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Virology Journal Jun 2018Pig diarrhea causes high mortality and large economic losses in the swine industry. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes pig diarrhea, with 100% mortality...
BACKGROUND
Pig diarrhea causes high mortality and large economic losses in the swine industry. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes pig diarrhea, with 100% mortality in piglets less than 2 weeks old. No investigation has yet been made of the small intestine of piglets that survived infection by TGEV.
METHODS
In this study, we evaluated the impact of TGEV infection on the small intestine of recovered pigs.
RESULTS
Histological analyses showed that TGEV infection led to villi atrophy, and reduced villous height and crypt depth. The number of SIgA positive cells, CD3T cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) in jejunum decreased after TGEV infection in vivo. In contrast, microfold cell (M cell) numbers and cell proliferation increased in infected pigs. TGEV infection also significantly enhanced the mRNA expression levels of cytokine IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-β. Additionally, lower gene copy numbers of Lactobacillus, and higher numbers of Enterobacteriaceae, were detected in mucosal scraping samples from TGEV-infected pigs.
CONCLUSIONS
TGEV infection damages the small intestine, impairs immune functions, and increases pathogenic bacterial loading, all of which may facilitate secondary infections by other pathogens. These findings help quantify the impact of TGEV infection and clarify the pathogenic mechanisms underlying its effects in pigs.
Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Intestine, Small; Swine; T-Lymphocyte Subsets; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 29914507
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1012-9 -
American Journal of Physiology.... May 2023Gastric pacing has shown preclinical success in modulating bioelectrical slow-wave activity and has potential as a novel therapy for functional motility disorders....
Gastric pacing has shown preclinical success in modulating bioelectrical slow-wave activity and has potential as a novel therapy for functional motility disorders. However, the translation of pacing techniques to the small intestine remains preliminary. This paper presents the first high-resolution framework for simultaneous pacing and response mapping of the small intestine. A novel surface-contact electrode array, capable of simultaneous pacing and high-resolution mapping of the pacing response, was developed and applied in vivo on the proximal jejunum of pigs. Pacing parameters including the input energy and pacing electrode orientation were systematically evaluated, and the efficacy of pacing was determined by analyzing spatiotemporal characteristics of entrained slow waves. Histological analysis was conducted to determine if the pacing resulted in tissue damage. A total of 54 studies were conducted on 11 pigs, and pacemaker propagation patterns were successfully achieved at both low (2 mA, 50 ms) and high (4 mA, 100 ms) energy levels with the pacing electrodes oriented in the antegrade, retrograde, and circumferential directions. The high energy level performed significantly better ( = 0.014) in achieving spatial entrainment. Comparable success (greater than 70%) was achieved when pacing in the circumferential and antegrade pacing directions, and no tissue damage was observed at the pacing sites. This study defined the spatial response of small intestine pacing in vivo revealing effective pacing parameters for slow-wave entrainment in the jejunum. Intestinal pacing now awaits translation to restore disordered slow-wave activity associated with motility disorders. A novel surface-contact electrode array customized for the small intestine anatomy enabled simultaneous pacing and high-resolution response mapping. The spatial response of small intestine bioelectrical activity to pacing was mapped for the first time in vivo. Antegrade and circumferential pacing achieved spatial entrainment over 70% of the time and their induced pattern was held for 4-6 cycles postpacing at high energy (4 mA, 100 ms, at ∼2.7 s which corresponds to 1.1 × intrinsic frequency).
Topics: Animals; Swine; Jejunum; Gastrointestinal Motility; Intestine, Small; Stomach
PubMed: 36809176
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00258.2022 -
Cell Metabolism Jan 2018The gut microbiota alters energy homeostasis. In parallel, metformin regulates upper small intestinal sodium glucose cotransporter-1 (SGLT1), but whether changes of the...
The gut microbiota alters energy homeostasis. In parallel, metformin regulates upper small intestinal sodium glucose cotransporter-1 (SGLT1), but whether changes of the microbiota or SGLT1-dependent pathways in the upper small intestine mediate metformin action is unknown. Here we report that upper small intestinal glucose sensing triggers an SGLT1-dependent pathway to lower glucose production in rodents. High-fat diet (HFD) feeding reduces glucose sensing and SGLT1 expression in the upper small intestine. Upper small intestinal metformin treatment restores SGLT1 expression and glucose sensing while shifting the upper small intestinal microbiota partly by increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus. Transplantation of upper small intestinal microbiota from metformin-treated HFD rats to the upper small intestine of untreated HFD rats also increases the upper small intestinal abundance of Lactobacillus and glucose sensing via an upregulation of SGLT1 expression. Thus, we demonstrate that metformin alters upper small intestinal microbiota and impacts a glucose-SGLT1-sensing glucoregulatory pathway.
