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Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Mar 2016Because of the difficulty often encountered in deciding whether a patient's symptoms originate in the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal transit... (Review)
Review
Because of the difficulty often encountered in deciding whether a patient's symptoms originate in the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal transit scintigraphy is a uniquely suited noninvasive, quantitative, and physiologic method of determining whether there is a motility disorder affecting the stomach, small bowel, or colon. Small-bowel and colon transit studies can be performed alone or together with gastric emptying studies after oral administration of an appropriately radiolabeled meal. It is hoped that newly published standards for performing these studies and the anticipated arrival of new Current Procedural Terminology codes in the United States for small-bowel and colon transit studies will increase their availability and use.
Topics: Colon; Gastrointestinal Transit; Humans; Intestine, Small
PubMed: 26940448
DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.134551 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2021The wider use of gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures has led to an increased detection of small intestinal preneoplastic and neoplastic epithelial lesions, most of... (Review)
Review
The wider use of gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures has led to an increased detection of small intestinal preneoplastic and neoplastic epithelial lesions, most of which are identified in the duodenum and ampullary region. Like their malignant counterparts, small intestinal glandular precursor lesions, which include adenomas and hamartomas, may arise sporadically or be associated with hereditary tumor syndromes, such as familial adenomatous polyposis, -associated polyposis, Lynch syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, and Cowden syndrome. In addition, dysplastic, preinvasive lesions have been observed adjacent to small bowel adenocarcinomas complicating immune-related disorders, such as celiac or Crohn's disease. Adenomatous lesions may exhibit an intestinal-type, gastric-type, or, very rarely, serrated differentiation, related to different molecular pathogenetic mechanisms. Finally, in the background of multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 syndrome, precursor neuroendocrine growths have been described. In this review we offer a comprehensive description on the histo-molecular features of the main histotypes of small bowel epithelial precursors lesions, including: (i) sporadic adenomas (intestinal-type and gastric-type; non-ampullary and ampullary); (ii) syndromic adenomas; (iii) small bowel dysplasia in celiac and Crohn's disease; (iv) serrated lesions; (v) hamartomatous lesions; and (vi) neuroendocrine precursor lesions.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Intestinal Neoplasms; Intestine, Small
PubMed: 33922305
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094388 -
Current Biology : CB Jun 2014
Topics: Crohn Disease; Humans; Intestine, Small; Paneth Cells
PubMed: 24937274
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.04.049 -
AAPS PharmSciTech Nov 2020Targeting the small intestine employing nanotechnology has proved to be a more effective way for site-specific drug delivery. The drug targeting to the small intestine... (Review)
Review
Targeting the small intestine employing nanotechnology has proved to be a more effective way for site-specific drug delivery. The drug targeting to the small intestine can be achieved via nanoparticles for its optimum bioavailability within the systemic circulation. The small intestine is a remarkable candidate for localized drug delivery. The intestine has its unique properties. It has a less harsh environment than the stomach, provides comparatively more retention time, and possesses a greater surface area than other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. This review focuses on elaborating the intestinal barriers and approaches to overcome these barriers for internalizing nanoparticles and adopting different cellular trafficking pathways. We have discussed various factors that contribute to nanocarriers' cellular uptake, including their surface chemistry, surface morphology, and functionalization of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the fate of nanoparticles after their uptake at cellular and subcellular levels is also briefly explained. Finally, we have delineated the strategies that are adopted to determine the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles.
Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Biological Transport; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Intestine, Small; Nanoparticles; Subcellular Fractions
PubMed: 33221968
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01873-z -
Indian Pediatrics Nov 2016Capsule endoscopy was invented to visualize the entire small intestine in a non- invasive manner in adults.
BACKGROUND
Capsule endoscopy was invented to visualize the entire small intestine in a non- invasive manner in adults.
CASE CHARACTERISTICS
1 y, 9 mo-old boy presented with generalized edema for last 3 months. His routine investigations, including the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, colonoscopy, and contrast enhanced computed tomography scan (CECT) were normal. In view of clinical suspicion of protein losing enteropathy, we planned capsule endoscopy.
OBSERVATION
The capsule was not passed even after 3 weeks. Laparoscopy revealed impacted capsule in a dilated intestinal loop proximal to an ileal stricuture.
MESSAGE
Capsule endoscopy should be used judiciously in children.
