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Genetics Dec 2011TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) is a highly conserved protein kinase that is important in both fundamental and clinical biology. In fundamental biology, TOR is a... (Review)
Review
TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) is a highly conserved protein kinase that is important in both fundamental and clinical biology. In fundamental biology, TOR is a nutrient-sensitive, central controller of cell growth and aging. In clinical biology, TOR is implicated in many diseases and is the target of the drug rapamycin used in three different therapeutic areas. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has played a prominent role in both the discovery of TOR and the elucidation of its function. Here we review the TOR signaling network in S. cerevisiae.
Topics: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 22174183
DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.133363 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2015Mitochondrial functionality is vital to organismal physiology. A body of evidence supports the notion that an age-related progressive decline in mitochondrial function... (Review)
Review
Mitochondrial functionality is vital to organismal physiology. A body of evidence supports the notion that an age-related progressive decline in mitochondrial function is a hallmark of cellular and organismal aging in evolutionarily distant eukaryotes. Studies of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a unicellular eukaryote, have led to discoveries of genes, signaling pathways and chemical compounds that modulate longevity-defining cellular processes in eukaryotic organisms across phyla. These studies have provided deep insights into mechanistic links that exist between different traits of mitochondrial functionality and cellular aging. The molecular mechanisms underlying the essential role of mitochondria as signaling organelles in yeast aging have begun to emerge. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding mechanisms by which different functional states of mitochondria define yeast longevity, outline the most important unanswered questions and suggest directions for future research.
Topics: Cell Division; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Turnover; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 25768339
DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035528 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology May 2021Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important unicellular yeast species within the biotechnological and the food and beverage industries. A significant application of this...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important unicellular yeast species within the biotechnological and the food and beverage industries. A significant application of this species is the production of ethanol, where concentrations are limited by cellular toxicity, often at the level of the cell membrane. Here, we characterize 61 S. cerevisiae strains for ethanol tolerance and further analyze five representatives with various ethanol tolerances. The most tolerant strain, AJ4, was dominant in coculture at 0 and 10% ethanol. Unexpectedly, although it does not have the highest noninhibitory concentration or MIC, MY29 was the dominant strain in coculture at 6% ethanol, which may be linked to differences in its basal lipidome. Although relatively few lipidomic differences were observed between strains, a significantly higher phosphatidylethanolamine concentration was observed in the least tolerant strain, MY26, at 0 and 6% ethanol compared to the other strains that became more similar at 10%, indicating potential involvement of this lipid with ethanol sensitivity. Our findings reveal that AJ4 is best able to adapt its membrane to become more fluid in the presence of ethanol and that lipid extracts from AJ4 also form the most permeable membranes. Furthermore, MY26 is least able to modulate fluidity in response to ethanol, and membranes formed from extracted lipids are least leaky at physiological ethanol concentrations. Overall, these results reveal a potential mechanism of ethanol tolerance and suggest a limited set of membrane compositions that diverse yeast species use to achieve this. Many microbial processes are not implemented at the industrial level because the product yield is poorer and more expensive than can be achieved by chemical synthesis. It is well established that microbes show stress responses during bioprocessing, and one reason for poor product output from cell factories is production conditions that are ultimately toxic to the cells. During fermentative processes, yeast cells encounter culture media with a high sugar content, which is later transformed into high ethanol concentrations. Thus, ethanol toxicity is one of the major stresses in traditional and more recent biotechnological processes. We have performed a multilayer phenotypic and lipidomic characterization of a large number of industrial and environmental strains of to identify key resistant and nonresistant isolates for future applications.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Ethanol; Fermentation; Lipids; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 33771787
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00440-21 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Scholar... Jun 2012Autophagy is a highly conserved process of quality control occurring inside cells by which cytoplasmic material can be degraded and the products recycled for use as new... (Review)
Review
Autophagy is a highly conserved process of quality control occurring inside cells by which cytoplasmic material can be degraded and the products recycled for use as new building blocks or for energy production. The rapid progress and 'explosion' of knowledge concerning autophagic processes in mammals/humans that has occurred over the last 15 years was driven by fundamental studies in yeast, principally using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, leading to the identification and cloning of genes required for autophagy. This chapter reviews the role of yeast studies in understanding the molecular mechanisms of autophagic processes, focusing on aspects that are conserved in mammals/humans and how autophagy is increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of disease and is required for development and differentiation.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Humans; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 22652877
DOI: 10.2741/s337 -
Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 2016
Topics: Cell Cycle Proteins; Chromosomes, Fungal; G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
PubMed: 26694861
DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1131525 -
The Journal of Cell Biology Nov 1977The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was grown exponentially at different rates in the presence of growth rate-limiting concentrations of a protein synthesis...
