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Journal of Dairy Science Sep 2022Dairy cows have a daily pattern of feed intake which influences ruminal fermentation and nutrient absorption. Milk synthesis also exhibits a daily rhythm and is altered...
Dairy cows have a daily pattern of feed intake which influences ruminal fermentation and nutrient absorption. Milk synthesis also exhibits a daily rhythm and is altered by the timing of feed availability. Nutrients can regulate physiological rhythms, but it is unclear which specific nutrients affect the rhythms of milk synthesis in the cow. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the timing of acetate infusion on the daily rhythms of feed intake, milk synthesis, milk fatty acids, plasma insulin and metabolites, and core body temperature. Ten lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein cows (127 ± 24.6 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were arranged in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatments were ruminal infusions of 600 g/d of acetate either continuously throughout the day (CON) or over 8 h/d during the day (day treatment, DT; 0900 to 1700 h) or the night (night treatment, NT; 2100 to 0500 h). Experimental periods were 14 d with a 7-d washout between periods. Cows were milked every 6 h during the final 7 d of each experimental period to determine the daily pattern of milk synthesis. Blood samples were taken to represent every 4 h across the day and plasma glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyrate, urea nitrogen, and acetate concentration were measured. An intravaginal temperature logger was used to measure core body temperature. Data were analyzed with cosinor-based rhythmometry to test the fit of a cosine function with a period of 24 h and to determine the acrophase (time at peak) and amplitude (peak to mean) of each rhythm. Milk yield fit a daily rhythm for all treatments and DT and NT phase-delayed the rhythm and DT increased the robustness of the rhythm. Milk protein concentration fit a daily rhythm for all treatments and DT increased robustness, whereas NT phase-delayed the rhythm. Plasma acetate concentration also fit a daily rhythm in all treatments. Plasma acetate peaked at ∼1600 h in CON and DT and at 0053 h in NT, reflecting the timing of treatment infusions. There was a daily rhythm in plasma β-hydroxybutyrate that reflected the plasma acetate rhythm. Core body temperature fit a rhythm for all treatments, but the amplitude of the rhythm was smaller than previously observed. In conclusion, the timing of acetate infusion influences peripheral rhythms of milk synthesis and plasma metabolites.
Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Diet; Female; Fermentation; Insulin; Lactation; Milk; Rumen; Sodium Acetate
PubMed: 35931478
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21912 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2021Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are crucial gut microbial metabolites that play a major role in the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis (HF). However, the...
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are crucial gut microbial metabolites that play a major role in the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis (HF). However, the effect of SCFAs on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the major pro-fibrogenic cells, is yet undefined. In this study, the effects of three major SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) were assessed on the activation of HSCs. LX2 cells were activated with TGF-β1 and treated with sodium acetate (NaA), sodium propionate (NaP), or sodium butyrate (NaB). SCFA treatment significantly reduced the protein levels of α-SMA and the phosphorylation of Smad2 and decreased the mRNA expression of in cells compared to the TGF-β1 treatment. Among the three SCFAs, NaA revealed the best efficacy at alleviating TGF-β1-induced LX2 cell activation. Additionally, acetate accumulated in the cells, and G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 43 silencing did not have any impact on the inhibition of LX2 cell activation by NaA. These findings indicated that NaA enters into the cells to inhibit LX2 cell activation independent of GPR43. The results of phosphokinase array kit and Western blot indicated that NaA increased the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and reduced the phosphorylation of c-Jun in cultured LX2 cells, and siRNA-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) -γ abolished the inhibitory effects of NaA against TGF-β1-induced LX2 cell activation. In conclusion, this study showed that NaA inhibited LX2 cell activation by activating the AMPK/PPARγ and blocking the c-Jun signaling pathways. Thus, SCFAs might represent a novel and viable approach for alleviating HF.
PubMed: 34660662
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.729583 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2021To elucidate the mechanism underlying increased fatty acid and astaxanthin accumulation in , transcriptome analysis was performed to gain insights into the multiple...
To elucidate the mechanism underlying increased fatty acid and astaxanthin accumulation in , transcriptome analysis was performed to gain insights into the multiple defensive systems elicited by salicylic acid combined with sodium acetate (SAHS) stresses with a time course. Totally, 112,886 unigenes and 61,323 non-repeat genes were identified, and genes involved in carbon metabolism, primary and secondary metabolism, and immune system responses were identified. The results revealed that SA and NaAC provide both energy and precursors to improve cell growth of and enhance carbon assimilation, astaxanthin, and fatty acids production in this microalga with an effective mechanism. Interestingly, SA was considered to play an important role in lowering transcriptional activity of the fatty acid and astaxanthin biosynthesis genes through self-protection metabolism in , leading to its adaption to HS stress and finally avoiding massive cell death. Moreover, positive correlations between 15 key genes involved in astaxanthin and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways were found, revealing cooperative relation between these pathways at the transcription level. These results not only enriched our knowledge of the astaxanthin accumulation mechanism in but also provided a new view on increasing astaxanthin production in by a moderate and sustainable way in the future.
