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International Journal of Epidemiology Apr 2010Ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and pivmecillinam are the antibiotics currently recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the treatment of dysentery in children;... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and pivmecillinam are the antibiotics currently recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the treatment of dysentery in children; yet there have been no reviews of the clinical effectiveness of these antibiotics in recent years.
METHODS
We reviewed all literature reporting the effect of ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and pivmecillinam for the treatment of dysentery in children in the developing countries. We used a standardized abstraction and grading format and performed meta-analyses to determine the effect of treatment with these antibiotics on rates of treatment failure, bacteriological failure and bacteriological relapse. The CHERG Standard Rules were applied to determine the final effect of treatment with these antibiotics on diarrhoea mortality.
RESULTS
Eight papers were selected for abstraction. Treatment with ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone or pivmecillinam resulted in a cure rate of >99% while assessing clinical failure, bacteriological failure and bacteriological relapse.
CONCLUSIONS
The antibiotics recommended by the WHO--ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and pivmecillinam--are effective in reducing the clinical and bacteriological signs and symptoms of dysentery and thus can be expected to decrease diarrhoea mortality attributable to dysentery.
Topics: Amdinocillin Pivoxil; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftriaxone; Child, Preschool; Ciprofloxacin; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Salmonella Infections; Shigella dysenteriae; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 20348130
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyq024 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Nov 1990We conducted serologic and biochemical studies on strains of three provisional Shigella serotypes. Included were 19 strains of serotype 3873-50 from three countries (1... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
We conducted serologic and biochemical studies on strains of three provisional Shigella serotypes. Included were 19 strains of serotype 3873-50 from three countries (1 from Mexico, 1 from Netherlands Antilles, and 17 from the United States), 13 strains of serotype 3341-55 from three countries (1 from Canada, 1 from Bulgaria, and 11 from the United States), and 19 strains of serotype 19809-73 from two countries (16 from Israel and 3 from the United States). Reactions of these strains with homologous and heterologous Shigella antisera showed that serotypes 3873-50 and 19809-73 were unique. Strains of serotype 3341-55 shared an identical antigen with Shigella boydii 18; however, they were distinguished from S. boydii 18 biochemically and with absorbed sera. Strains of the three serotypes were biochemically most similar to Shigella dysenteriae. Like other shigellae, strains from each serotype were invasive in the Serény assay. Although biochemically similar to S. dysenteriae, none of the provisional serotypes produced Shiga toxin or the biologically related toxin, Shiga-like toxin II, produced by some strains of Escherichia coli. On the basis of these results and other published findings, we support earlier proposals to add the three provisional serotypes 3873-50, 3341-55, and 19809-73 to the Shigella schema and will include them as S. dysenteriae 11, 12, and 13, respectively.
Topics: Antibodies, Bacterial; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Toxins; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Fermentation; Humans; O Antigens; Serotyping; Shiga Toxins; Shigella dysenteriae; Virulence
PubMed: 1701447
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.28.11.2580-2584.1990 -
Food Science & Nutrition Jul 2020serotype O157: H7 and type 1 as the Shiga toxin-producing bacteria cause some acute gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases such as hemorrhagic uremic syndrome...
serotype O157: H7 and type 1 as the Shiga toxin-producing bacteria cause some acute gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases such as hemorrhagic uremic syndrome and bloody diarrhea in human. genes are the key virulence factors in these pathogens. The aim of this study was to develop HRMA assay to differentiate gene for detection of serotype O157: H7 and type 1 and determine the prevalence of these pathogens in food samples using this method. PCR-HRMA assay and gold standard methods have been carried out for identification of pathogens among 135 different food samples. We found HRMA method a sensitive and specific assay (100 and 100%, respectively) for differentiation of gene, consequently, detection of these pathogens in food samples. Also, the highest prevalence of serotype O157: H7 and type 1 harboring gene was observed in raw milk and vegetable salad samples, respectively. HRMA as a rapid, inexpensive, sensitive and specific method is suggested to be used for differentiation of gene to detect serotype O157: H7 and type 1 as the key pathogens for safety evaluation of food samples.
PubMed: 32724629
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1649 -
Current Tropical Medicine Reports Jun 2014Despite a significant decrease in -related mortality, shigellosis continues to carry a significant burden of disease worldwide, particularly in Asia and Africa. is a...
