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Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Jul 2022How developing brains mechanically interact with the surrounding embryonic scalp layers (ie, epidermal and mesenchymal) in the preosteogenic head remains unknown....
BACKGROUND
How developing brains mechanically interact with the surrounding embryonic scalp layers (ie, epidermal and mesenchymal) in the preosteogenic head remains unknown. Between embryonic day (E) 11 and E13 in mice, before ossification starts in the skull vault, the angle between the pons and the medulla decreases, raising the possibility that when the elastic scalp is directly pushed outward by the growing brain and thus stretched, it recoils inward in response, thereby confining and folding the brain.
RESULTS
Stress-release tests showed that the E11-13 scalp recoiled and that the in vivo prestretch prerequisite for this recoil was physically dependent on the brain (pressurization at 77-93 Pa) and on actomyosin and elastin within the scalp. In scalp-removed heads, brainstem folding was reduced, and the spreading of ink from the lateral ventricle to the spinal cord that occurred in scalp-intact embryos (with >5 μL injection) was lost, suggesting roles of the embryonic scalp in brain morphogenesis and cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis. Under nonstretched conditions, scalp cell proliferation declined, while the restretching of the shrunken scalp rescued scalp cell proliferation.
CONCLUSIONS
In the embryonic mouse head before ossification, a stretcher-compressor relationship elastically develops between the brain and the scalp, underlying their mechanically interdependent development.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Mice; Scalp; Skull; Spinal Cord; Stretchers
PubMed: 34997665
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.451 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2016Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. This bacillus has a high predilection for skin and peripheral nerves. The scalp's anatomical...
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. This bacillus has a high predilection for skin and peripheral nerves. The scalp's anatomical properties do not favor the development of such mycobacterium. We report a case of leprosy with scalp involvement, a rare occurrence in our literature.
Topics: Adolescent; Alopecia; Biopsy; Humans; Leprosy, Multibacillary; Male; Scalp; Scalp Dermatoses
PubMed: 28300899
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164391 -
BMC Anesthesiology Aug 2023Analgesia is very important for children with craniosynostosis who are undergoing cranial suture reconstruction. This study investigated the effectiveness and safety of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
Analgesia is very important for children with craniosynostosis who are undergoing cranial suture reconstruction. This study investigated the effectiveness and safety of an analgesic technique based on scalp nerve block combined with general anesthesia versus general anesthesia alone.
METHODS
This was a single-center, prospective, randomized, controlled study. A total of 60 children aged 6-24 months who underwent cranial suture reconstruction were randomly divided into two groups: Group A (general anesthesia combined with scalp nerve block) and Group N (general anesthesia). The hemodynamics were recorded preoperatively, at 5 min after incision and at 1, 6 and 12 h after surgery; the pain was scored at 1, 6 and 12 h after surgery, and blood glucose was detected at 1 h after surgery.
RESULTS
The mean arterial pressure and heart rate at 5 min after incision and 1 h after surgery in Group N were higher than those in Group A; the blood glucose and FLACC score in Group N were higher than those in Group A; and the number of postoperative analgesic pump presses were also significantly increased in Group N.
CONCLUSION
Preoperative scalp nerve block can reduce hemodynamic fluctuation and postoperative pain in children undergoing cranial suture reconstruction for craniosynostosis. Thus, it can be safely and effectively applied in the anesthesia of these children.
Topics: Humans; Child; Cranial Sutures; Scalp; Prospective Studies; Blood Glucose; Nerve Block; Pain, Postoperative; Analgesics; Craniosynostoses; Ultrasonography, Interventional
PubMed: 37528335
DOI: 10.1186/s12871-023-02223-9 -
The Journal of Investigative... Dec 2005Scalp skin is unique on the body due to the density of hair follicles and high rate of sebum production. These features make it susceptible to superficial mycotic... (Review)
Review
Scalp skin is unique on the body due to the density of hair follicles and high rate of sebum production. These features make it susceptible to superficial mycotic conditions (dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, and tinea capitis), parasitic infestation (pediculosis capitis), and inflammatory conditions (psoriasis). Because these scalp conditions share similar clinical manifestations of scaling, inflammation, hair loss, and pruritus, differential diagnosis is critically important. Diagnostic techniques and effective treatment strategies for each of the above conditions will be discussed.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Child; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Dermatomycoses; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant; Lice Infestations; Malassezia; Microsporum; Middle Aged; Pediculus; Pityriasis; Psoriasis; Scalp; Scalp Dermatoses; Tinea Capitis; Trichophyton
PubMed: 16382661
DOI: 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10103.x -
La Clinica Terapeutica 2022Spiradenocylindroma is an extremely rare entity composed by two distinct neoplasms in one lesion: spiradenoma and cylindroma. It may arose solitary or multiple, sporadic...
