-
Genetics and Molecular Research : GMR Aug 2013The development of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) breast fillet meat has become an economic burden for the poultry industry worldwide. PSE meat results in 1.0-1.5% loss... (Review)
Review
The development of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) breast fillet meat has become an economic burden for the poultry industry worldwide. PSE meat results in 1.0-1.5% loss in moisture and carcass weight, and a 2010 estimate of the Brazilian annual production put the economic loss due to PSE at over US$30 million. In the USA, PSE has caused an annual loss of up to US$200 million to the poultry industries. The underlying causes of the color abnormality in PSE meat are not fully understood. However, the likely physiological origin of PSE broiler meat is an excessive release of Ca(2+) promoted by a genetic mutation of the ryanodine receptor (RYR), a Ca(2+)-channel protein in the skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. In pigs, the genetic cause of PSE meat has been identified as a point mutation in the RYR1 gene at nucleotide 1843, which causes an amino acid substitution (Arg615 to Cys615) in the RYR. This mutation leads to an alteration in Ca(2+) homeostasis, hypermetabolism, intense muscle contraction, and malignant hyperthermia in pigs susceptible to porcine stress syndrome. An understanding of this process represents the basis for breeding strategies aimed at eliminating the RYR1 mutation from global pig populations, a strategy that the poultry industry intends to emulate. The aim of this study was to review the subject, with an emphasis on the most recent developments in the field.
Topics: Animals; Breeding; Calcium Channels; Chickens; Meat; Muscle, Skeletal; Poultry; Ryanodine; Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; Sus scrofa; Swine
PubMed: 24065657
DOI: 10.4238/2013.August.20.3 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... May 2016The dorsal and ventral aspects of the turtle shell, the carapace and the plastron, are developmentally different entities. The carapace contains axial endochondral...
The dorsal and ventral aspects of the turtle shell, the carapace and the plastron, are developmentally different entities. The carapace contains axial endochondral skeletal elements and exoskeletal dermal bones. The exoskeletal plastron is found in all extant and extinct species of crown turtles found to date and is synaptomorphic of the order Testudines. However, paleontological reconstructed transition forms lack a fully developed carapace and show a progression of bony elements ancestral to the plastron. To understand the evolutionary development of the plastron, it is essential to know how it has formed. Here we studied the molecular development and patterning of plastron bones in a cryptodire turtle Trachemys scripta We show that plastron development begins at developmental stage 15 when osteochondrogenic mesenchyme forms condensates for each plastron bone at the lateral edges of the ventral mesenchyme. These condensations commit to an osteogenic identity and suppress chondrogenesis. Their development overlaps with that of sternal cartilage development in chicks and mice. Thus, we suggest that in turtles, the sternal morphogenesis is prevented in the ventral mesenchyme by the concomitant induction of osteogenesis and the suppression of chondrogenesis. The osteogenic subroutines later direct the growth and patterning of plastron bones in an autonomous manner. The initiation of plastron bone development coincides with that of carapacial ridge formation, suggesting that the development of dorsal and ventral shells are coordinated from the start and that adopting an osteogenesis-inducing and chondrogenesis-suppressing cell fate in the ventral mesenchyme has permitted turtles to develop their order-specific ventral morphology.
Topics: Animal Shells; Animals; Body Patterning; Chondrogenesis; Mesoderm; Osteogenesis; Proteome; Turtles
PubMed: 27114549
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600958113 -
Neural Plasticity 2005Erect posture in man is a recent affordance from an evolutionary perspective. About eight million years ago, the stock from which modern humans derived split off from... (Review)
Review
Erect posture in man is a recent affordance from an evolutionary perspective. About eight million years ago, the stock from which modern humans derived split off from the ape family, and from around sixty-thousand years ago, modern man developed. Upright gait and manipulations while standing pose intricate cybernetic problems for postural control. The trunk, having an older evolutionary history than the extremities, is innervated by medially descending motor systems and extremity muscles by the more recent, laterally descending systems. Movements obviously require concerted actions from both systems. Research in rats has demonstrated the interdependencies between postural control and the development of fluent walking. Only 15 days after birth, adult-like fluent locomotion emerges and is critically dependent upon postural development. Vesttibular deprivation induces a retardation in postural development and, consequently, a retarded development of adult-like locomotion. The cerebellum obviously has an important role in mutual adjustments in postural control and extremity movements, or, in coupling the phylogenetic older and newer structures. In the human, the cerebellum develops partly after birth and therefore is vulnerable to adverse perinatal influences. Such vulnerability seems to justify focusing our scientific research efforts onto the development of this structure.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Brain; Efferent Pathways; Extremities; Gait; Humans; Locomotion; Muscle, Skeletal; Phylogeny; Posture
PubMed: 16097476
DOI: 10.1155/NP.2005.77 -
Forensic Science International Mar 2021Age estimation of living individuals has become a crucial part of the forensic practice, especially due to the global increase in cross-border migration. The low rate of... (Review)
Review
Age estimation of living individuals has become a crucial part of the forensic practice, especially due to the global increase in cross-border migration. The low rate of birth registration in many countries, hence of identification documents of migrants, especially in Africa and Asia, highlights the importance of reliable methods for age estimation of living individuals. Despite the fact that a number of skeletal and dental methods for age estimation have been developed, their main limitation is that they are based on specific reference samples and there is still no consensus among researchers on whether these methods can be applied to all populations. Though this issue remains still unsolved, population information at a glance could be useful for forensic practitioners dealing with such issues. This study aims at presenting a scoping review and mapping of the current situation concerning population data for skeletal (hand-wrist and clavicle) and dental methods (teeth eruption and third molar formation) for age estimation in the living. Two hundred studies on the rate of skeletal maturation and four hundred thirty-nine on the rate of dental maturation were found, covering the period from 1952 and 2020 for a total of ninety-eight countries. For most of the western and central African countries there are currently no data on the rate of skeletal and dental maturation. The same applies to the countries of the Middle East, as well as the eastern European countries, especially as regard the skeletal development.
