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Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.) May 2010Mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, is a low-grade cutaneous lymphoma characterized by skin-homing CD4+ T cells. It is notable for highly... (Review)
Review
Mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, is a low-grade cutaneous lymphoma characterized by skin-homing CD4+ T cells. It is notable for highly symptomatic progressive skin lesions, including patches, plaques, tumors, and erytheroderma, and has a poorer prognosis at later stages. Diagnosis remains difficult owing to MF's nonspecific skin presentation and identification of the optimal treatment strategy is challenging given the paucity of controlled trials and numerous and emerging treatment options. Management includes topical therapy with the addition of systemic therapy for patients with later-stage disease including tumors; erythroderma; and nodal, visceral, or blood involvement. Topical therapies include mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard), carmustine (BCNU), steroids, bexarotene gel (Targretin Gel), psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA), ultraviolet B (UVB), and either localized or total skin electron radiotherapy. Systemic therapies include interferon, retinoids, oral bexarotene (Targretin), denileukin diftitox (Ontak), vorinostat (Zolinza), extracorporeal photochemotherapy (photopheresis), and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Herein, we outline clinically relevant aspects of MF, including clinical presentation, pathology, diagnosis, and staging. We describe in detail existing and emerging therapeutics and offer specific recommendations for management of each stage of MF.
Topics: Humans; Mycosis Fungoides; Neoplasm Staging; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 20568590
DOI: No ID Found -
Medicine Feb 2023Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a highly aggressive and extremely rare hematologic disease with a poor prognosis, involving mainly the skin and... (Review)
Review
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a highly aggressive and extremely rare hematologic disease with a poor prognosis, involving mainly the skin and bone marrow. The immunophenotype of these tumor cells is characterized by the expression of CD4, CD56, CD123, TCL-1, and CD303. To date, no consensus has been reached on the standard of care for BPDCN. Currently, clinical treatment is mainly based on high-dose chemotherapy combined with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, this treatment method has limitations for elderly, frail, and relapsed/refractory patients. In recent years, breakthroughs in molecular biology and genetics have not only provided new ideas for the diagnosis of BPDCN but also helped develop targeted treatment strategies for this disease. The emergence of targeted drugs has filled the gap left by traditional therapies and shown great clinical promise. This article focuses on the latest advances in genetics and targeted therapies for BPDCN, especially the emerging therapies that may provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of BPDCN.
Topics: Humans; Dendritic Cells; Hematologic Neoplasms; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 36800625
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000032904 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2017Various benign and malignant tumors may arise from the skin. These may be of epidermal, dermal, subcutaneous or appendageal origin. Skin biopsy is the gold standard for... (Review)
Review
Various benign and malignant tumors may arise from the skin. These may be of epidermal, dermal, subcutaneous or appendageal origin. Skin biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of skin tumors. There is paucity of published data on the role of imaging modalities in diagnosis of skin tumors. High-frequency ultrasonography (7-50 MHz) is a potential non-invasive, objective modality which can be utilized in the diagnosis and localization of skin tumors. It provides valuable information about the tumor characteristics such as size, shape, depth, consistency and vascularity before invasive skin biopsy or surgery is planned. Sentinel lymph nodes in malignant melanoma can be well visualized and studied by this technique. It is also a good modality to detect local recurrence of tumors during post-operative follow up, especially those with a high likelihood of local recurrence or lesions excised with inadequate margins. High-frequency ultrasonography is additive to clinical diagnosis and can be considered a useful non-invasive method to plan the management of various skin tumors and is of prognostic value in some cases.
Topics: Humans; Melanoma; Microscopy, Acoustic; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 27679411
DOI: 10.4103/0378-6323.191136 -
Cancer Dec 2004In the current review, the authors set out to discuss the natural history and treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), a rare indolent cutaneous tumor.... (Review)
Review
In the current review, the authors set out to discuss the natural history and treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), a rare indolent cutaneous tumor. Approximately 10-15% of all DFSPs contain areas of fibrosarcoma (DFSP-FS), and such cases tend to exhibit more aggressive behavior. The optimal treatment for DFSP is resection with wide margins; the likelihood of local control associated with this procedure exceeds 90%. The probability of regional or distant metastases is = 5%. Patients with positive or close surgical margins have an elevated risk of local recurrence after resection alone; however, postoperative radiotherapy results in local control rates of >/= 85% in such patients. Postoperative radiotherapy also is indicated in the rare event that a patient has unresectable macroscopic disease. Experience with the use of radiotherapy alone to treat macroscopic disease is limited.