BACKGROUND
Spiradenocylindroma is an extremely rare entity composed by two distinct neoplasms in one lesion: spiradenoma and cylindroma. It may arose solitary or multiple, sporadic or familial and often affect the scalp. Surgical removal is curative and histopathological examination is mandatory for diagnosis.
AIM
The aim of this article is to define the clinical features of spiradenocylindroma and its importance in the differential diagnoses of head and neck tumors.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 58 years-old female with a preauricolar painless, tender nodule presented to our attention. The patient under-went ultrasonography and MRI, which showed a non-specific cystic lesion. Surgery was performed and histopathological examination revealed a spiradenocylindroma. A 3-years disease-free follow-up was achieved.
CONCLUSION
Spiradenocylindroma is often misdiagnosed and, in our study, we highlight its role in the differential diagnoses of head and neck masses.
Topics: Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Neck; Scalp; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 35857041
DOI: 10.7417/CT.2022.2433 -
Clinical Interventions in Aging 2021Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss in men. Its prevalence increases with advancing age. Characteristics of hair loss in male AGA reveal the...
BACKGROUND
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss in men. Its prevalence increases with advancing age. Characteristics of hair loss in male AGA reveal the possibility of different biophysical and physiological profiles between androgen-sensitive (vertex) and androgen-insensitive (occipital) scalps. However, these variations have not been well investigated.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to evaluate and compare scalp biophysical and physiological characteristics in male AGA patients and healthy controls.
METHODS
Scalp biophysiological profiles were evaluated by non-invasive measuring techniques, including skin surface lipids (SSL), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and stratum corneum hydration (SCH) on both vertex and occipital areas. Values were compared between scalp areas and study groups. Participants with AGA were further categorized based on disease severity (Hamilton-Norwood classification) for subgroup analyses. Correlation coefficients were evaluated to determine the effects of AGA severity and age on each functional parameter.
RESULTS
Participants were 31 AGA subjects and 31 healthy controls. The vertex scalp of AGA patients had significantly higher SSL ( = 0.03) and lower SCH ( = 0.02) compared to the occipital scalp. TEWL was not significantly different ( = 0.31). AGA group SSL showed a positive correlation with severity of hair loss (r = 0.61, = 0.03). When compared to controls, the AGA group vertex scalp had significantly higher SSL ( = 0.03) and lower TEWL ( < 0.001). The occipital area showed no statistically significant differences.
CONCLUSION
Male AGA presents with different biophysical and physiological characteristics in androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive areas, and with further differences from controls. These findings could direct further research and aid in the development of optimal hair and scalp treatments to improve scalp functional profiles in particular patients.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Case-Control Studies; Epidermis; Hair; Humans; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Scalp; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 34007163
DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S310178 -
Medicine Jul 2023Trichilemmal cyst (TC), also known as trichodermal cyst, trichodermal isthmus-degenerative cyst. It is a benign skin lesion originating from the outer hair root sheath,...
RATIONALE
Trichilemmal cyst (TC), also known as trichodermal cyst, trichodermal isthmus-degenerative cyst. It is a benign skin lesion originating from the outer hair root sheath, with low incidence and few reports.
PATIENT CONCERNS
A 41-year-old patient had found a scalp lump for more than 10 years. A 2.0 cm × 1.0 cm × 1.0 cm lump on the right occipital region was touched more than 10 years ago without special treatment. In the past 2 years, the lump has gradually increased. Physical examination: 4 protruding lumps can be reached in the scalp. One lump in the right occipital region is about 3.0 cm × 2.0 cm × 2.0 cm, with 1 lump immediately below and 2 lumps in the left temporal region. All lumps can be pushed.
DIAGNOSES
The lesion is located in dermis, The lesion is solid, and the contents of the cyst were cheese-like white material, and the inner and outer walls of the cyst were smooth and shiny. Pathological results showed that the lesion was TC. The cyst wall is epidermal tissue, the spinous layer and basal layer are intact, there is no granular layer, and the protein in the cyst is dense.
INTERVENTIONS
All lumps were completely surgically removed.
OUTCOMES
The wound healed well after TC resection. There was no recurrence of TC after 1 year follow-up.
