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Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2023Bioengineered in vitro three-dimensional (3D) skin model has emerged as a promising tool for recapitulating different types of skin cancer and performing pre-clinical...
Bioengineered in vitro three-dimensional (3D) skin model has emerged as a promising tool for recapitulating different types of skin cancer and performing pre-clinical tests. However, a full-thickness 3D model including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis layers is scarce despite its significance in human physiology and diverse biological processes. In this book chapter, an attempt has been made to summarize various skin cancer models, including utilized skin layers, materials, cell lines, specific treatments, and fabrication techniques for three types of skin cancer: melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Subsequently, current limitations and future directions of skin cancer models are discussed. The knowledge of the current status of skin cancer models can provide various potential applications in cancer research and thus a more effective way for cancer treatment.
Topics: Humans; Tissue Engineering; Skin Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Skin; Melanoma
PubMed: 36484897
DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_755 -
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Aug 2016Inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) comprises a highly heterogeneous group of rare diseases characterized by exacerbated skin and/or mucosal fragility and blister... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) comprises a highly heterogeneous group of rare diseases characterized by exacerbated skin and/or mucosal fragility and blister formation after minor mechanical trauma. Level of cleavage in the skin, clinical features with immunofluorescence antigen mapping and/or electron microscopy examination of a skin biopsy and/or gene involved, type(s) of mutation present and sometimes specific mutation(s), allow to define the EB type and subtype. This family of genodermatoses exposes patients to several complications, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) being the most severe of them.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this systematic review was to document patients with EB who developed cSCC.
METHODS
A systematic literature search was performed, from inception to March 2014, using Medline, Embase, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Only articles published in English and French were selected. The diagnosis of EB had to be confirmed by EM and/or IFM and/or mutation analysis, while cSCC had to be confirmed by histological analysis.
RESULTS
Of 167 references in the original search, 69 relevant articles were identified, representing 117 cases. cSCCs were identified in all types of EB, though predominantly in recessive dystrophic EB (RDEB) forms (81 cases (69.2 %)). The median age at diagnosis was 36 years old (interquartile range (IQR), 27-48 years and range, 6-71 years) for all forms. Of those with measurements in the literature (88 cases (75.2 %)), tumor size was greater than 2 centimeters in 52 cases (59.1 %). The histopathological characteristics were specified in 88 cases (75.2 %) and well-differentiated forms predominated (73.9 %). No conclusion could be drawn on the choice of surgical treatment or the management in advanced forms.
LIMITATIONS
This study was retrospective and statistical analysis was not included due to various biases. This study design did not allow to infer prevalence, nor EB subtype risk for cSCC occurrence.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study correlated with historical data shows that most of the cSCCs occurred in subjects with the RDEB subtype, however reports also show that cSCCs can present in any patients with EB. The first signs of cSCC developed at a younger age in EB patients than in non-EB patients. Interestingly, the cSCC duration, before its diagnosis, was shorter in individuals with RDEB than with junctional EB (JEB) and dominant dystrophic EB (DDEB). This study further emphasizes the importance of regular monitoring of EB patients, particularly with the RDEB subtype as they developed cSCC at a younger age.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Epidermolysis Bullosa; Humans; Skin
PubMed: 27544590
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0489-9 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology May 2022Over the past few years, high-resolution optical imaging technologies such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), and multiphoton...
Over the past few years, high-resolution optical imaging technologies such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), and multiphoton microscopy (MPM) have advanced significantly as new methodologies for clinical research and for real-time detection, diagnosis, and therapy monitoring of skin diseases. Implementation of these technologies into clinical research and practice requires clinicians to have an understanding of their capabilities, benefits, and limitations. This concise review provides insights on the application of OCT, RCM, and MPM for clinical skin imaging through images acquired in vivo from the same lesions. The presented data are limited to pigmented lesions and basal cell carcinoma.
