-
Journal of Anatomy Jul 2008Stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine but remain elusive in many tissues, including the small intestine, where it is well accepted that the epithelium... (Review)
Review
Stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine but remain elusive in many tissues, including the small intestine, where it is well accepted that the epithelium is maintained by intestinal stem cells located in the crypts. The lack of established markers to prospectively identify intestinal stem cells has necessitated the use of indirect analysis, e.g. long-term label retention, which is based on the hypothesis that intestinal stem cells are slow-cycling. Several intestinal stem cell markers have been proposed, including Musashi-1, BMPR1alpha, phospho-PTEN, DCAMKL1, Eph receptors and integrins, but their validity, using functional and/or lineage tracing assays, has yet to be confirmed. Recently, Lgr5 has been identified by lineage tracing as an intestinal stem cell marker. In this review we summarize what is known about the currently reported intestinal stem cell markers and provide a rationale for developing model systems whereby intestinal stem cells can be functionally validated.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cell Lineage; Humans; Intestine, Small; Research; Stem Cells
PubMed: 18638070
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00925.x -
Journal of Animal Science Jan 2023Understanding regional distribution and specialization of small intestinal epithelial cells is crucial for developing methods to control appetite, stress, and nutrient...
Understanding regional distribution and specialization of small intestinal epithelial cells is crucial for developing methods to control appetite, stress, and nutrient uptake in swine. To establish a better understanding of specific epithelial cells found across different regions of the small intestine in pigs, we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to recover and analyze epithelial cells from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Cells identified included crypt cells, enterocytes, BEST4 enterocytes, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine (EE) cells. EE cells were divided into two subsets based on the level of expression of the EE lineage commitment gene, NEUROD1. NEUROD1hi EE cells had minimal expression of hormone-encoding genes and were dissimilar to EE cells in humans and mice, indicating a subset of EE cells unique to pigs. Recently discovered BEST4 enterocytes were detected in both crypts and villi throughout the small intestine via in situ staining, unlike in humans, where BEST4 enterocytes are found only in small intestinal villi. Proximal-to-distal gradients of expression were noted for hormone-encoding genes in EE cells and nutrient transport genes in enterocytes via scRNA-seq, demonstrating regional specialization. Regional gene expression in EE cells and enterocytes was validated via quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of RNA isolated from epithelial cells of different small intestinal locations. Though many genes had similar patterns of regional expression when assessed by qPCR of total epithelial cells, some regional expression was only detected via scRNA-seq, highlighting advantages of scRNA-seq to deconvolute cell type-specific regional gene expression when compared to analysis of bulk samples. Overall, results provide new information on regional localization and transcriptional profiles of epithelial cells in the pig small intestine.
Topics: Animals; Duodenum; Epithelial Cells; Hormones; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Jejunum; Swine
PubMed: 36183288
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac318 -
The International Journal of... Mar 1990The intestinal epithelium represents an attractive biological model of differentiation from stem cells to highly differentiated epithelial cells, not only during... (Review)
Review
The intestinal epithelium represents an attractive biological model of differentiation from stem cells to highly differentiated epithelial cells, not only during particular developmental events depending upon the vertebrate species considered but also throughout adult life. The ontogenic maturation of the intestinal epithelium arises from both a programmed expression of specific genes and epigenetic influences mainly due to epithelial and mesenchymal interactions and hormonal participation. In the present paper we review the structural and functional changes that occur in the amphibian, avian and mammalian intestine during embryonic and/or post-embryonic development. Furthermore, we review the data concerning the mechanisms which control the cytodifferentiation of the intestinal epithelium.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Extracellular Matrix; Intestine, Small; Microvilli; Models, Biological; Muscle, Smooth; Vertebrates
PubMed: 2203458
DOI: No ID Found -
Radiologia 2022Small-bowel atresias are among the most common causes of intestinal obstruction in newborns, and they often require urgent surgical treatment. Imaging techniques play a... (Review)
Review
Small-bowel atresias are among the most common causes of intestinal obstruction in newborns, and they often require urgent surgical treatment. Imaging techniques play a very important role in their diagnosis, which is often suspected on prenatal obstetric ultrasound and confirmed on postnatal plain-film X-rays. Abdominal ultrasound's lack of ionizing radiation, wide availability, low cost, and high resolution is making this technique increasingly important in confirming atresias and in detecting possible complications in newborns. This review analyzes a series of cases seen at our center. It summarizes the different types of small-bowel atresias, focusing on the clinical presentation, imaging findings on different modalities, presence of associated disease, management, clinical course, and outcomes.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Atresia; Intestinal Obstruction; Intestine, Small; Pregnancy; Research
PubMed: 35504681
DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2021.05.002 -
BMC Medicine Mar 2022Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is considered a disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), presenting as chronic abdominal pain and altered defaecation. Symptoms are often...