The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was grown exponentially at different rates in the presence of growth rate-limiting concentrations of a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. The volumes of the parent cell and the bud were determined as were the intervals of the cell cycle devoted to the unbudded and budded periods. We found that S. cerevisiae cells divide unequally. The daughter cell (the cell produced at division by the bud of the previous cycle) is smaller and has a longer subsequent cell cycle than the parent cell which produced it. During the budded period most of the volume increase occurs in the bud and very little in the parent cell, while during the unbudded period both the daughter and the parent cell increase significantly in volume. The length of the budded interval of the cell cycle varies little as a function of population doubling time; the unbudded interval of the parent cell varies moderately; and the unbudded interval for the daughter cell varies greatly (in the latter case an increase of 100 min in population doubling time results in an increase of 124 min in the daughter cell's unbudded interval). All of the increase in the unbudded period occurs in that interval of G1 that precedes the point of cell cycle arrest by the S. cerevisiae alpha-mating factor. These results are qualitatively consistent with and support the model for the coordination of growth and division (Johnston, G. C., J. R. Pringle, and L. H. Hartwell. 1977. Exp. Cell. Res. 105:79-98.) This model states that growth and not the events of the DNA division cycle are rate limiting for cellular proliferation and that the attainment of a critical cell size is a necessary prerequisite for the "start" event in the DNA-division cycle, the event that requires the cdc 28 gene product, is inhibited by mating factor and results in duplication of the spindle pole body.
Topics: Cell Division; Cycloheximide; Models, Biological; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 400873
DOI: 10.1083/jcb.75.2.422 -
Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 2015
Topics: Cell Cycle; Histone Deacetylases; Models, Genetic; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 26514179
DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1112618 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Dec 2013Among the native yeasts found in alcoholic fermentation, rough colonies associated with pseudohyphal morphology belonging to the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae are...
Among the native yeasts found in alcoholic fermentation, rough colonies associated with pseudohyphal morphology belonging to the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae are very common and undesirable during the process. The aim of this work was to perform morphological and physiological characterisations of S. cerevisiae strains that exhibited rough and smooth colonies in an attempt to identify alternatives that could contribute to the management of rough colony yeasts in alcoholic fermentation. Characterisation tests for invasiveness in Agar medium, killer activity, flocculation and fermentative capacity were performed on 22 strains (11 rough and 11 smooth colonies). The effects of acid treatment at different pH values on the growth of two strains ("52"--rough and "PE-02"--smooth) as well as batch fermentation tests with cell recycling and acid treatment of the cells were also evaluated. Invasiveness in YPD Agar medium occurred at low frequency; ten of eleven rough yeasts exhibited flocculation; none of the strains showed killer activity; and the rough strains presented lower and slower fermentative capacities compared to the smooth strains in a 48-h cycle in a batch system with sugar cane juice. The growth of the rough strain was severely affected by the acid treatment at pH values of 1.0 and 1.5; however, the growth of the smooth strain was not affected. The fermentative efficiency in mixed fermentation (smooth and rough strains in the same cell mass proportion) did not differ from the efficiency obtained with the smooth strain alone, most likely because the acid treatment was conducted at pH 1.5 in a batch cell-recycle test. A fermentative efficiency as low as 60% was observed with the rough colony alone.
Topics: Alcohols; Carboxylic Acids; Culture Media; Fermentation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 24688501
DOI: 10.1590/S1517-83822014005000020 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Aug 2007Signaling pathways that activate different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) elicit many of the responses that are evoked in cells by changes in certain... (Review)
Review
Signaling pathways that activate different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) elicit many of the responses that are evoked in cells by changes in certain environmental conditions and upon exposure to a variety of hormonal and other stimuli. These pathways were first elucidated in the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast). Studies of MAPK pathways in this organism continue to be especially informative in revealing the molecular mechanisms by which MAPK cascades operate, propagate signals, modulate cellular processes, and are controlled by regulatory factors both internal to and external to the pathways. Here we highlight recent advances and new insights about MAPK-based signaling that have been made through studies in yeast, which provide lessons directly applicable to, and that enhance our understanding of, MAPK-mediated signaling in mammalian cells.
Topics: Cell Cycle; Enzyme Activation; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Models, Biological; Protein Biosynthesis; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 17604854
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.05.003 -
Biocontrol Science 2016Manganese contamination in water is one of the most serious problems in Southeast Asian countries, including Vietnam. Bioremediation using microorganisms, especially...
Manganese contamination in water is one of the most serious problems in Southeast Asian countries, including Vietnam. Bioremediation using microorganisms, especially from the brewing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is expected to be a useful technique to remove manganese from contaminated water. Yeast strain S. cerevisiae BY4741 as the wild-type strain and some manganese-accumulating mutants bred from BY4741 were examined for cell growth and manganese accumulation in YPD liquid medium containing various concentrations of Mn. Variants accumulating larger concentrations of manganese were isolated by the repeated screening of survivors in YPD media containing10mM Mn. Manganese was accumulated by the yeast cells during growth, but the growth of BY4741 was retarded with increasing Mn concentrations and almost inhibited at 15mM Mn. One variant isolate, named IM3, showed no retardation of growth up to 15 mM Mn and could absorb over 4-fold more manganese than the BY4741 strain. Effects of culture temperature and pH on the growth and manganese accumulation were analyzed for IM3. Maximum accumulation was shown at 30℃, pH 6.0 while the optimal growth was shown at 37℃, pH 5.0 - 7.0. Interestingly, IM3 could grow a little at pH 9.0 when manganese was added to the culture media, while it could not grow without the addition of manganese.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Manganese; Mutation; Radiation, Ionizing; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Vietnam; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution, Chemical
PubMed: 28003632
DOI: 10.4265/bio.21.253