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International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2022Microcapsules serve as a feasible formulation to load phenolic substances such as salicylic acid, a natural and safe antimicrobial agent. However, the antibacterial...
Microcapsules serve as a feasible formulation to load phenolic substances such as salicylic acid, a natural and safe antimicrobial agent. However, the antibacterial efficacy of salicylic acid microcapsules (SAMs) remains to be elucidated. Here, salicylic acid/β-cyclodextrin inclusion microcapsules were subjected to systematic antibacterial assays and preliminary antibacterial mechanism tests using and as target organisms. It was found that the core-shell rhomboid-shaped SAMs had a smooth surface. SAMs exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 4 mg/mL against both bacteria. In the growth inhibition assay, 1/4 × MIC, 1/2 × MIC, and 1 × MIC of SAMs effectively retarded bacterial growth, and this effect was more prominent with the rise in the level of SAMs. Practically, SAMs possessed a rapid bactericidal effect at the 1 × MIC level with a reduction of more than 99.9% bacterial population within 10 min. A pronounced sterilization activity against and was also observed when SAMs were embedded into hand sanitizers as antimicrobial agents. Moreover, exposure of both bacteria to SAMs resulted in the leakage of intracellular alkaline phosphatases and macromolecular substances (nucleic acids and proteins), which indicated the disruption of bacterial cell walls and cell membranes. In conclusion, SAMs were able to inactivate and both and , highlighting the promising utilization of this formulation for antimicrobial purposes in the area of food safety and public health.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Capsules; Escherichia coli; Hand Sanitizers; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nucleic Acids; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Salicylic Acid; Staphylococcus aureus; beta-Cyclodextrins
PubMed: 36232061
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912761 -
Journal of Plant Physiology Oct 2022Methyl salicylate is a volatile compound, the synthesis of which takes place via the salicylic acid pathway in plants. Both compounds can be involved in the development... (Review)
Review
Methyl salicylate is a volatile compound, the synthesis of which takes place via the salicylic acid pathway in plants. Both compounds can be involved in the development of systemic acquired resistance and they play their role partly independently. Salicylic acid transport has an important role in long-distance signalling, but methyl salicylate has also been suggested as a phloem-based mobile signal, which can be demethylated to form salicylic acid, inducing the de-novo synthesis of salicylic acid in distal tissue. Despite the fact that salicylic acid has a protective role in abiotic stress responses and tolerance, very few investigations have been reported on the similar effects of methyl salicylate. In addition, as salicylic acid and methyl salicylate are often treated simply as the volatile and non-volatile forms of the same compound, and in several cases they also act in the same way, it is hard to highlight the differences in their mode of action. The main aim of the present review is to reveal the individual role and action mechanism of methyl salicylate in systemic acquired resistance, plant-plant communication and various stress conditions in fruits and plants.
Topics: Phloem; Plant Development; Plants; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid
PubMed: 36099699
DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153809 -
Cells Jan 2023Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound produced by all plants that has an important role in diverse processes of plant growth and stress responses. SA is also the... (Review)
Review
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound produced by all plants that has an important role in diverse processes of plant growth and stress responses. SA is also the principal metabolite of aspirin and is responsible for many of the anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and antitumor activities of aspirin. As a result, the number of identified SA targets in both plants and humans is large and continues to increase. These SA targets include catalases/peroxidases, metabolic enzymes, protein kinases and phosphatases, nucleosomal and ribosomal proteins and regulatory and signaling proteins, which mediate the diverse actions of SA in plants and humans. While some of these SA targets and actions are unique to plants or humans, many others are conserved or share striking similarities in the two types of organisms, which underlie a host of common biological processes that are regulated or impacted by SA. In this review, we compare shared and related SA targets and activities to highlight the common nature of actions by SA as a hormone in plants versus a therapeutic agent in humans. The cross examination of SA targets and activities can help identify new actions of SA and better explain their underlying mechanisms in plants and humans.