BACKGROUND
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is considered a disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), presenting as chronic abdominal pain and altered defaecation. Symptoms are often food related. Much work in the field has focused on identifying physiological, immune and microbial abnormalities in the colon of patients; however, evidence of small intestinal immune activation and microbial imbalance has been reported in small studies. The significance of such findings has been largely underappreciated despite a growing body of work implicating small intestinal homeostatic imbalance in the pathogenesis of DGBIs.
MAIN TEXT
Small intestinal mechanosensation is a characteristic feature of IBS. Furthermore, altered small intestinal barrier functions have been demonstrated in IBS patients with the diarrhoea-predominant subtype. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and increased populations of small intestinal mast cells are frequently associated with IBS, implicating microbial imbalance and low-grade inflammation in the pathogenesis of IBS. Furthermore, reports of localised food hypersensitivity responses in IBS patients implicate the small intestine as the site of immune-microbial-food interactions.
CONCLUSIONS
Given the association of IBS symptoms with food intake in a large proportion of patients and the emerging evidence of immune activation in these patients, the current literature suggests the pathogenesis of IBS is not limited to the colon but rather may involve dysfunction of the entire intestinal tract. It remains unclear if regional variation in IBS pathology explains the various symptom phenotypes and further work should consider the intestinal tract as a whole to answer this question.
Topics: Diarrhea; Humans; Immunity; Inflammation; Intestine, Small; Irritable Bowel Syndrome
PubMed: 35354471
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02301-8 -
The Journal of Nutrition Aug 2017Breastfeeding is known to be protective against gastrointestinal disorders and may modify gut development. Although the gut microbiome has been implicated, little is...
Breastfeeding is known to be protective against gastrointestinal disorders and may modify gut development. Although the gut microbiome has been implicated, little is known about how early diet affects the small intestine microbiome. We hypothesized that disparate early diets would promote unique microbial profiles in the small intestines of neonatal pigs. Male and female 2-d-old White Dutch Landrace pigs were either sow fed or provided dairy (Similac Advance powder; Ross Products Abbott Laboratories) or soy (Enfamil Prosobee Lipil powder; Mead Johnson Nutritionals) infant formulas until day 21. Bacterial ecology was assessed in the contents of the small intestine through the use of 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. α-Diversity, β-diversity, and differential abundances of operational taxonomic units were assessed by ANOVA, permutational ANOVA, and negative binomial regression, respectively. Ileum tissue metabolomics were measured by LC-mass spectrometry and assessed by weighted correlation network analysis. Greater α-diversity was observed in the duodena of sow-fed compared with formula-fed neonatal pigs ( < 0.05). No differences were observed in the ilea. Firmicutes represented the most abundant phylum across all diets in duodena (78.8%, 80.1%, and 53.4% relative abundance in sow, dairy, and soy groups, respectively), followed by Proteobacteria in sow (12.2%) and dairy (12.4%) groups and Cyanobacteria in soy-fed (36.2%) pigs. In contrast to those in the duodenum, Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in the ileum, with >60% relative abundance in all of the groups. In the duodenum, 77 genera were altered by diet, followed by 48 in the jejunum and 19 in the ileum. Metabolomics analyses revealed associations between ileum tissue metabolites (e.g., acylcarnitines, 3-aminoisobutyric acid) and diet-responsive microbial genera. These results indicate that the neonatal diet has regional effects on the small intestine microbiome in pigs, with the most pronounced effects occurring in the duodena. Regional effects may be important factors when considering gut tissue metabolism and development in the postnatal period.