Topics: Animals; Diet, High-Fat; Feeding Behavior; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; Glucose; Intestine, Small; Metformin; Principal Component Analysis; Rats; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1
PubMed: 29056513
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.019 -
Toxins Mar 2018To explore AFB₁-induced damage of the small intestine, the changes in structure and expression of TLRs (Toll-like Receptors) in the small intestine of chickens were...
To explore AFB₁-induced damage of the small intestine, the changes in structure and expression of TLRs (Toll-like Receptors) in the small intestine of chickens were systematically investigated. Ninety healthy neonatal Cobb chickens were randomized into a control group (0 mg/kg AFB₁) and an AFB₁ group (0.6 mg/kg AFB₁). The crypt depth of the small intestine in the AFB₁ group was significantly increased in comparison to the control chickens, while the villus height and area were evidently decreased, as well as the villus:crypt ratio and epithelial thickness. The histopathological observations showed that the villi of the small intestine exposed to AFB₁ were obviously shedding. Based on ultrastructural observation, the absorptive cells of small intestine in the AFB₁ group exhibited fewer microvilli, mitochondrial vacuolation and the disappearance of mitochondrial cristae, and junctional complexes as well as terminal web. Moreover, the number of goblet cells in the small intestine in the AFB₁ group significantly decreased. Also, AFB₁ evidently decreased the mRNA expression of TLR2-2, TLR4, and TLR7 in the small intestine. Taken together, our study indicated that dietary 0.6 mg/kg AFB₁ could induce histopathological injuries and ultrastructural changes, and depress levels of TLR mRNA in the chicken small intestine.
Topics: Aflatoxin B1; Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Food Contamination; Intestine, Small; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; RNA, Messenger; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 29561786
DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040131 -
BMC Gastroenterology Jan 2015The prevalence of obesity has increased at alarming rates, particularly because of the increased consumption of high-fat diets (HFDs). The influence of HFDs on intrinsic...
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of obesity has increased at alarming rates, particularly because of the increased consumption of high-fat diets (HFDs). The influence of HFDs on intrinsic innervation and the intestinal wall has not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the morpho-quantitative aspects of myenteric neurons and the wall of the small intestine in mice fed a HFD.
METHODS
Swiss mice were fed a HFD (59% kcal from fat) or standard chow (9% Kcal from fat) for 8 weeks. Segments of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were subjected to histological processing for morpho-quantitative examination of the intestinal wall and mucosal cells, and immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate myenteric neurons. The data for each segment were compared between the groups using an unpaired Student's t-test or an equivalent nonparametric test.
RESULTS
The HFD increased body weight and visceral fat and decreased the length of the small intestine and the circumference of the ileum. In the duodenum, the HFD increased the density of the nitrergic subpopulation and decreased the area of nitrergic neurons and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) varicosities. In the jejunum, the density of the nitrergic subpopulation was increased and the neuronal areas of the general population, nitrergic subpopulation and (VIP) varicosities were reduced. In the ileum, the density of the general population and nitrergic subpopulation were increased and the neuronal areas of the general population, nitrergic subpopulation and (VIP) varicosities were reduced. The morphometric parameters of the villi, crypts, muscular layer and total wall generally increased in the duodenum and jejunum and decreased in the ileum. In the duodenum and jejunum, the HFD promoted a decreased in the proportion of intraepithelial lymphocytes. In the ileum, the proportion of intraepithelial lymphocytes and goblet cells reduced, and the enteroendocrine cells increased.
CONCLUSIONS
The high-fat diet induces changes in the myenteric innervation of the small intestine, intestinal wall and mucosal cells responsible for the secretion of hormones and maintenance of the protective intestinal barrier. The morpho-quantitative data provide a basis for further studies to clarify the influence of HFD in the motility, digestive and absorptive capacity, and intestinal barrier.
Topics: Animals; Cell Proliferation; Diet, High-Fat; Duodenum; Enteroendocrine Cells; Goblet Cells; Ileum; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Jejunum; Lymphocyte Count; Male; Mice; Myenteric Plexus; Myosin Type V; Neurons; Nitrergic Neurons; Obesity; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 25609418
DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0228-z -
Physiology & Behavior Sep 2011Infusions of lipids into the small intestine potently suppress ongoing feeding. Prior work has identified potential roles for gut extrinsic vagal and non-vagal sensory... (Review)
Review
Infusions of lipids into the small intestine potently suppress ongoing feeding. Prior work has identified potential roles for gut extrinsic vagal and non-vagal sensory innervation in mediating the ability of gut lipid infusions to reduce food intake, but the local biochemical processes underlying gut lipid sensing at the level of the small intestine remain unclear. This manuscript will summarize recent progress in the identification and characterization of several candidate gut lipid sensing molecules important in the negative feedback control of ingestion, including the fatty acid translocase CD36, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), and the fatty acid ethanolamide oleoylethanolamide (OEA). In addition, this manuscript addresses a larger role for gut lipid sensing in the overall control of energy availability by modulating not only food intake but also hepatic glucose production.