Topics: Humans; Salicylic Acid; Plants; Aspirin
PubMed: 36672154
DOI: 10.3390/cells12020219 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2019Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone that plays important roles in many aspects of plant life, notably in plant defenses against pathogens. Key mechanisms of SA signal... (Review)
Review
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone that plays important roles in many aspects of plant life, notably in plant defenses against pathogens. Key mechanisms of SA signal transduction pathways have now been uncovered. Even though details are still missing, we understand how SA production is regulated and which molecular machinery is implicated in the control of downstream transcriptional responses. The NPR1 pathway has been described to play the main role in SA transduction. However, the mode of SA perception is unclear. NPR1 protein has been shown to bind SA. Nevertheless, NPR1 action requires upstream regulatory events (such as a change in cell redox status). Besides, a number of SA-induced responses are independent from NPR1. This shows that there is more than one way for plants to perceive SA. Indeed, multiple SA-binding proteins of contrasting structures and functions have now been identified. Yet, all of these proteins can be considered as candidate SA receptors and might have a role in multinodal (decentralized) SA input. This phenomenon is unprecedented for other plant hormones and is a point of discussion of this review.
Topics: Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Plant Diseases; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins; Salicylic Acid; Signal Transduction; Stress, Physiological; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 31489905
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184377 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2019The salicylic acid pathway is one of the primary plant defense pathways, is ubiquitous in vascular plants, and plays a role in rapid adaptions to dynamic abiotic and... (Review)
Review
The salicylic acid pathway is one of the primary plant defense pathways, is ubiquitous in vascular plants, and plays a role in rapid adaptions to dynamic abiotic and biotic stress. Its prominence and ubiquity make it uniquely suited for understanding how biochemistry within plants can mediate ecological consequences. Induction of the salicylic acid pathway has primary effects on the plant in which it is induced resulting in genetic, metabolomic, and physiologic changes as the plant adapts to challenges. These primary effects can in turn have secondary consequences for herbivores and pathogens attacking the plant. These secondary effects can both directly influence plant attackers and mediate indirect interactions between herbivores and pathogens. Additionally, stimulation of salicylic acid related defenses can affect natural enemies, predators and parasitoids, which can recruit to plant signals with consequences for herbivore populations and plant herbivory aboveground and belowground. These primary, secondary, and tertiary ecological consequences of salicylic acid signaling hold great promise for application in agricultural systems in developing sustainable high-yielding management practices that adapt to changing abiotic and biotic environments.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Ecology; Ecosystem; Herbivory; Larva; Plant Roots; Plants; Salicylic Acid; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31766518
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235851 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2022Heavy metal pollution and water eutrophication are still the main issues to be solved in the environmental field. To find a biological control method for Cd-contaminated...
Heavy metal pollution and water eutrophication are still the main issues to be solved in the environmental field. To find a biological control method for Cd-contaminated water or combined eutrophication and Cd pollution water, the effects of salicylic acid on heavy metal Cd resistance in eukaryotic algae and and its mechanisms were studied. The results showed that the inhibition rates of 3.0 mg/L Cd stress group at 96 h were 67.0% on and 61.4% on and their uptake of Cd was 0.31 mg/g and 0.35 mg/g, respectively. When adding the different concentrations of salicylic acid while stressed by 3.0 mg/L Cd, the hormesis phenomenon of low dose stimulation and high dose inhibition could be seen, and the inhibition rates of 30 mg/L~90 mg/L salicylic acid addition groups were significantly lower than those of the Cd stress group alone, which were statistically significant ( < 0.05) and the absorption of Cd was dramatically improved. Except for the 120 mg/L salicylic acid addition group, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm and YII), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities of all the other concentration groups were significantly higher than those of the Cd stress group alone, < 0.05.; the algal cell morphology in low concentration groups (30 mg/L and 60 mg/L) was also less damaged than those in the Cd stress group alone. These indicate that the low concentrations of salicylic acid can counteract or protect the algal cells from Cd attack, the mechanisms, on the one hand, might be related to the chelation of heavy metals by salicylic acid, resulting in the decrease of the toxicity of Cd; on the other hand, low concentrations of salicylic acid can stimulate the growth of these two algae, improve their photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant capacity, as well as maintain the relative integrity of algal morphological structure.
Topics: Salicylic Acid; Cadmium; Chlorella; Glutathione Peroxidase; Antioxidants; Eukaryota; Metals, Heavy; Plants; Water; Chlorophyll; Glutathione; Transferases
PubMed: 36293995
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013415 -
Scientific Reports May 2022Salicylic acid phenylethyl ester (SAPE) was synthesized by Zn(OTf)-catalyzed selective esterification of salicylic acid and phenylethyl alcohol and studied for its role...