Topics: Dermatofibrosarcoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Progression; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prognosis; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; Risk Factors; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 15503305
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20678 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Reviews... Apr 2019Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy originating from pigment-producing melanocytes. The development of targeted therapies (MAPK pathway inhibitors) and immunotherapies... (Review)
Review
Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy originating from pigment-producing melanocytes. The development of targeted therapies (MAPK pathway inhibitors) and immunotherapies (immune checkpoint inhibitors) led to a substantial improvement in overall survival of patients. However, the long-term efficacy of such treatments is limited by side effects, lack of clinical effects and the rapidly emerging resistance to treatment. A number of molecular mechanisms underlying this resistant phenotype have already been elucidated. In this review, we summarise currently available treatment options for metastatic melanoma and the known resistance mechanisms to targeted therapies. A focus will be placed on "phenotype switching" as a mechanism and driver of drug resistance, together with an overview of novel approaches to circumvent resistance. A large body of recent data and literature suggests that tumour progression and phenotype switching could be better controlled and development of resistance prevented or at least delayed, by combining drugs targeting fast- and slow-proliferating cells.
Topics: Animals; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Humans; Immunotherapy; Melanoma; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 30776401
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.02.002 -
Acta Dermato-venereologica 2009Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer and its incidence is still rising. In recent years, new treatment modalities have been developed and existing... (Review)
Review
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer and its incidence is still rising. In recent years, new treatment modalities have been developed and existing modalities refined. The aim of this article is to give a histology-based overview of the available evidence-based research. The literature was searched for randomized controlled trials from which the efficacy of investigated treatments was obtained. Where possible, treatment modalities were evaluated specifically. Selection criteria were histological subtype, primary or recurrent basal cell carcinoma and tumour localization. Although surgery remains the preferred treatment for most basal cell carcinomas, patient and tumour characteristics should be taken into account when choosing the most suitable treatment.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Cryotherapy; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Mohs Surgery; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Patient Selection; Photochemotherapy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Skin Neoplasms; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 19734968
DOI: 10.2340/00015555-0710 -
Romanian Journal of Morphology and... 2016In the last three decades, the premalignant cutaneous lesions have represented a milestone for the clinicians and the anatomopathologists given the increased risk of... (Review)
Review
In the last three decades, the premalignant cutaneous lesions have represented a milestone for the clinicians and the anatomopathologists given the increased risk of malignant transformation not only in the old but also in the young population. Recent research indicates the fact that, though multiple progresses were recorded in the diagnosis and treatment of the cutaneous squamocellular carcinomas, developed in more than 85% of the cases in premalignant lesions, however the prognosis and survival up to five years did not register significant improvements. For the achievement of the diagnosis with certainty, the histopathological examination, considered until recently the "golden standard", principally based on the TNM criterion, has an increased percentage of subjectivity and it is relatively unsure, being known the fact that two apparently identical tumors answer differently to the same therapy. The variability of the morphological aspects from simple dysplasia to in situ carcinomas and the cancers themselves impose the identification of some cellular and molecular markers typical to the premalignant and malignant cutaneous lesions. In this respect, the knowledge and characterization of the molecular mosaic allow the establishment of some clear criterion for an early diagnosis, corresponding monitoring and adequate treatment.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Neoplasm Proteins; Precancerous Conditions; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 27516005
DOI: No ID Found -
American Family Physician Jan 2012Cutaneous malignant melanoma accounts for 3 to 5 percent of all skin cancers and is responsible for approximately 75 percent of all deaths from skin cancer. Persons with... (Review)
Review
Cutaneous malignant melanoma accounts for 3 to 5 percent of all skin cancers and is responsible for approximately 75 percent of all deaths from skin cancer. Persons with an increased number of moles, dysplastic (also called atypical) nevi, or a family history of the disease are at increased risk compared with the general population. An important tool to assist in the evaluation of potential melanomas for patients and health care professionals is the ABCDE mnemonic, which takes into account asymmetry, border irregularities, color variation, diameter, and evolution. Any suspicious pigmented lesion should be biopsied. Appropriate methods of biopsy can vary, and include deep shave, punch, and excisional biopsy. Regardless of the procedure selected, it is essential that the size of the specimen be adequate to determine the histologic depth of lesion penetration, which is known as the Breslow depth. The Breslow depth is the most important prognostic parameter in evaluating the primary tumor. Because early detection and treatment can lead to identification of thinner lesions, which may increase survival, it is critical that physicians be comfortable with evaluating suspicious pigmented lesions and providing treatment or referral as necessary.