Despite a significant decrease in -related mortality, shigellosis continues to carry a significant burden of disease worldwide, particularly in Asia and Africa. is a highly virulent pathogen comprised of four major species with numerous subtypes. and infections are predominant in resource-limited settings. Clinical presentations range from mild watery diarrhea to severe dysentery with systemic complications such as electrolyte imbalance, seizures and hemolytic uremic syndrome. subtype 1, the producer of Shiga toxin, causes the most severe illness and highest mortality. Susceptible strains of may be effectively treated with inexpensive oral antibiotics such as ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Unfortunately, multidrug resistant strains have emerged that have rendered most antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, ineffective. Management and prevention of shigellosis represents a major public health challenge. The development of an effective vaccine is urgently needed to decrease its global impact.
PubMed: 25110633
DOI: 10.1007/s40475-014-0019-6 -
PLoS Genetics Jul 2020Shigella species are specialised lineages of Escherichia coli that have converged to become human-adapted and cause dysentery by invading human gut epithelial cells....
Shigella species are specialised lineages of Escherichia coli that have converged to become human-adapted and cause dysentery by invading human gut epithelial cells. Most studies of Shigella evolution have been restricted to comparisons of single representatives of each species; and population genomic studies of individual Shigella species have focused on genomic variation caused by single nucleotide variants and ignored the contribution of insertion sequences (IS) which are highly prevalent in Shigella genomes. Here, we investigate the distribution and evolutionary dynamics of IS within populations of Shigella dysenteriae Sd1, Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. We find that five IS (IS1, IS2, IS4, IS600 and IS911) have undergone expansion in all Shigella species, creating substantial strain-to-strain variation within each population and contributing to convergent patterns of functional gene loss within and between species. We find that IS expansion and genome degradation are most advanced in S. dysenteriae and least advanced in S. sonnei; and using genome-scale models of metabolism we show that Shigella species display convergent loss of core E. coli metabolic capabilities, with S. sonnei and S. flexneri following a similar trajectory of metabolic streamlining to that of S. dysenteriae. This study highlights the importance of IS to the evolution of Shigella and provides a framework for the investigation of IS dynamics and metabolic reduction in other bacterial species.
Topics: DNA Transposable Elements; DNA, Bacterial; Dysentery; Escherichia coli; Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Shigella dysenteriae
PubMed: 32644999
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008931 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Sep 2018Shiga toxins (Stxs) are the main virulence factors expressed by the pathogenic Stx-producing bacteria, namely, serotype 1 and certain strains. These bacteria cause... (Review)
Review
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are the main virulence factors expressed by the pathogenic Stx-producing bacteria, namely, serotype 1 and certain strains. These bacteria cause widespread outbreaks of bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis) that in severe cases can progress to life-threatening systemic complications, including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) characterized by the acute onset of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and kidney dysfunction. Shiga toxicosis has a distinct pathogenesis and animal models of Stx-associated HUS have allowed us to investigate this. Since these models will also be useful for developing effective countermeasures to Stx-associated HUS, it is important to have clinically relevant animal models of this disease. Multiple studies over the last few decades have shown that mice injected with purified Stxs develop some of the pathophysiological features seen in HUS patients infected with the Stx-producing bacteria. These features are also efficiently recapitulated in a non-human primate model (baboons). In addition, rats, calves, chicks, piglets, and rabbits have been used as models to study symptoms of HUS that are characteristic of each animal. These models have been very useful for testing hypotheses about how Stx induces HUS and its neurological sequelae. In this review, we describe in detail the current knowledge about the most well-studied in vivo models of Stx-induced HUS; namely, those in mice, piglets, non-human primates, and rabbits. The aim of this review is to show how each human clinical outcome-mimicking animal model can serve as an experimental tool to promote our understanding of Stx-induced pathogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli Infections; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome; Humans; Shiga Toxins; Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli; Shigella dysenteriae; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 29926707
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1803.03012 -
Gut Pathogens 2014Shigellosis is an acute form of gastroenteritis caused by the bacteria belonging to the genus Shigella. It is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in...
BACKGROUND
Shigellosis is an acute form of gastroenteritis caused by the bacteria belonging to the genus Shigella. It is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Shigella belongs to the family Enterobactericeae, which is a Gram-negative and rod shaped bacterium. In the present study, we report the draft genome of Shigella dysenteriae strain SD1D, which was isolated from the stool sample of a healthy individual.
RESULTS
Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, the strain SD1D was identified as Shigella dysenteriae. The draft genome of SD1D consisted of 45, 93, 159 bp with a G + C content of 50.7%, 4, 960 predicted CDSs, 75 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs. The final assembly contained 146 contigs of total length 45, 93, 159 bp with N50 contig length of 77, 053 bp; the largest contig assembled measured 3, 85, 550 bp.