PubMed: 34868161
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.763742 -
Journal of Dairy Science Nov 2022To investigate the effects of acetate, propionate, and pH on thermodynamics of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen, a dual-flow continuous culture study was...
To investigate the effects of acetate, propionate, and pH on thermodynamics of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen, a dual-flow continuous culture study was conducted to quantify production of major VFA, interconversions among the VFA, and H and CH emissions in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The 4 treatments were (1) control: pH buffered to an average of 6.75; (2) control plus 20 mmol/d of infused acetate (InfAc); (3) control plus 7 mmol/d of infused propionate (InfPr); and (4) a 0.5-unit decline in pH elicited by adjustment of the buffer (LowpH). All fermentors were fed 40 g of a pelleted diet containing whole alfalfa pellets and concentrate mix pellets (50:50) once daily. After 7 d of treatment, sequential, continuous infusions of [2-C] sodium acetate (3.5 mmol/d), [U-C] sodium propionate (2.9 mmol/d), and [1-C] sodium butyrate (0.22 mmol/d) were carried out from 12 h before feeding for 36 h. Filtered liquid effluent (4 mL) was sampled at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 22 h after feeding, and assessed for VFA concentrations, with another filtered sample (20 mL) used to quantify aqueous concentrations of CH and H. Headspace CH and H gases were monitored continuously. Ruminal microbes were isolated from the mixed effluent samples, and the microbial community structure was analyzed using the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing technique. The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and starch and microbial C sequestrated from VFA were not affected by treatments. The LowpH treatment increased net propionate production and decreased H and CH headspace emissions, primarily due to shifts in metabolic pathways of VFA formation, likely due to the observed changes in bacterial community structure. Significant interconversions occurred between acetate and butyrate, whereas interconversions of other VFA with propionate were relatively small. The InfAc and InfPr treatments increased net acetate and propionate production, respectively; however, interconversions among VFA were not affected by pH, acetate, or propionate treatments, suggesting that thermodynamics might not be a primary influencer of metabolic pathways used for VFA formation.
Topics: Animals; Rumen; Propionates; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Butyric Acid; Sodium Acetate; Detergents; Fermentation; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Acetates; Diet; Starch; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Thermodynamics; Gases; Digestion; Animal Feed
PubMed: 36085109
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22084 -
Journal of Parasitic Diseases :... Mar 2021Malaria is a global health problem with severe morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance of spp to the current anti-malaria drugs necessitates further...
Malaria is a global health problem with severe morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance of spp to the current anti-malaria drugs necessitates further search for novel effective drugs. This study, therefore, investigated the effect of sodium acetate on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in -infected mice. Thirty male Albino mice were randomly distributed into 6 groups, A-F. Animals in Groups B-F were inoculated with , intraperitoneally. Subsequently, Group C mice were treated with 20 mg/kg chloroquine, while groups D, E and F received 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg sodium acetate, respectively. All treatments were administered orally for 4 days. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and blood was collected via cardiac puncture for the analyses of serum glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), uric acid and lipid profile. Our results showed that Sodium acetate (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly reduced ( < 0.05) parasitaemia (67.11% and 77.62%, respectively) than chloroquine (61.73%). Besides, body weight and serum G6PD activity in infection were improved. Similarly, sodium acetate reduced elevated serum uric acid. Effects of sodium acetate and chloroquine on biochemical parameters were comparable ( > 0.05) but atherogenic lipid ratios were not affected by sodium acetate. These data put together suggested that activity of sodium acetate may be harnessed for development of novel anti-malaria drugs. However, more studies are required to delineate its mechanisms of action.
PubMed: 33746396
DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01272-y -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2023Industrial fish and aquaculture processing leads to the generation of a huge quantity of by-products, whose accumulation and mismanagement involve serious environmental...