Salicylic acid phenylethyl ester (SAPE) was synthesized by Zn(OTf)-catalyzed selective esterification of salicylic acid and phenylethyl alcohol and studied for its role as an immunomodulatory and anticancer agent. Low toxicity and favorable physical, Lipinski-type, and solubility properties were elucidated by ADME-tox studies. Molecular docking of SAPE against COX-2 revealed favorable MolDockscore, rerank score, interaction energy, internal pose energy, and hydrogen bonding as compared to ibuprofen and indomethacin. An average RMSD of ~ 0.13 nm for the docked complex with stable dynamic equilibrium condition was noted during the 20 ns MD simulation. A low band gap predicting a strong binding affinity at the enzyme's active site was further predicted by DFT analysis. The ester caused a reduction in the percentage of erythrocyte hemolysis and was shown to be non-cytotoxic against human lymphocytes, CaCo-2, and HepG-2 cells by the MTT assay. Moreover, it's in vitro efficacy in inhibiting COX-2 enzyme under both LPS stimulated intestinal cells and direct sequestration assays was found to be higher than salicylic acid and indomethacin. The anticancer activity of SAPE was tested on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7, and potential efficacy was exhibited in terms of decreased cell viability. Flow cytometry analysis exhibited the arrest of the cell cycle at G1/G0 and S phases, during which induction of autophagic vesicle formation and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential was observed owing to increased ROS production. Furthermore, at these phases, the onset of apoptosis along with DNA damage was also observed. Pre-treatment with SAPE in colitis-induced Wistar rats displayed low disease activity index and reduction in the extent of intestinal tissue disruption and lipid peroxidation. A marked increase of anti-oxidative enzymes viz., catalase, GGT, and GST, and a decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in the intestinal tissue extracts of the treated groups was noted. The results of this study have sufficient credence to support that the synthesised ester (SAPE) be considered as an anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory compound with therapeutic potential for the effective management of cancer.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Caco-2 Cells; Cyclooxygenase 2; Esters; Humans; Indomethacin; Molecular Docking Simulation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Salicylic Acid
PubMed: 35610283
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12524-7 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2021Treatment of dermatophytosis is becoming costlier and challenging.
BACKGROUND
Treatment of dermatophytosis is becoming costlier and challenging.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To study the efficacy of salicylic acid peel in dermatophytosis.
METHODS
Twenty-five patients (20 males and 5 females) having dermatophytosis with positive potassium hydroxide (KOH) mounts were enrolled in the study. Salicylic acid 30% was applied over the lesions weekly for 4 weeks, thereafter patients were followed up weekly for 4 weeks.
RESULTS
Of the 25 patients, 22 (88%) patients showed clinical and microbiological cure 1 week after the last application, while the remaining 3 patients were nonresponders. Nine (41%) patients of the 22 responders showed recurrences indicating that 4 weeks' treatment is not sufficient in some patients to eradicate fungus and may require longer treatment.
LIMITATIONS
A relatively small sample size and lack of long-term follow-up are the shortcomings of our study.
CONCLUSION
Salicylic acid peel is a cheap and useful option in the treatment of dermatophytic infection.
Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Chemexfoliation; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Recurrence; Salicylic Acid; Tinea; Young Adult
PubMed: 31650983
DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_853_18 -
The Plant Cell Mar 2020
Topics: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; DNA-Binding Proteins; Ethylenes; Nuclear Proteins; Salicylic Acid; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 31932486
DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00031 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2022Strigolactones are low-molecular-weight phytohormones that play several roles in plants, such as regulation of shoot branching and interactions with arbuscular...
Strigolactones are low-molecular-weight phytohormones that play several roles in plants, such as regulation of shoot branching and interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and parasitic weeds. Recently, strigolactones have been shown to be involved in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Herein, we analyzed the effects of strigolactones on systemic acquired resistance induced through salicylic acid-mediated signaling. We observed that the systemic acquired resistance inducer enhanced disease resistance in strigolactone-signaling and biosynthesis-deficient mutants. However, the amount of endogenous salicylic acid and the expression levels of salicylic acid-responsive genes were lower in strigolactone signaling-deficient mutants than in wildtype plants. In both the wildtype and strigolactone biosynthesis-deficient mutants, the strigolactone analog GR24 enhanced disease resistance, whereas treatment with a strigolactone biosynthesis inhibitor suppressed disease resistance in the wildtype. Before inoculation of wildtype plants with pathogenic bacteria, treatment with GR24 did not induce defense-related genes; however, salicylic acid-responsive defense genes were rapidly induced after pathogenic infection. These findings suggest that strigolactones have a priming effect on by inducing salicylic acid-mediated disease resistance.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Disease Resistance; Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring; Humans; Lactones; Plant Growth Regulators; Salicylic Acid
PubMed: 35563637
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095246