CONCLUSIONS
We have for the first time performed the whole genome sequencing of Shigella dysenteriae strain SD1D. The comparative genomic analysis revealed several genes responsible for the pathogenesis, virulence, defense, resistance to antibiotics and toxic compounds, multidrug resistance efflux pumps and other genomic features of the bacterium.
PubMed: 25028600
DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-28 -
Future Microbiology Mar 2010Shiga toxins comprise a family of structurally and functionally related protein toxins expressed by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and multiple serotypes of Escherichia... (Review)
Review
Shiga toxins comprise a family of structurally and functionally related protein toxins expressed by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and multiple serotypes of Escherichia coli. While the capacity of Shiga toxins to inhibit protein synthesis by catalytic inactivation of eukaryotic ribosomes has been well described, it is also apparent that Shiga toxins trigger apoptosis in many cell types. This review presents evidence that Shiga toxins induce apoptosis of epithelial, endothelial, leukocytic, lymphoid and neuronal cells. Apoptotic signaling pathways activated by the toxins are reviewed with an emphasis on signaling mechanisms that are shared among different cell types. Data suggesting that Shiga toxins induce apoptosis through the endoplasmic reticulum stress response and clinical evidence demonstrating apoptosis in humans infected with Shiga toxin-producing bacteria are briefly discussed. The potential for use of Shiga toxins to induce apoptosis in cancer cells is briefly reviewed.
Topics: Apoptosis; Endothelial Cells; Epithelial Cells; Escherichia coli; Humans; Leukocytes; Neurons; Shiga Toxins; Shigella dysenteriae
PubMed: 20210553
DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.4 -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2022Enteric bacteria are the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, particularly in low-income countries. The bark decoction of (Fabaceae) has traditionally...
Enteric bacteria are the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, particularly in low-income countries. The bark decoction of (Fabaceae) has traditionally been used to treat bacterial gastroenteritis. However, studies reporting the antibacterial activity of are rare. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of stem bark extract of against , , and . The powdered bark extract was successively extracted with methanol using the cold continuous maceration method, followed by partitioning the crude methanolic extract to obtain methanolic, hexane, and chloroform subextracts. Three fractions were isolated from the methanolic subextract using ordinary normal phase column chromatography. The antibacterial activity of the extracts and fractions was performed using the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the agar well diffusion method. While, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was obtained by the subculturing method. The methanolic subextract was the only extract that showed antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria, and its activity was highest on followed by and was least active on , with mean inhibition zones of 14.3 ± 0.2, 13.7 ± 0.3, and 12.2 ± 0.1 at 200 mg/mL, respectively. Chloroform subextract showed antibacterial activity only on , while hexane subextract did not show antibacterial activity against all bacteria tested at 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL. Among the three subfractions of methanolic subextract, only one subfraction was active and had both mean minimum inhibitory concentration and a minimum bactericidal concentration against at 1.25 mg/mL, at 1.25 mg/mL, and at 0.6 mg/mL. The findings of this study support the use of in traditional medicine. Therefore, purification and structural elucidation studies are highly recommended.
PubMed: 36204123
DOI: 10.1155/2022/7973942 -
Epidemiology and Infection Aug 2018Shigellosis causes significant morbidity and mortality in developing and developed countries, mostly among infants and young children. The World Health Organization...
Shigellosis causes significant morbidity and mortality in developing and developed countries, mostly among infants and young children. The World Health Organization estimates that more than one million people die from Shigellosis every year. In order to evaluate trends in Shigellosis in Israel in the years 2002-2015, we analysed national notifiable disease reporting data. Shigella sonnei was the most commonly identified Shigella species in Israel. Hospitalisation rates due to Shigella flexenri were higher in comparison with other Shigella species. Shigella morbidity was higher among infants and young children (age 0-5 years old). Incidence of Shigella species differed among various ethnic groups, with significantly high rates of S. flexenri among Muslims, in comparison with Jews, Druze and Christians. In order to improve the current Shigellosis clinical diagnosis, we developed machine learning algorithms to predict the Shigella species and whether a patient will be hospitalised or not, based on available demographic and clinical data. The algorithms' performances yielded an accuracy of 93.2% (Shigella species) and 94.9% (hospitalisation) and may consequently improve the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Algorithms; Child; Child, Preschool; Christianity; Dysentery, Bacillary; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Islam; Israel; Jews; Logistic Models; Machine Learning; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; Neural Networks, Computer; Pattern Recognition, Automated; Shigella boydii; Shigella dysenteriae; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Young Adult
PubMed: 29880081
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268818001498