Topics: Biopsy; Dermoscopy; Humans; Incidence; Melanoma; Neoplasm Staging; Nevus; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Primary Health Care; Skin; Skin Neoplasms; United States
PubMed: 22335216
DOI: No ID Found -
American Family Physician Jul 2000The incidence of skin cancer is increasing by epidemic proportions. Basal cell cancer remains the most common skin neoplasm, and simple excision is generally curative.... (Review)
Review
The incidence of skin cancer is increasing by epidemic proportions. Basal cell cancer remains the most common skin neoplasm, and simple excision is generally curative. Squamous cell cancers may be preceded by actinic keratoses-premalignant lesions that are treated with cryotherapy, excision, curettage or topical 5-fluorouracil. While squamous cell carcinoma is usually easily cured with local excision, it may invade deeper structures and metastasize. Aggressive local growth and metastasis are common features of malignant melanoma, which accounts for 75 percent of all deaths associated with skin cancer. Early detection greatly improves the prognosis of patients with malignant melanoma. The differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions is challenging, although the ABCD and seven-point checklists are helpful in determining which pigmented lesions require excision. Sun exposure remains the most important risk factor for all skin neoplasms. Thus, patients should be taught basic "safe sun" measures: sun avoidance during peak ultraviolet-B hours; proper use of sunscreen and protective clothing; and avoidance of suntanning.
Topics: Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Melanoma; Patient Education as Topic; Skin Neoplasms; Sunburn; Teaching Materials
PubMed: 10929700
DOI: No ID Found -
Open Veterinary Journal Jan 2024Cutaneous neoplastic disorders are often observed in small mammal pets, such as dogs, regardless of their gender.
BACKGROUND
Cutaneous neoplastic disorders are often observed in small mammal pets, such as dogs, regardless of their gender.
AIM
An important objective of this work was to give a full account of the clinical, pathological, and immune-histochemical features of several skin tumors in dogs.
METHODS
This study was a case series in the hospital clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. Twenty-five dogs (14 males and 11 females) were examined clinically during the period from March 2022 to October 2023. The skin swelling was collected from affected animals and then subjected to a detailed histopathological study to record the different gross and microscopic findings and confirm the diagnosis by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS
Skin neoplasia in dogs was exposed to various clinical signs, and the dogs' ages ranged between 3 and 11 years. Concerning tumor features, the majority of neoplasms were malignant (65.52%) more than benign (34.48%). The study revealed the presence of 29 cases of dogs showed neoplasia with different prevalence rates including squamous cell carcinoma (13.79%), mast cell tumor (6.89%), basal cell tumors (10.34%), histiocytoma (6.89%), trichoepithelioma (10.34%), transmissible venereal tumor (10.34%), trichilemmoma (3.44%), scalp paraganglioma (3.44%), pilomatricoma (10.34%), malignant melanomas (17.24%), and miscellaneous cases as fat necrosis (6.89%), in males and females dogs with different histopathological lesions and immunohistochemistry expressions for pan-cytokeratin (CK), melanocyte-differentiation antigens (S100 protein), and synaptophysin.
CONCLUSION
Malignant melanomas (17.24%) are the extremely common cutaneous tumors diagnosed in this study. Meanwhile, benign tumors such as trichilemmoma, trichoepithelioma, pilomatricoma, and paraganglioma are less frequent in dogs.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Dogs; Animals; Melanoma; Pilomatrixoma; Egypt; Skin Neoplasms; Paraganglioma; Mammals; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 38633166
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.44