Topics: Capsule Endoscopes; Edema; Foreign Bodies; Humans; Infant; Intestine, Small; Male
PubMed: 27889734
DOI: 10.1007/s13312-016-0980-3 -
In Vitro Cellular & Developmental... Feb 2021The gastrointestinal tract (GIT), in particular, the small intestine, plays a significant role in food digestion, fluid and electrolyte transport, drug absorption and... (Review)
Review
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT), in particular, the small intestine, plays a significant role in food digestion, fluid and electrolyte transport, drug absorption and metabolism, and nutrient uptake. As the longest portion of the GIT, the small intestine also plays a vital role in protecting the host against pathogenic or opportunistic microbial invasion. However, establishing polarized intestinal tissue models in vitro that reflect the architecture and physiology of the gut has been a challenge for decades and the lack of translational models that predict human responses has impeded research in the drug absorption, metabolism, and drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicity space. Often, animals fail to recapitulate human physiology and do not predict human outcomes. Also, certain human pathogens are species specific and do not infect other hosts. Concerns such as variability of results, a low throughput format, and ethical considerations further complicate the use of animals for predicting the safety and efficacy xenobiotics in humans. These limitations necessitate the development of in vitro 3D human intestinal tissue models that recapitulate in vivo-like microenvironment and provide more physiologically relevant cellular responses so that they can better predict the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals and toxicants. Over the past decade, much progress has been made in the development of in vitro intestinal models (organoids and 3D-organotypic tissues) using either inducible pluripotent or adult stem cells. Among the models, the MatTek's intestinal tissue model (EpiIntestinal™ Ashland, MA) has been used extensively by the pharmaceutical industry to study drug permeation, metabolism, drug-induced GI toxicity, pathogen infections, inflammation, wound healing, and as a predictive model for a clinical adverse outcome (diarrhea) to pharmaceutical drugs. In this paper, our review will focus on the potential of in vitro small intestinal tissues as preclinical research tool and as alternative to the use of animals.
Topics: Animals; Cell Culture Techniques; Humans; Inflammation; Intestine, Small; Models, Biological; Permeability; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 33237403
DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00526-6 -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Sep 1961
Topics: Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Intestines
PubMed: 13914533
DOI: No ID Found -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2015Generally, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) have great benefit for patients with acid related disease with less frequently occurring side effects. According to a recent... (Review)
Review
Generally, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) have great benefit for patients with acid related disease with less frequently occurring side effects. According to a recent report, PPIs provoke dysbiosis of the small intestinal bacterial flora, exacerbating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestinal injury. Several meta-analyses and systematic reviews have reported that patients treated with PPIs, as well as post-gastrectomy patients, have a higher frequency of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) compared to patients who lack the aforementioned conditions. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence that these conditions induce Clostridium difficile infection. At this time, PPI-induced dysbiosis is considered a type of SIBO. It now seems likely that intestinal bacterial flora influence many diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and autoimmune diseases. When attempting to control intestinal bacterial flora with probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, etc., the influence of acid suppression therapy, especially PPIs, should not be overlooked.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Drug Interactions; Dysbiosis; Humans; Intestine, Small; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26078557
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i22.6817 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jan 2009There are various hormones and growth factors which may modify the intestinal absorption of nutrients, and which might thereby be useful in a therapeutic setting, such... (Review)
Review
There are various hormones and growth factors which may modify the intestinal absorption of nutrients, and which might thereby be useful in a therapeutic setting, such as in persons with short bowel syndrome. In part I, we focus first on insulin-like growth factors, epidermal and transferring growth factors, thyroid hormones and glucocorticosteroids. Part II will detail the effects of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 on intestinal absorption and adaptation, and the potential for an additive effect of GLP2 plus steroids.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Glucagon-Like Peptide 2; Glucocorticoids; Growth Substances; Humans; Intestine, Small; Models, Biological; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 19152442
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.385 -
Diabetes Sep 2013The small intestine is traditionally viewed as an organ that mediates nutrient digestion and absorption. This view has recently been revised owing to the ability of the... (Review)
Review
The small intestine is traditionally viewed as an organ that mediates nutrient digestion and absorption. This view has recently been revised owing to the ability of the duodenum to sense nutrient influx and trigger negative feedback loops to inhibit glucose production and food intake to maintain metabolic homeostasis. Further, duodenal nutrient-sensing defects are acquired in diabetes and obesity, leading to increased glucose production. In contrast, jejunal nutrient sensing inhibits glucose production and mediates the early antidiabetic effect of bariatric surgery, and gut microbiota composition may alter intestinal nutrient-sensing mechanisms to regain better control of glucose homeostasis in diabetes and obesity in the long term. This perspective highlights nutrient-sensing mechanisms in the gut that regulate glucose homeostasis and the potential of targeting gut nutrient-sensing mechanisms as a therapeutic strategy to lower blood glucose concentrations in diabetes.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Gastrointestinal Tract; Glucose; Humans; Intestine, Small
PubMed: 23970519
DOI: 10.2337/db13-0523