Topics: Aminoisobutyric Acids; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bacteria; Carnitine; Diet; Duodenum; Feeding Behavior; Female; Food, Formulated; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Ileum; Intestine, Small; Male; Metabolome; Milk Proteins; Soybean Proteins; Swine
PubMed: 28659406
DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.252767 -
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2020We examined CYP induction and recovery at various doses of Coleus forskohlii extract (CFE) to assess potential drug interactions by a mechanism involving intestinal CYP....
We examined CYP induction and recovery at various doses of Coleus forskohlii extract (CFE) to assess potential drug interactions by a mechanism involving intestinal CYP. Mice were administered diets with various doses of CFE up to 0.5% (equivalent to 700-800 mg/kg body weight) for 2 weeks, then CFE was withdrawn for 3 d. Changes in CYP activities and mRNA expression in the small intestine and liver were then evaluated. CFE induced CYP in the small intestine at a higher dose compared to the liver; CYP3A was induced at 0.5% and 0.005% CFE in the small intestine and liver, respectively. There was no sex difference in CFE dose for CYP induction. CYP induction quickly reverted after withdrawal of CFE, especially for CYP3A, in the small intestine; whereas, a gradual recovery was observed in the liver. In conclusion, CFE induced CYP in the small intestine and liver; however, a higher dose of CFE was needed for the small intestine. Moreover, the induction was soon recovered, suggesting actual interactions of CFE with prescription drugs are unlikely to occur through CYP in the small intestine.
Topics: Animals; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Enzyme Induction; Female; Intestine, Small; Liver; Male; Mice, Inbred ICR; Plant Extracts; Plectranthus; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 31902916
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00632 -
Gut Nov 1973
Review
Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Chagas Disease; Electrophysiology; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Jejunum; Microscopy, Electron; Myenteric Plexus; Neurophysiology
PubMed: 4202602
DOI: 10.1136/gut.14.11.910 -
Gut Microbes 2019Our recently published paper "Small Intestine Microbiota Regulate Digestive and Absorptive Adaptive Responses to Dietary Lipids" in Cell Host & Microbe explored the...
Our recently published paper "Small Intestine Microbiota Regulate Digestive and Absorptive Adaptive Responses to Dietary Lipids" in Cell Host & Microbe explored the neglected small intestine microbiota and demonstrated its critical role as a regulator of fat digestion and absorption. This work generated the following important take home messages: 1) small intestinal microbes are particularly sensitive to high fat diets and turn on host processes regulating fat digestion and transport, 2) this action is very likely orchestrated by a consortium of microbes, each having different specific effects and targets, and 3) the actions of this consortium appear to be mediated by bacteria-derived small molecules or bioactive components. These findings are expected to provide insight into developing treatments for conditions of under- or over-nutrition. The goal of this addendum is to summarize our findings, address issues related to gut microbiota and gnotobiotic research specifically regarding technology and experimental design, discuss this work in the context of relevant literature, and lastly provide considerations for future research.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Diet, High-Fat; Digestion; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Host Microbial Interactions; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Lipid Metabolism
PubMed: 30136893
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1502539 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2020Chronic heat stress is considered to decrease the immune functions which makes negative effect on broiler growth performance. Here, we investigated the relationship...
Chronic heat stress is considered to decrease the immune functions which makes negative effect on broiler growth performance. Here, we investigated the relationship between chronic heat stress, growth performance, and immunity in the small intestine of broilers. The study included two groups (control and heat stressed group) with eight replications per group. Ten broilers of 20-day aged were allocated in each replication. On day 35, the treatment group was subdivided into two groups based on their body weights (heavy and low body weight). Although, there was only the control and treatment group on day 28. The growth performance decreased and expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), HSP60, and HSP47 increased on days 28 and 35 in the chronic heat stress group as compared with those in the control group. The expression levels of HSPs were significantly higher in the low body weight group than in the control group. The genes HSP70 and HSP60 were significantly associated with pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the small intestine of the broilers of the treatment group. Thus, HSP70 and HSP60 activated the adaptive immunity in the small intestines of the broilers from the treatment group to allow adaptation to chronic heat stress environment.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Heat Stress Disorders; Heat-Shock Proteins; Heat-Shock Response; Intestine, Small
PubMed: 33139769
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75885-x