Industrial fish and aquaculture processing leads to the generation of a huge quantity of by-products, whose accumulation and mismanagement involve serious environmental consequences as well as high economic losses. Taking advantage of these residues as a source of added-value compounds must be a priority in a circular economy. This work is a preliminary study to analyze the possibility of using the eutectic mixture of urea and sodium acetate trihydrate as a solvent for collagen extraction. To that end, the solid-liquid equilibrium of the system was determined in order to define the exact composition and temperature of the eutectic. The solubility in this solvent of the main amino acids that constitute fish collagen was studied at several temperatures and atmospheric pressure. At 308.15 K, solubilities of the major constituents of the target protein, namely L-proline, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, and glycine, were 0.19, 0.16, and 0.12 (mass fraction), respectively. These values increased with temperature. Dilution with water (50 wt%) allowed operation at lower temperature and led to an increase in the solubilities. The van 't Hoff model was satisfactorily used to correlate the experimental data and to calculate apparent properties of dissolution. All the dissolution processes studied herein are endothermic, non-spontaneous, and enthalpy-driven. Both the eutectic and its mixture with water are promising solvents for the design of an environmentally benign process for collagen extraction.
Topics: Solvents; Water; Solubility; Sodium Acetate; Urea; Amino Acids
PubMed: 36675066
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021550 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2022Most microbial fuel cell (MFC) sensors only focus on the detection of mixed solutions with respect to the chemical oxygen demand (COD) or toxicity; however, the...
Most microbial fuel cell (MFC) sensors only focus on the detection of mixed solutions with respect to the chemical oxygen demand (COD) or toxicity; however, the concentrations of the individual analytes in a mixed solution have rarely been studied. Herein, we developed two types of MFC sensors, adapted with sodium acetate (MFC-A) and glucose (MFC-B) as organic substrates in the startup period. An evident difference in the sensor sensitivities (the slope value of the linear-regression curve) was observed between MFC-A and MFC-B. MFC-A exhibited a superior performance compared with MFC-B in the detection of sodium acetate (4868.9 vs. 2202 mV/(g/L), respectively) and glucose (3895.5 vs. 3192.9 mV/(g/L), respectively). To further compare these two MFC sensors, the electrochemical performances were evaluated, and MFC-A exhibited a higher output voltage and power density (593.76 mV and 129.81 ± 4.10 mW/m, respectively) than MFC-B (484.08 mV and 116.21 ± 1.81 mW/m, respectively). Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and microbial-community analysis were also performed, and the results showed a richer anode biomass of MFC-A in comparison with MFC-B. By utilizing the different sensitivities of the two MFC sensors towards sodium acetate and glucose, we proposed and verified a novel method for a simultaneous test on the individual concentrations of sodium acetate and glucose in a mixed solution. Linear equations of the two variables (concentrations of sodium acetate and glucose) were formulated. The linear equations were solved according to the output voltages of the two MFC sensors, and the solutions showed a satisfactory accuracy with regard to sodium acetate and glucose (relative error less than 20%).
Topics: Bioelectric Energy Sources; Biosensing Techniques; Electricity; Electrodes; Glucose; Sodium Acetate
PubMed: 36231599
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912297 -
Sodium acetate regulates milk fat synthesis through the activation of GPR41/GPR43 signaling pathway.Frontiers in Nutrition 2023Fat is a critical component in milk, which provided energy for the early growth and development of mammals. Milk fat is positively related to the concentration of...
BACKGROUND
Fat is a critical component in milk, which provided energy for the early growth and development of mammals. Milk fat is positively related to the concentration of acetate in the blood, while the underlying mechanism is still unclear.
OBJECTIVE
This study is to investigate the effects of sodium acetate (NaAc) on milk fat synthesis in the mammary gland, and explored the underlying mechanism.
METHODS
experiments were carried out in mouse mammary epithelial cell line (HC11) cells cultured with NaAc to explore the potential pathway of NaAc on milk fat synthesis. Furthermore, 24 pregnant mice (from d 18.5 of gestation to d 7 of lactation, exposed to 200 mM NaAc drinking water) were used as an model to verify the results.
RESULTS
In this study, we found that NaAc promoted milk fat synthesis and the expression of related genes and proteins in HC11 mammary epithelial cells with the activation of GPCR and mTORC1 signaling pathways ( < 0.05). Pretreatment with the mTORC1 inhibitors and G protein inhibitors attenuated the NaAc-induced milk fat synthesis in HC11 mammary epithelial cells ( < 0.05). Importantly, the effect of NaAc on milk synthesis was attenuated in GPR41 and GPR43 knockdown HC11 mammary epithelial cells ( < 0.05). This evidence indicates that NaAc might regulate milk fat synthesis through the GPR41/GPR43-mTORC1 pathway. Consistently, in experiment, dietary supplementation with NaAc significantly increased milk fat content and fat synthesis-related proteins in mice mammary glands with the activation of mTORC1 and GPCR signaling pathways at peak lactation ( < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The addition of NaAc promoted the increase of milk fat synthesis in HC11 mammary epithelial cells and mice mammary glands at peak lactation. Mechanistically, NaAc activates GPR41 and GPR43 receptors, leading to the activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway to promote the synthesis of milk fat.Graphical abstract.
