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British Medical Journal Mar 1948
Topics: Chondromalacia Patellae; Disease; Humans; Patella
PubMed: 18902658
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4548.427 -
British Medical Journal Feb 1973
Topics: Cartilage, Articular; Humans; Patella
PubMed: 4689867
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5851.491-f -
BioMed Research International 2020The hallucal sesamoid bones (HSBs), having an important role in reducing load per unit area on the first metatarsal head, can be injured commonly which also affected the...
The hallucal sesamoid bones (HSBs), having an important role in reducing load per unit area on the first metatarsal head, can be injured commonly which also affected the first metatarsophalangeal joint and the surrounding structure. Meanwhile, differences among each HSB type may be a major factor affecting the occurrence and development of HV. So far, many researchers had learned that there are three different conditions in hallucal sesamoid bone affecting the choice of clinical surgery corresponding to different solutions in clinic. Thus, it is necessary to study the anatomical morphological characteristics of the HSB which can be helpful in clinical diagnosis and treatment, especially hallux valgus (HV). 150 X-ray and three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) images consist of 72 left and 78 right metatarsals were applied in this anatomic study between two variables and showed by a simple scatter plot. The first metatarsophalangeal joint is divided into four different types: type I (no HSB, 1.3%), type II (with one HSB, 0.07%), type IIIa (with two HSBs when THB is bigger, 28%), type IIIb (with two HSBs when FHB is bigger, 65.3%), and type IV (with three HSBs, 4.7%). There was no statistical difference between the left and right sides, except HVA, Meary, and pitch ( < 0.05); all a, b, c, d, and i have statistical difference between male and female ( < 0.05). Meanwhile, HVA and IMA and HVA and type group have a significant correlation. In summary, HVA and IMA and HVA and classification of HSBs have significant correlations. The classification and location of HSBs can be an important basis to choose operation methods and postoperation evaluation.
Topics: Female; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Male; Metatarsal Bones; Metatarsophalangeal Joint; Middle Aged; Sesamoid Bones; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 32685550
DOI: 10.1155/2020/9658916 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Sep 1964
Topics: Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Osteoarthritis; Patella; Radiography; Surgical Procedures, Operative
PubMed: 14186290
DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.40.467.531 -
Journal of Anatomy Jan 2022The patella is the largest sesamoid bone of the skeleton. It is strongly involved in the knee, improving output force and velocity of the knee extensors, and thus plays...
The patella is the largest sesamoid bone of the skeleton. It is strongly involved in the knee, improving output force and velocity of the knee extensors, and thus plays a major role in locomotion and limb stability. However, the relationships between its structure and functional constraints, that would enable a better understanding of limb bone functional adaptations, are poorly known. This contribution proposes a comparative analysis, both qualitative and quantitative, of the microanatomy of the whole patella in perissodactyls, which show a wide range of morphologies, masses, and locomotor abilities, in order to investigate how the microanatomy of the patella adapts to evolutionary constraints. The inner structure of the patella consists of a spongiosa surrounded by a compact cortex. Contrary to our expectations, there is no increase in compactness with bone size, and thus body size and weight, but only an increase in the tightness of the spongiosa. No particular thickening of the cortex associated with muscle insertions is noticed but a strong thickening is observed anteriorly at about mid-length, where the strong intermediate patellar ligament inserts. The trabeculae are mainly oriented perpendicularly to the posterior articular surface, which highlights that the main stress is anteroposteriorly directed, maintaining the patella against the femoral trochlea. Conversely, anteriorly, trabeculae are rather circumferentially oriented, following the insertion of the patellar ligament and, possibly also, of the quadriceps tendon. A strong variation is observed among perissodactyl families but also intraspecifically, which is in accordance with previous studies suggesting a higher variability in sesamoid bones. Clear trends are nevertheless observed between the three families. Equids have a much thinner cortex than ceratomorphs. Rhinos and equids, both characterized by a development of the medial border, show an increase in trabecular density laterally suggesting stronger stresses laterally. The inner structure in tapirs is more homogeneous despite the absence of medial development of the medial border with no "compensation" of the inner structure, which suggests different stresses on their knees associated with a different morphology of their patellofemoral joint.