Topics: Age Determination by Skeleton; Age Determination by Teeth; Clavicle; Dental Pulp; Hand Bones; Humans; Molar, Third; Osteogenesis; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Eruption
PubMed: 33561788
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110689 -
Experimental Cell Research Nov 2010Notch signaling has emerged as a key player in skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Simply stated, Notch signaling inhibits differentiation. Accordingly,... (Review)
Review
Notch signaling has emerged as a key player in skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Simply stated, Notch signaling inhibits differentiation. Accordingly, fine-tuning the pathway is essential for proper muscle homeostasis. This review will address various aspects of Notch signaling, including our current views of the core pathway, its effects in muscle, its interactions with other signaling pathways, and its relationship with ageing.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; Receptors, Notch; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 20452344
DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.05.002 -
Development (Cambridge, England) Feb 2022Skeletal elements frequently associate with vasculature and somatosensory nerves, which regulate bone development and homeostasis. However, the deep, internal location...
Skeletal elements frequently associate with vasculature and somatosensory nerves, which regulate bone development and homeostasis. However, the deep, internal location of bones in many vertebrates has limited in vivo exploration of the neurovascular-bone relationship. Here, we use the zebrafish caudal fin, an optically accessible organ formed of repeating bony ray skeletal units, to determine the cellular relationship between nerves, bones and endothelium. In adult zebrafish, we establish the presence of somatosensory axons running through the inside of the bony fin rays, juxtaposed with osteoblasts on the inner hemiray surface. During development we show that the caudal fin progresses through sequential stages of endothelial plexus formation, bony ray addition, ray innervation and endothelial remodeling. Surprisingly, the initial stages of fin morphogenesis proceed normally in animals lacking either fin endothelium or somatosensory nerves. Instead, we find that sp7+ osteoblasts are required for endothelial remodeling and somatosensory axon innervation in the developing fin. Overall, this study demonstrates that the proximal neurovascular-bone relationship in the adult caudal fin is established during fin organogenesis and suggests that ray-associated osteoblasts pattern axons and endothelium.
Topics: Animal Fins; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Axons; Endothelium; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Larva; Organogenesis; Osteoblasts; Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; Sp7 Transcription Factor; Zebrafish; Zebrafish Proteins
PubMed: 35129199
DOI: 10.1242/dev.200172 -
Current Topics in Developmental Biology 2015The formation of the face and skull involves a complex series of developmental events mediated by cells derived from the neural crest, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.... (Review)
Review
The formation of the face and skull involves a complex series of developmental events mediated by cells derived from the neural crest, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Although vertebrates boast an enormous diversity of adult facial morphologies, the fundamental signaling pathways and cellular events that sculpt the nascent craniofacial skeleton in the embryo have proven to be highly conserved from fish to man. The zebrafish Danio rerio, a small freshwater cyprinid fish from eastern India, has served as a popular model of craniofacial development since the 1990s. Unique strengths of the zebrafish model include a simplified skeleton during larval stages, access to rapidly developing embryos for live imaging, and amenability to transgenesis and complex genetics. In this chapter, we describe the anatomy of the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton; its applications as models for the mammalian jaw, middle ear, palate, and cranial sutures; the superior imaging technology available in fish that has provided unprecedented insights into the dynamics of facial morphogenesis; the use of the zebrafish to decipher the genetic underpinnings of craniofacial biology; and finally a glimpse into the most promising future applications of zebrafish craniofacial research.
Topics: Animals; Body Patterning; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Disease Models, Animal; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Humans; Larva; Signal Transduction; Skull; Zebrafish
PubMed: 26589928
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.001 -
NeuroImage May 2019In adults, oscillatory activity in the sensorimotor cortex is coherent with contralateral muscle activity at beta frequencies (15-35 Hz) during tonic contraction. This...