Topics: Animals; Appetite Regulation; Energy Metabolism; Fats; Feedback, Physiological; Glucose; Humans; Intestine, Small; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 21557957
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.05.003 -
The Journal of Physiology Oct 1986The pattern of small intestinal digesta transit was studied in six young pigs (20-30 kg) by simultaneous electromyography and radiology. Pigs showed migrating...
The pattern of small intestinal digesta transit was studied in six young pigs (20-30 kg) by simultaneous electromyography and radiology. Pigs showed migrating myoelectric complexes (m.m.c.s) in the small intestine both when fasted and after feeding. The m.m.c.s were modified by feeding; quiescence was much reduced in duration and irregular spiking activity (i.s.a.) was prolonged; m.m.c.s were not disrupted and phases of regular spiking activity (r.s.a.) were still seen after feeding. The r.s.a. phase could be recognized on the screen and in spot films from both fasting and fed pigs as a band of intense rhythmic contractions pinching off the intestine and propelling all intestinal contents ahead of it. The r.s.a. moved caudad clearing the small intestine of digesta and leaving an empty quiescent intestine behind it. It was particularly characteristic in the fasted pig where it was usually associated with the progression of a gas bubble. The pattern of m.m.c.s in both fasted and fed animals along with the intermittent nature of stomach emptying, divided digesta into batches which progressed through the small intestine. Each batch--propelled by a m.m.c.--normally took 180-190 min to pass through the small intestine. M.m.c.s had a cycle length of 70-115 min in different parts of the small intestine. Usually two or three m.m.c.s and batches of intestinal contents were present in the small intestine at any one time. 22-33% of the m.m.c.s faded out in the proximal ileum. Batches of digesta propelled by these m.m.c.s had transit times increased by one m.m.c. duration and fused with the subsequent batch. Sometimes new m.m.c.s were generated in the terminal ileum. Two patterns of transport into the large intestine were seen. Usually digesta was transported by peristaltic rushes starting 100-200 cm from the ileo-caecal junction. The rush then continued through 1-1 1/2 turns of the spiral colon; occasionally the terminal ileum emptied by slow peristalsis. In this case there was no colonic rush and digesta went into the caecum.
Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Electromyography; Fasting; Female; Food; Gastric Emptying; Gastrointestinal Motility; Intestine, Small; Peristalsis; Radiography
PubMed: 3559993
DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016251 -
Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) Oct 2023Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours (SI-NETs) are the most common small intestinal tumours. A particularly challenging subset of these tumours is those that involve... (Review)
Review
Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours (SI-NETs) are the most common small intestinal tumours. A particularly challenging subset of these tumours is those that involve the superior mesenteric artery or vein for which the role and feasibility of surgery are often questioned. This systematic review aimed to identify and evaluate the management strategies used for these complex SI-NETs. The identified studies showed positive outcomes with surgery and multimodality therapy.
Topics: Humans; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Intestine, Small; Intestinal Neoplasms
PubMed: 37887564
DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30100664 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Nov 2018The expression of amino acid transporters in small intestine epithelia of human newborns has not been studied yet. It is further not known whether the maturation of...
The expression of amino acid transporters in small intestine epithelia of human newborns has not been studied yet. It is further not known whether the maturation of imino acid (proline) transport is delayed as in the kidney proximal tubule. The possibility to obtain small intestinal tissue from patients undergoing surgery for jejunal or ileal atresia during their first days after birth was used to address these questions. As control, adult terminal ileum tissue was sampled during routine endoscopies. Gene expression of luminal imino and amino acid transporter SIT1 (SLC6A20) was approximately threefold lower in newborns versus adults. mRNA levels of all other luminal and basolateral amino acid transporters and accessory proteins tested were similar in newborn mucosa compared with adults. At the protein level, the major luminal neutral amino acid transporter BAT1 (SLC6A19) and its accessory protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 were shown by immunofluorescence to be expressed similarly in newborns and in adults. SIT1 protein was not detectable in the small intestine of human newborns, in contrast to adults. The morphology of newborn intestinal mucosa proximal and distal to the obstruction was generally normal, but a decreased proliferation rate was visualized distally of the atresia by lower levels of the mitosis marker K-67. The mRNA level of the 13 tested amino acid transporters and accessory proteins was nonetheless similar, suggesting that the intestinal obstruction and interruption of amniotic fluid passage through the small intestinal lumen did not affect amino acid transporter expression. NEW & NOTEWORTHY System IMINO transporter SIT1 is not expressed in the small intestine of human newborns. This new finding resembles the situation in the proximal kidney tubule leading to iminoglycinuria. Lack of amniotic fluid passage in small intestinal atresia does not affect amino acid transporter expression distal to intestinal occlusion.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intestine, Small; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Middle Aged
PubMed: 30160974
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00318.2017 -
Annals of Surgery Nov 2004
Topics: Animals; Humans; Intestine, Small; Organoids; Rats; Short Bowel Syndrome; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 15492555
DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000143247.86028.c2