LESSONS
The clinical manifestations of scalp TC are not specific, and the diagnosis needs pathological examination, and the prognosis of total excision is good.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Scalp; Skin Neoplasms; Epidermal Cyst; Prognosis; Epidermis
PubMed: 37443491
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000034213 -
Clinical Interventions in Aging 2006The appearance of hair plays an important role in people's overall physical appearance and self-perception. With today's increasing life-expectations, the desire to look... (Review)
Review
The appearance of hair plays an important role in people's overall physical appearance and self-perception. With today's increasing life-expectations, the desire to look youthful plays a bigger role than ever. The hair care industry has become aware of this and is delivering active products directed towards meeting this consumer demand. The discovery of pharmacological targets and the development of safe and effective drugs also indicate strategies of the drug industry for maintenance of healthy and beautiful hair. Hair aging comprises weathering of the hair shaft, decrease of melanocyte function, and decrease in hair production. The scalp is subject to intrinsic and extrinsic aging. Intrinsic factors are related to individual genetic and epigenetic mechanisms with interindividual variation: prototypes are familial premature graying, and androgenetic alopecia. Currently available pharmacologic treatment modalities with proven efficacy for treatment of androgenetic alopecia are topical minoxidil and oral finasteride. Extrinsic factors include ultraviolet radiation and air pollution. Experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that oxidative stress also plays a role in hair aging. Topical anti-aging compounds include photoprotectors and antioxidants. In the absence of another way to reverse hair graying, hair colorants remain the mainstay of recovering lost hair color. Topical liposome targeting for melanins, genes, and proteins selectively to hair follicles are currently under investigation.
Topics: Aging; Alopecia; Antioxidants; Hair; Hair Preparations; Humans; Scalp; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 18044109
DOI: 10.2147/ciia.2006.1.2.121 -
Skin Research and Technology : Official... Jul 2023No previous study investigated the anatomical changes of the scalp and hair follicles between tertiary androgenetic alopecia and severe alopecia areata using...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
No previous study investigated the anatomical changes of the scalp and hair follicles between tertiary androgenetic alopecia and severe alopecia areata using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI). This study aimed to explore the value of HR-MRI in assessing alopecia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Forty-eight people were included in this study. The imaging indicators of the vertex and occipital scalp were recorded and compared. The logistic regression model was developed for the indicators that differed between tertiary androgenetic alopecia and severe alopecia areata. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the diagnostic efficacy of the model for tertiary androgenetic alopecia and severe alopecia areata.
RESULTS
At the vertex, the thickness of the subcutaneous tissue layer, follicle depth, relative follicle depth, total number of follicles within a 2-cm distance, and number of strands reaching the middle and upper third of the subcutaneous fat layer within a 2-cm distance were statistically different between patients with tertiary androgenetic alopecia, those with severe alopecia areata, and healthy volunteers (p < 0.05). The logistic regression model suggested that the subcutaneous tissue layer thickness was important in discriminating tertiary androgenetic alopecia from severe alopecia areata. The ROC curve showed that the area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, and best cutoff values of the subcutaneous tissue layer were 0.886, 94.4%, 70%, and 4.31 mm, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
HR-MRI can observe the changes in anatomical structures of the scalp and hair follicles in patients with alopecia. HR-MRI can be applied to the differential diagnosis of tertiary androgenetic alopecia and severe alopecia areata.
Topics: Humans; Alopecia Areata; Diagnosis, Differential; Alopecia; Hair Follicle; Scalp; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37522498
DOI: 10.1111/srt.13393 -
Chinese Journal of Traumatology =... Feb 2018Bear maul injuries are the most common wild animal inflicted injuries in India. More than 300 bear maul injuries report to our hospital per year. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Bear maul injuries are the most common wild animal inflicted injuries in India. More than 300 bear maul injuries report to our hospital per year.
METHODS
Twenty-one consecutive patients over a period of 1 year reported to our department for orthopaedic management of bear maul injuries. All the patients were referred either from peripheral hospitals or from other surgical departments of our hospital.
RESULTS
All the patients had facial/scalp injuries of variable severity. In all the patients the severity of limb and facial trauma was inversely proportional to each other. Pattern of upper limb trauma in most of the patients was similar. Fifteen patients had either fractures of distal humerus or mid shaft/proximal forearm bone fracture. Two had distal forearm bone fracture, 2 had carpal/metacarpal fractures and 1 had clavicle fracture. Only 1 had lower limb fracture. Thirteen out of 21 patients had associated neurovascular injury of the involved limb. The characteristic feature was extensive soft tissue involvement of the affected limb.
CONCLUSION
Upper limb injuries in bear maul patients usually have similar pattern. The severity of upper limb and facial/scalp trauma is inversely proportional to each other. Multistage orthopaedic surgeries are needed for such complex limb injuries.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Facial Injuries; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Scalp; Trauma Severity Indices; Upper Extremity; Ursidae; Young Adult
PubMed: 29402720
DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2017.11.001