Topics: Animals; Cadaver; Humans; Knee Joint; Patella; Patellofemoral Joint; Perissodactyla; Tendons
PubMed: 34402049
DOI: 10.1111/joa.13530 -
Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology Oct 2018The purpose of this study is to evaluate the compatibility of ultrasonographic data with hand-wrist radiographs taken to determine the extent of pubertal growth and bone...
OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the compatibility of ultrasonographic data with hand-wrist radiographs taken to determine the extent of pubertal growth and bone age in patients and investigate the usability of ionizing radiation-free ultrasonography instead of conventional radiography.
METHODS:
In this study, a total of 120 children from 10 to 17 years old (mean age was 168 months ± 27.5 months) were treated with routine radiographs before orthodontic treatment, and ultrasonographic imaging was performed on the wrists the same day. Researchers examined the phalanges, sesamoid bone, and radial bone distal epiphysis-diaphysis comparatively in each patient by both imaging methods and statistical evaluation.
RESULTS:
There was no statistically significant difference between conventional radiography and ultrasonography values at 13 points except for PP1 (proximal phalanges of the first finger), PP2 (proximal phalanges of the second finger), and radial epiphysis (p > 0.05). PP1, PP2, and radial epiphysis showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The CBA (bone age obtained from conventional radiographs) of the females was found to be larger than their CA (chronological age) and their UBA (ultrasonographic bone age). For males; the means of the CBA, UBA and CA values close to each other. In females and males; there was a strong correlation between the CA, the UBA and the CBA (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSION:
Ultrasonography gives detailed information about epiphyseal diaphysis relations. It can be used as an alternative to conventional radiography in the detection of bone age and pubertal growth, owing to the absence of ionizing radiation.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Hand; Hand Bones; Humans; Male; Puberty; Radiography; Ultrasonography; Wrist
PubMed: 29668314
DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20170398 -
Scientific Reports May 2022The relationship between the morphological characteristics of the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) and joint deformity has yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the purpose...
The relationship between the morphological characteristics of the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) and joint deformity has yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the morphological characteristics of the IFP and to identify the relationships between morphological characteristics of the IFP and degenerative grade of the articular surface of the patella. This investigation examined 41 legs from 25 Japanese cadavers. The IFP length, width, and volume were measured. It was categorized into three types: Type I, IFP proximal located on medial and lateral sides of the patella; Type II, the IFP proximal only located medially; and Type III, absence of the IFP proximal. Articular surfaces were graded as macroscopically intact or mildly altered (Grade I), moderately (Grade II), or severely (Grade III). Grade III was significantly more frequent than Grades I or II in Type III. IFP volume was significantly larger in Type I than in Types II or III. A negative correlation was found between the degenerative grade of the articular surface of the patella and IFP volume. It was suggested that a relationship between the degenerative grade of the articular surface of the patella and the IFP volume.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Cadaver; Humans; Knee Joint; Patella
PubMed: 35624138
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12859-1 -
The British Journal of Radiology Aug 2019Sesamoid displacement (SD) and rotation are important components in the preoperative assessment of hallux valgus (HV). To date, Inter reader reliability (IRR) of SD on...
OBJECTIVE
Sesamoid displacement (SD) and rotation are important components in the preoperative assessment of hallux valgus (HV). To date, Inter reader reliability (IRR) of SD on X-rays and MRI, correlations with hallux valgus angle (HVA), and qualitative changes of the hallux-sesamoid complex (HSC) on MRI have not been studied. The aim of this study was to correlate sesamoid malalignment with HV severity and findings of internal joint derangement.
METHODS
Two readers analyzed a series of 56 consecutive patients who had X-rays and MRI performed on the same foot within 3 months of each other. Multiple measures of SD on X-rays and MRI and the sesamoid rotation angle (SRA) on MRI were assessed and correlated with HVA and various qualitative features at the HSC including cartilage, plantar plate, and collateral ligament abnormalities.
RESULTS
We found excellent IRR (ICC = 0.79 - 0.99) for SRA on MR, but poor IRR for lateral sesamoid displacement (LDS) and tibial sesamoid position (TSP) scales on both modalities. Good IRR was also seen for morphologic abnormalities of HSC. The absolute value of the SRA on MR positively correlated with HVA ( < 0.0001). LDS and TSP on both modalities lacked a significant correlation with HVA ( > 0.05). No correlation was found between any measure of SD or rotation with HSC morphologic changes ( > 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Among different measures of sesamoid malalignment, sesamoid rotation angle measured on MRI can be used to judge the severity of HV; however, it does not correlate with qualitative morphologic abnormalities of the HSC.
ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE
The MRI measurement of SRA is a better indicator of sesamoid displacement relative to the HSC than standard AP radiographic measures of non-rotational sesamoid displacement; however, it should not be used to predict qualitative morphologic abnormalities of the HSC.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Metatarsophalangeal Joint; Middle Aged; Radiography; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies; Sesamoid Bones; Severity of Illness Index; Young Adult
PubMed: 31116571
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190038 -
Development (Cambridge, England) Feb 2019Sesamoid bones are small auxiliary bones that form near joints and contribute to their stability and function. Thus far, providing a comprehensive developmental model or...
Sesamoid bones are small auxiliary bones that form near joints and contribute to their stability and function. Thus far, providing a comprehensive developmental model or classification system for this highly diverse group of bones has been challenging. Here, we compare our previously reported mechanisms of patella development in the mouse with those of two anatomically different sesamoids, namely lateral fabella and digit sesamoids. We show that all three types of sesamoid bones originate from / progenitors under the regulation of TGFβ and independently of mechanical stimuli from muscles. Whereas BMP2 regulates the growth of all examined sesamoids, the differentiation of lateral fabella or digit sesamoids is regulated redundantly by BMP4 and BMP2. Next, we show that whereas patella and digit sesamoids initially form in juxtaposition to long bones, lateral fabella forms independently and at a distance. Finally, our evidence suggests that, unlike the synovial joint that separates patella from femur, digit sesamoids detach from the phalanx by formation of a fibrocartilaginous joint. These findings highlight both common and divergent molecular and mechanical features of sesamoid bone development, which underscores their evolutionary plasticity.
Topics: Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Biological Evolution; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; Cartilage; Cell Lineage; Female; Femur; Fibrocartilage; Heterozygote; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscles; Patella; SOX9 Transcription Factor; Sesamoid Bones; Signal Transduction; Stress, Mechanical; Synovial Fluid; Transforming Growth Factor beta
PubMed: 30745426
DOI: 10.1242/dev.167452 -
Joint Diseases and Related Surgery 2020This study aims to document a detailed investigation on the sesamoid bones (SBs) of Turkish subjects from different parts of Turkey in a multi-center study, in both...
OBJECTIVES
This study aims to document a detailed investigation on the sesamoid bones (SBs) of Turkish subjects from different parts of Turkey in a multi-center study, in both hands, according to gender, frequency and divisions of the bones' coexistence and bilaterality by radiography.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This retrospective and three-centered study was performed between June 2010 and April 2012. Sesamoid bones were examined by anteroposterior and oblique X-rays of 1,444 hands of 772 subjects (367 males, 405 females; mean age 42.7 years; range, 18 to 87 years). All X-rays were evaluated by at least two independent observers. In controversial circumstances, at least three observers together gave the final decision by consensus.
RESULTS
Metacarpophalengeal (MCP) joint of the thumb (MCP 1) had sesamoid in all subjects (100%) and it was seen bilaterally. The prevalence of the SB was 42.8% in the second MCP joint (MCP 2) in 772 subjects and 36.6% in 1,444 hands, 1.6% in the third MCP joint (MCP 3) for the subjects and 1.1% for the hands, 0.1% in the fourth MCP joint (MCP 4) for the subjects and 0.1% for the hands, and 72.5% in the fifth MCP joint (MCP 5) for the subjects and 62.5% for the hands. The prevalence of SB in the first interphalangeal joint (IP 1) was 21.8% and SB was detected in 18.6% of the hands. Sesamoid bones of the MCP 2, MCP 5, and IP 1 was recorded more frequently in females. Sesamoid bone of the same joints (MCP 2, MCP 5 and IP 1) was detected more frequently bilaterally than unilateral right side and more frequently unilaterally on right side than unilateral left side.
CONCLUSION
The distribution of SBs varies according to hand regions, gender, and side. Having knowledge of the locations and the rate of bilaterality of SBs may assist clinicians in both clinical and radiological diagnoses.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Gender Identity; Hand; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Sesamoid Bones; Turkey; Young Adult
PubMed: 32160497
DOI: 10.5606/ehc.2020.70955