; Nasopharynx; Pharynx; Pneumococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes
PubMed: 33642434
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2020.824 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022There are two main types of echinococcosis, namely alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE). They are zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by the...
There are two main types of echinococcosis, namely alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE). They are zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by the metacestodes of and . In order to explore the gut microbiome composition of patients with echinococcosis, we analyzed fecal samples of seven patients with AE, six patients with CE, and 13 healthy individuals from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Using metagenomic next-generation sequencing, we identified fecal bacteria in the patients with AE and CE. The gut microbiota was analyzed by next-generation metagenomic sequencing (mNGS) to compare patients with either AE or CE against healthy individuals. We found there were some differences between them in abundant bacteria. Our results led to five findings: (1) Between patients with echinococcosis and healthy individuals, the differential bacteria were from four phyla: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria. (2) , , , , and were abundant in the feces of patients with AE. (3) sp_E4742, and were abundant in the feces of the patients with CE. (4) At the phylum and class level, compared to the AE group, the healthy group was characterized by higher numbers of Actinobacteria. (5) At the family level, Lachnospiraceae and Eubacteriaceae were more abundant in the feces of healthy individuals than in AE patients. The genera , , and were more abundant in the healthy group, while the genus was more abundant in the AE group. The results of this study enrich our understanding of the gut microbiome composition of patients with AE and CE in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
PubMed: 35615499
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.860909 -
MBio Apr 2023Moraxella catarrhalis is found almost exclusively within the human respiratory tract. This pathobiont is associated with ear infections and the development of...
Moraxella catarrhalis is found almost exclusively within the human respiratory tract. This pathobiont is associated with ear infections and the development of respiratory illnesses, including allergies and asthma. Given the limited ecological distribution of M. catarrhalis, we hypothesized that we could leverage the nasal microbiomes of healthy children without M. catarrhalis to identify bacteria that may represent potential sources of therapeutics. was more abundant in the noses of healthy children compared to children with cold symptoms and M. catarrhalis. We cultured from nasal samples and determined that most isolates of Rothia dentocariosa and "Rothia similmucilaginosa" were able to fully inhibit the growth of M. catarrhalis , whereas isolates of Rothia aeria varied in their ability to inhibit M. catarrhalis. Using comparative genomics and proteomics, we identified a putative peptidoglycan hydrolase called ecreted ntien (SagA). This protein was present at higher relative abundance in the secreted proteomes of and than in those from non-inhibitory , suggesting that it may be involved in M. catarrhalis inhibition. We produced SagA from in Escherichia coli and confirmed its ability to degrade M. catarrhalis peptidoglycan and inhibit its growth. We then demonstrated that and reduced M. catarrhalis levels in an air-liquid interface culture model of the respiratory epithelium. Together, our results suggest that restricts M. catarrhalis colonization of the human respiratory tract . Moraxella catarrhalis is a pathobiont of the respiratory tract, responsible for ear infections in children and wheezing illnesses in children and adults with chronic respiratory diseases. Detection of M. catarrhalis during wheezing episodes in early life is associated with the development of persistent asthma. There are currently no effective vaccines for M. catarrhalis, and most clinical isolates are resistant to the commonly prescribed antibiotics amoxicillin and penicillin. Given the limited niche of M. catarrhalis, we hypothesized that other nasal bacteria have evolved mechanisms to compete against M. catarrhalis. We found that are associated with the nasal microbiomes of healthy children without Next, we demonstrated that inhibit M. catarrhalis and on airway cells. We identified an enzyme produced by called SagA that degrades M. catarrhalis peptidoglycan and inhibits its growth. We suggest that or SagA could be developed as highly specific therapeutics against M. catarrhalis.
Topics: Child; Adult; Humans; Moraxella catarrhalis; Peptidoglycan; Respiratory Sounds; Asthma
PubMed: 37010413
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00464-23 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Oct 2018Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic. There are three cases of moxifloxacin-induced neutropenia reported in the literature and we...
Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic. There are three cases of moxifloxacin-induced neutropenia reported in the literature and we report the fourth case. A 26-year-old man with pneumonia was treated with moxifloxacin because of penicillin allergy. On the second day of therapy, leukopenia [White blood cell (WBC) count 2.7×10³/μL] and neutropenia (neutrophils 1.21×10³/μL) occurred. Rothia mucilaginosa was isolated in sputum culture. On the fourth day of hospitalization moxifloxacin treatment was stopped and clarithromycin 500 mg PO twice daily was started. Leukopenia and neutropenia resolved one day after discontinuation of moxifloxacin that WBC and neutrophil count rose 4.5×10³/μL and 1.97×10³/μL, respectively. On the sixth day of hospitalization, WBC and neutrophil count was 4.3×10³/μL and 2.29×10³/μL, respectively. The immunomodulatory effects of moxifloxacin may result in the changes of WBC count like leukopenia with neutropenia. Moxifloxacin induced neutropenia may be more common and is an important adverse effect. More observational studies about safety profiles of moxifloxacin are needed.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Male; Moxifloxacin; Neutropenia
PubMed: 32004163
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.10212 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022The role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of arthritis is gaining increasing attention. While multiple studies have queried the intestinal microbiota, very few have...
The role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of arthritis is gaining increasing attention. While multiple studies have queried the intestinal microbiota, very few have analyzed the contents of the oral microbiota. In this pilot study, we obtained salivary and sub-gingival specimens from a cohort of six healthy controls and five children with well-controlled spondyloarthritis (SpA) and performed 16S sequencing on bacteria obtained from both habitats. The Quantitative Insight into Microbial Ecology tool suite was used to generate operational taxonomic units, Phyloseq was used for diversity analyses, and DeSeq2 was used to compare abundances while adjusting for multiple comparisons. A repeat specimen was obtained from one subject during a flare. Clustering based upon diagnosis was observed from both habitats, with decreased alpha diversity seen within the plaque obtained from the patients vs. controls. Among the differentially abundant taxa were statistically significantly increased plaque and salivary among the patients compared to the controls. Additionally, the abundance of plaque increased in one patient at the time of a flare. Our data suggest that the oral cavity may harbor bacteria involved in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis; additional studies are warranted.
PubMed: 36421212
DOI: 10.3390/children9111764 -
Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Sep 2015Rothia muciliaginosa (R. mucilaginosa) is a facultative, Gram-positive coccus that is considered to be part of the normal flora of the mouth and respiratory tract. There...
Rothia muciliaginosa (R. mucilaginosa) is a facultative, Gram-positive coccus that is considered to be part of the normal flora of the mouth and respiratory tract. There are sporadic reports of the organism causing endocarditis in patients with heart valve abnormalities, as well as meningitis, septicemia, and pneumonia associated with intravenous drug abuse. However, it is an unusual pathogen in cases of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis. Although R. mucilaginosa is generally susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, imipenem, rifampicin, and glycopeptides, there are no guidelines for the treatment of PD-associated peritonitis. Herein, we report a case of PD-associated peritonitis due to R. mucilaginosa that was resolved with intraperitoneal antibiotic treatment.
PubMed: 26484045
DOI: 10.1016/j.krcp.2015.02.005 -
Case Reports in Ophthalmology Jan 2014To present a case of unusual corneal infection early in the course of peripheral ulcerative keratitis in a patient with severe vitamin A deficiency.
PURPOSE
To present a case of unusual corneal infection early in the course of peripheral ulcerative keratitis in a patient with severe vitamin A deficiency.
METHOD
Single observational case report in urban USA.
CASE PRESENTATION
An alcoholic patient with pancreatitis, chronic diarrhea, and vitamin A deficiency presented with a marginal corneal ulcer from which two bacteria of the family Micrococcaceae were cultured and identified by genome sequence analysis, namely Kocuria palustris and Rothia mucilaginosa. Soon after, severe bilateral peripheral ulcerative keratitis developed, later accompanied by eyelid cellulitis of one lid. These conditions improved with antibiotics, treatment of the underlying gastrointestinal conditions, and treatment of the vitamin deficiency.
CONCLUSION
Susceptibility to keratitis with unusual bacteria of the Micrococcaceae family can occur in the setting of alcoholism-related gastrointestinal disease with severe vitamin A deficiency. To our knowledge, K. palustris is a species not previously identified in any human disease, and the Kocuria genus has not previously been reported as a participant in eye infection. Documented cases of R. mucilaginosa in ocular disease are rare. These unusual infections heralded the onset of severe marginal corneal melts.
PubMed: 24707276
DOI: 10.1159/000360391 -
Indian Journal of Pathology &... 2022Adenocarcinoma is a more common type of Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung cancer showed a statistically significant increment in the Kamrup Urban district of...