PubMed: 36969813
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1098715 -
Iranian Journal of Biotechnology Jul 2022In () culture, acetate accumulates as an undesirable by-product of aerobic fermentation on glucose and inhibits cell growth and recombinant protein production.
BACKGROUND
In () culture, acetate accumulates as an undesirable by-product of aerobic fermentation on glucose and inhibits cell growth and recombinant protein production.
OBJECTIVES
We examined whether the heterologous expression of a eukaryotic heat shock protein (Hsp) can confer tolerance to acetate in .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Transgenic cell lines (TCLs) heterologously expressing a small heat shock protein (sHsp) from carrot ( L.), DcHsp17.7, were exposed to heat, sodium acetate, and alkaline conditions. The cell growth and cell viability were examined by measuring O.D. and colony-forming units (CFU), respectively. The His-tagged recombinant alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene cloned in a pET11a expression vector was introduced into TCL1 and expressed by isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside treatment. After purifying using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, its accumulation levels were examined using SDS-PAGE in the presence of acetate.
RESULTS
TCLs constitutively expressing DcHsp17.7 showed improved growth, cell density, and cell viability under the stress conditions of heat, acetate, and alkaline compared to an empty vector control line. In acetate stress conditions, TCL1 accumulated more cellular proteins (approximately 130%) than the control. The recombinant ADH accumulated to a higher level in TCL1 (2.2-fold at 16 °C) than the control. The addition of acetate reduced the recombinant ADH level by 70% in the control when compared with the absence of acetate. In contrast, recombinant ADH accumulation was not affected by acetate in TCL1. In the presence of acetate, TCL1 accumulated 6.4-fold more recombinant ADH than did the control. Furthermore, recombinant ADH produced in TCL1 showed 1.5-fold higher enzyme activity than that produced in the control in the presence or absence of acetate.
CONCLUSION
Our study showed that heterologously expressed DcHsp17.7 from carrot can alleviate the negative effects of acetate on .
PubMed: 36381282
DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2022.309657.3177 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2019Acetate is a major source of energy and substrate for milk fat synthesis in the dairy cow. We recently reported a linear increase in milk fat yield and greater than a...
Acetate is a major source of energy and substrate for milk fat synthesis in the dairy cow. We recently reported a linear increase in milk fat yield and greater than a 30% net apparent transfer of acetate to milk fat with ruminal infusion of neutralized acetate. Additionally, ruminal acetate infusion linearly increases plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. The objective of the current study was to investigate the ability of acetate and butyrate fed in a diet to increase milk fat synthesis. Twelve multiparous lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to treatments in a 3 × 3 Latin square design with 14-d periods that included a 7-d washout followed by 7 d of treatment. Cows were fed ad libitum a basal diet with a low risk for biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression, and treatments were mixed into the basal diet. Treatments were 3.2% NaHCO (control), 2.9% sodium acetate, and 2.5% calcium butyrate (carbon equivalent to acetate treatment) as a percent of diet dry matter. Feeding sodium acetate increased dry matter intake by 2.7 kg, had no effect on milk yield, and increased milk fat yield by 90 g/d and concentration by 0.2 percentage units, compared with control. Calcium butyrate decreased dry matter intake by 2.6 kg/d, milk yield by 1.65 kg/d, and milk fat yield by 60 g/d, compared with control. Sodium acetate increased concentration and yield of 16 carbon mixed source fatty acids (FA) and myristic acid, while decreasing the concentration of preformed FA, compared with control. Calcium butyrate had no effect on concentration of milk FA by source, but increased concentration of trans-10 C18:1 in milk by 18%, indicating a shift in rumen biohydrogenation pathways. Our data demonstrate that milk fat yield and concentration can be increased by feeding sodium acetate at 2.9% of diet dry matter, but not by feeding calcium butyrate at an equivalent carbon mass.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Dairying; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids; Female; Isobutyrates; Lactation; Milk; Random Allocation; Sodium Acetate
PubMed: 30981489
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16024