In adults, oscillatory activity in the sensorimotor cortex is coherent with contralateral muscle activity at beta frequencies (15-35 Hz) during tonic contraction. This functional coupling reflects the involvement of the sensorimotor cortex, the corticospinal pathway, and likely also ascending sensory feedback in the task at hand. However, little is known about the developmental trajectory of task-related corticomuscular connectivity relating to the voluntary control of the ankle muscles. To address this, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) from the vertex (Cz) and electromyography (EMG) from ankle muscles (proximal and distal anterior tibial, TA; soleus, SOL; gastrocnemius medialis, GM) in 33 participants aged 7-23 yr during tonic dorsi- and plantar flexion requiring precise maintenance of a submaximal torque level. Coherence was calculated for Cz-TA, Cz-SOL, TA-TA, and SOL-GM signal pairs. We found strong, positive associations between age and beta band coherence for Cz-TA, Cz-SOL, and TA-TA, suggesting that oscillatory corticomuscular connectivity is strengthened during childhood development and adolescence. Directionality analysis indicated that the primary interaction underlying this age-related increase was in the descending direction. In addition, performance during dorsi- and plantar flexion tasks was positively associated with age, indicating more precise control of the ankle joint in older participants. Performance was also positively associated with beta band coherence, suggesting that participants with greater coherence also exhibited greater precision. We propose that these results indicate an age-related increase in oscillatory corticospinal input to the ankle muscle motoneuron pools during childhood development and adolescence, with possible implications for maturation of precision force control. Within the theoretical framework of predictive coding, we suggest that our results may reflect an age-related increase in reliance on feedforward control as the developing nervous system becomes better at predicting the sensory consequences of movement. These findings may contribute to the development of novel intervention strategies targeting improved sensorimotor control in children and adolescents with central motor disorders.
Topics: Adolescent; Ankle; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal; Neural Pathways; Pyramidal Tracts; Sensorimotor Cortex; Young Adult
PubMed: 30818025
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.054 -
Animal : An International Journal of... Jan 2016The abundance and cross-linking of intramuscular connective tissue contributes to the background toughness of meat, and is thus undesirable. Connective tissue is mainly... (Review)
Review
The abundance and cross-linking of intramuscular connective tissue contributes to the background toughness of meat, and is thus undesirable. Connective tissue is mainly synthesized by intramuscular fibroblasts. Myocytes, adipocytes and fibroblasts are derived from a common pool of progenitor cells during the early embryonic development. It appears that multipotent mesenchymal stem cells first diverge into either myogenic or non-myogenic lineages; non-myogenic mesenchymal progenitors then develop into the stromal-vascular fraction of skeletal muscle wherein adipocytes, fibroblasts and derived mesenchymal progenitors reside. Because non-myogenic mesenchymal progenitors mainly undergo adipogenic or fibrogenic differentiation during muscle development, strengthening progenitor proliferation enhances the potential for both intramuscular adipogenesis and fibrogenesis, leading to the elevation of both marbling and connective tissue content in the resulting meat product. Furthermore, given the bipotent developmental potential of progenitor cells, enhancing their conversion to adipogenesis reduces fibrogenesis, which likely results in the overall improvement of marbling (more intramuscular adipocytes) and tenderness (less connective tissue) of meat. Fibrogenesis is mainly regulated by the transforming growth factor (TGF) β signaling pathway and its regulatory cascade. In addition, extracellular matrix, a part of the intramuscular connective tissue, provides a niche environment for regulating myogenic differentiation of satellite cells and muscle growth. Despite rapid progress, many questions remain in the role of extracellular matrix on muscle development, and factors determining the early differentiation of myogenic, adipogenic and fibrogenic cells, which warrant further studies.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Connective Tissue; Female; Meat; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; Pregnancy
PubMed: 26350682
DOI: 10.1017/S1751731115001834 -
Ageing Research Reviews Jan 2011Aging is becoming a critical heath care issue and a burgeoning economic burden on society. Mechanotransduction is the ability of the cell to sense, process, and respond... (Review)
Review
Aging is becoming a critical heath care issue and a burgeoning economic burden on society. Mechanotransduction is the ability of the cell to sense, process, and respond to mechanical stimuli and is an important regulator of physiologic function that has been found to play a role in regulating gene expression, protein synthesis, cell differentiation, tissue growth, and most recently, the pathophysiology of disease. Here we will review some of the recent findings of this field and attempt, where possible, to present changes in mechanotransduction that are associated with the aging process in several selected physiological systems, including musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, neuronal, respiratory systems and skin.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Bone and Bones; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Cell Physiological Phenomena; Humans; Joints; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Muscle, Skeletal; Neurons; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Signal Transduction; Skin Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 19932197
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.11.002