BACKGROUND
Adenocarcinoma is a more common type of Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung cancer showed a statistically significant increment in the Kamrup Urban district of Assam, Tripura, Sikkim, and Manipur of India. The goal of our pilot study is to identify non-invasive microbial biomarkers to detect lung adenocarcinoma (LAC).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
DNA extraction from saliva samples of five LAC patients and five healthy controls was performed by Qiagen DNeasy blood and tissue kit using Lysozyme (3mg/ml) treatment. 16S rRNA genes of distinct regions (V3-V4) were amplified from saliva DNA by PCR. Paired-end sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene has been performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Raw sequences were analyzed using the QIIME(Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology) software package.
RESULTS
Our preliminary results showed that Rothia mucilaginosa, Veillonella dispar, Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella pallens, Prevotella copri, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Neisseria bacilliformis and Aggregatibacter segnis were significantly elevated in saliva of LAC which may serve as potential non-invasive biomarkers for LAC detection. Functional prediction analysis showed that bacterial genes involved in glycosyltransferase, peptidases, amino sugar, and nucleotide sugar metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly enriched in LAC.
CONCLUSION
These salivary bacteria may contribute to the development of LAC by increasing expression of glycosyltransferase and peptidases. However to understand their role in pathobiology, studies are required to perform in large cohort.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma of Lung; Bacteria; Biomarkers, Tumor; DNA, Bacterial; Dysbiosis; Female; Humans; India; Male; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Saliva
PubMed: 35074976
DOI: 10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_1111_20 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2018Little is known about the effect of long-term diet patterns on the composition and functional potential of the human salivary microbiota. In the present study, we sought... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Little is known about the effect of long-term diet patterns on the composition and functional potential of the human salivary microbiota. In the present study, we sought to contribute to the ongoing elucidation of dietary effects on the oral microbial community by examining the diversity, composition and functional potential of the salivary microbiota in 160 healthy vegans and omnivores using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We further sought to identify bacterial taxa in saliva associated with host inflammatory markers. We show that compositional differences in the salivary microbiota of vegans and omnivores is present at all taxonomic levels below phylum level and includes upper respiratory tract commensals (e.g. Neisseria subflava, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Rothia mucilaginosa) and species associated with periodontal disease (e.g. Campylobacter rectus and Porphyromonas endodontalis). Dietary intake of medium chain fatty acids, piscine mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietary fibre was associated with bacterial diversity, community structure, as well as relative abundance of several species-level operational taxonomic units. Analysis of imputed genomic potential revealed several metabolic pathways differentially abundant in vegans and omnivores indicating possible effects of macro- and micro-nutrient intake. We also show that certain oral bacteria are associated with the systemic inflammatory state of the host.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; DNA, Bacterial; Diet, Vegan; Feeding Behavior; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Microbiota; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Saliva; Young Adult
PubMed: 29643500
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24207-3 -
NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes Jul 2021The human oral and gut commensal microbes play vital roles in the development and maintenance of immune homeostasis, while its association with susceptibility and...
The human oral and gut commensal microbes play vital roles in the development and maintenance of immune homeostasis, while its association with susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is barely understood. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of the oral and intestinal flora before and after the clearance of SARS-CoV-2 in 53 COVID-19 patients, and then examined their microbiome alterations in comparison to 76 healthy individuals. A total of 140 throat swab samples and 81 fecal samples from these COVID-19 patients during hospitalization, and 44 throat swab samples and 32 fecal samples from sex and age-matched healthy individuals were collected and then subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing and viral load inspection. We found that SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with alterations of the microbiome community in patients as indicated by both alpha and beta diversity indexes. Several bacterial taxa were identified related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, wherein elevated Granulicatella and Rothia mucilaginosa were found in both oral and gut microbiome. The SARS-CoV-2 viral load in those samples was also calculated to identify potential dynamics between COVID-19 and the microbiome. These findings provide a meaningful baseline for microbes in the digestive tract of COVID-19 patients and will shed light on new dimensions for disease pathophysiology, potential microbial biomarkers, and treatment strategies for COVID-19.
Topics: Bacteria; COVID-19; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Mouth; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; SARS-CoV-2; Viral Load
PubMed: 34294722
DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00232-5