Topics: Biopsy; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Humans; Microscopy, Confocal; Research Design; Skin; Skin Neoplasms; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 35461534
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.01.016 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Nov 2020Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a largely uncharacterized group of non-coding RNAs with diverse regulatory roles in various biological processes. Recent observations... (Review)
Review
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a largely uncharacterized group of non-coding RNAs with diverse regulatory roles in various biological processes. Recent observations have elucidated the functional roles of lncRNAs in cutaneous biology, e.g. in proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes and in cutaneous wound repair. Furthermore, the role of lncRNAs in keratinocyte-derived skin cancers is emerging, especially in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), which presents a significant burden to health care services worldwide and causes high mortality as metastatic disease. Elucidation of the functions of keratinocyte-specific lncRNAs will improve understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of epidermal disorders and skin cancers and can be exploited in development of new diagnostic and therapeutic applications for keratinocyte carcinomas. In this review, we summarize the current evidence of functionally important lncRNAs in cutaneous biology and in keratinocyte carcinomas.
Topics: Animals; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Epidermis; Humans; Keratinocytes; RNA, Long Noncoding; Skin; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 32462404
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03554-3 -
Clinical & Developmental Immunology 2013Dendritic cells (DC) represent a diverse group of professional antigen-presenting cells that serve to link the innate and adaptive immune systems. Their capacity to... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DC) represent a diverse group of professional antigen-presenting cells that serve to link the innate and adaptive immune systems. Their capacity to initiate a robust and antigen-specific immune response has made them the ideal candidates for cancer immunotherapies. To date, the clinical impact of DC immunotherapy has been limited, which may, in part, be explained by the complex nature of DC biology. Multiple distinct subsets of DCs have been identified in the skin, where they can be broadly subcategorized into epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), myeloid-derived dermal dendritic cells (mDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Each subset is functionally unique and may activate alternate branches of the immune system. This may be relevant for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, where we have shown that the tumor microenvironment may preferentially suppress the activity of mDCs, while LCs remain potent stimulators of immunity. Here, we provide an in depth analysis of DC biology, with a particular focus on skin DCs and their role in cutaneous carcinoma. We further explore the current approaches to DC immunotherapy and provide evidence for the targeting of LCs as a promising new strategy in the treatment of skin cancer.
Topics: Animals; Cancer Vaccines; Carcinoma; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immunotherapy, Adoptive; Skin; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 23606870
DOI: 10.1155/2013/624123 -
Viruses Feb 2019Replacements of animal models by advanced in vitro systems in biomedical research, despite exceptions, are currently still not satisfactory in reproducing the whole... (Review)
Review
Replacements of animal models by advanced in vitro systems in biomedical research, despite exceptions, are currently still not satisfactory in reproducing the whole complexity of pathophysiological mechanisms that finally lead to disease. Therefore, preclinical models are additionally required to reflect analogous in vivo situations as found in humans. Despite proven limitations of both approaches, only a combined experimental arrangement guarantees generalizability of results and their transfer to the clinics. Although the laboratory mouse still stands as a paradigm for many scientific discoveries and breakthroughs, it is mandatory to broaden our view by also using nontraditional animal models. The present review will first reflect the value of experimental systems in life science and subsequently describes the preclinical rodent model that-although still not well known in the scientific community-has a long history in research of parasites, bacteria, papillomaviruses and cancer. Using , we could recently show for the first time that cutaneous papillomaviruses-in conjunction with UV as an environmental risk factor-induce squamous cell carcinomas of the skin via a "hit-and-run" mechanism. Moreover, was also used as a proof-of-principle model for the successful vaccination against non-melanoma skin cancer even under immunosuppressive conditions.
Topics: Animal Experimentation; Animals; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Communicable Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Male; Murinae; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Proof of Concept Study; Skin; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 30795569
DOI: 10.3390/v11020182 -
Communications Biology Aug 2022The Frankfurt specimen of the early-branching ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus is remarkable for the exquisite preservation of squamous (scaly) skin and other soft... (Review)
Review
The Frankfurt specimen of the early-branching ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus is remarkable for the exquisite preservation of squamous (scaly) skin and other soft tissues that cover almost its entire body. New observations under Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence (LSF) reveal the complexity of the squamous skin of Psittacosaurus, including several unique features and details of newly detected and previously-described integumentary structures. Variations in the scaly skin are found to be strongly regionalized in Psittacosaurus. For example, feature scales consist of truncated cone-shaped scales on the shoulder, but form a longitudinal row of quadrangular scales on the tail. Re-examined through LSF, the cloaca of Psittacosaurus has a longitudinal opening, or vent; a condition that it shares only with crocodylians. This implies that the cloaca may have had crocodylian-like internal anatomy, including a single, ventrally-positioned copulatory organ. Combined with these new integumentary data, a comprehensive review of integument in ceratopsian dinosaurs reveals that scalation was generally conservative in ceratopsians and typically consisted of large subcircular-to-polygonal feature scales surrounded by a network of smaller non-overlapping polygonal basement scales. This study highlights the importance of combining exceptional specimens with modern imaging techniques, which are helping to redefine the perceived complexity of squamation in ceratopsians and other dinosaurs.
Topics: Animals; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Dinosaurs; Fossils; Preservation, Biological; Skin
PubMed: 35962036
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03749-3 -
MSphere Apr 2024Human cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and actinic keratoses (AK) display microbial dysbiosis with an enrichment of staphylococcal species, which have been...
UNLABELLED
Human cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and actinic keratoses (AK) display microbial dysbiosis with an enrichment of staphylococcal species, which have been implicated in AK and SCC progression. SCCs are common in both felines and canines and are often diagnosed at late stages leading to high disease morbidity and mortality rates. Although recent studies support the involvement of the skin microbiome in AK and SCC progression in humans, there is no knowledge of this in companion animals. Here, we provide microbiome data for SCC in cats and dogs using culture-independent molecular profiling and show a significant decrease in microbial alpha diversity on SCC lesions compared to normal skin ( 0.05). Similar to human skin cancer, SCC samples had an elevated abundance of staphylococci relative to normal skin-50% (6/12) had >50% staphylococci, as did 16% (4/25) of perilesional samples. Analysis of at the species level revealed an enrichment of the pathogenic species in cat SCC samples, a higher prevalence of in dogs, and a higher abundance of compared to normal skin in both companion animals. Additionally, a comparison of previously published human SCC and perilesional samples against the present pet samples revealed that was the most prevalent genera across human and companion animals for both sample types. Similarities between the microbial profile of human and cat/dog SCC lesions should facilitate future skin cancer research.
IMPORTANCE
The progression of precancerous actinic keratosis lesions (AK) to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is poorly understood in humans and companion animals, despite causing a significant burden of disease. Recent studies have revealed that the microbiota may play a significant role in disease progression. has been found in high abundance on AK and SCC lesions, where it secretes DNA-damaging toxins, which could potentiate tumorigenesis. Currently, a suitable animal model to investigate this relationship is lacking. Thus, we examined the microbiome of cutaneous SCC in pets, revealing similarities to humans, with increased staphylococci and reduced commensals on SCC lesions and peri-lesional skin compared to normal skin. Two genera that were in abundance in SCC samples have also been found in human oral SCC lesions. These findings suggest the potential suitability of pets as a model for studying microbiome-related skin cancer progression.
Topics: Cats; Dogs; Animals; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Microbiota; Skin Neoplasms; Skin; Cat Diseases; Staphylococcus; Dog Diseases; Keratosis, Actinic
PubMed: 38530017
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00555-23 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2013Acrokeratosis Paraneoplastica or Bazex syndrome is a dermatologic manifestation usually associated with the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper...
Acrokeratosis Paraneoplastica or Bazex syndrome is a dermatologic manifestation usually associated with the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. We report a case with exuberant clinical manifestations, exemplifying the typical cutaneous lesions in this rare syndrome, in a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
Topics: Aged; Biopsy; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Esophageal Neoplasms; Fatal Outcome; Female; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous; Humans; Hypotrichosis; Paraneoplastic Syndromes; Skin; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 24346922
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132488 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2014
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Paget Disease, Extramammary; Skin; Skin Neoplasms; Skin Transplantation
PubMed: 25742993
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.55.J141