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International Dental Journal Apr 2024Mouthwashes, a cornerstone of oral and dental hygiene, play a pivotal role in combating the formation of dental plaque, a leading cause of periodontal disease and dental... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Mouthwashes, a cornerstone of oral and dental hygiene, play a pivotal role in combating the formation of dental plaque, a leading cause of periodontal disease and dental caries. This study aimed to review the composition of mouthwashes found on retail shelves in Turkey and evaluate their prevalence and side effects, if any.
METHODS
The mouthwashes examined were sourced from the 5 largest chain stores in each district of Istanbul. A comprehensive list of the constituents was meticulously recorded. The research was supported by an extensive compilation of references from scholarly databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Through rigorous analysis, the relative proportions of mouthwash ingredients and components were determined.
RESULTS
A total of 45 distinctive variations of mouthwashes, representing 17 prominent brands, were identified. Amongst the 116 ingredients discovered, 70 were evaluated for potential adverse effects and undesirable side effects. The aroma of the mouthwash (n = 45; 100%), as welll as their sodium fluoride (n = 28; 62.22%), sodium saccharin (n = 29; 64.44%), sorbitol (n = 21; 46.6%), and propylene glycol (n = 28; 62.22%) content were the main undesireable features.
CONCLUSIONS
The limited array of mouthwashes found on store shelves poses a concern for both oral and public health. Furthermore, the intricate composition of these products, consisting of numerous ingredients with the potential for adverse effects, warrants serious attention. Both clinicians and patients should acknowledge the importance and unwarranted side effects of the compnents of the mouthwashes.
Topics: Humans; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Mouthwashes; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 37709645
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.08.004 -
Aging Jun 2017The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) on the oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as their relationship in the mouse liver...
The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) on the oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as their relationship in the mouse liver by using methods of flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, biochemistry and experimental pathology. 240 four-week-old ICR mice were randomly divided into 4 groups and exposed to different concentration of NaF (0 mg/kg, 12 mg/kg, 24 mg/kg and 48 mg/kg) for a period of 42 days. The results showed that NaF caused oxidative stress and apoptosis. NaF-caused oxidative stress was accompanied by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decreasing mRNA expression levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST). NaF induced apoptosis via tumor necrosis factor recpter-1 (TNF-R1) signaling pathway, which was characterized by significantly increasing mRNA and protein expression levels of TNF-R1, Fas associated death domain (FADD), TNFR-associated death domain (TRADD), cysteine aspartate specific protease-8 (caspase-8) and cysteine aspartate specific protease-3 (caspase-3) in dose- and time-dependent manner. Oxidative stress is involved in the process of apoptotic occurrence, and can be triggered by promoting ROS production and reducing antioxidant function. NaF-caused oxidative stress and apoptosis finally impaired hepatic function, which was strongly supported by the histopathological lesions and increased serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartic acid transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities and TBIL contents.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Cariostatic Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gene Expression Regulation; Liver; Mice; Oxidative Stress; RNA, Messenger; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptors, Death Domain; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 28657544
DOI: 10.18632/aging.101257 -
PloS One 2022Sodium Fluoride (NaF) can change the expression of skeletal muscle proteins. Since skeletal muscle is rich in mitochondrial and contractile (sarcomeric) proteins, these...
Sodium Fluoride (NaF) can change the expression of skeletal muscle proteins. Since skeletal muscle is rich in mitochondrial and contractile (sarcomeric) proteins, these proteins are sensitive to the effects of NaF, and the changes are dose-and time-dependent. In the current study, we have analysed the effect of high concentrations of NaF (80ppm) on mouse skeletal muscle at two different time points, i.e., 15 days and 60 days. At the end of the experimental time, the animals were sacrificed, skeletal muscles were isolated, and proteins were extracted and subjected to bioinformatic (Mass Spectrometric) analysis. The results were analysed based on changes in different mitochondrial complexes, contractile (sarcomeric) proteins, 26S proteasome, and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The results showed that the mitochondrial proteins of complex I, II, III, IV and V were differentially regulated in the groups treated with 80ppm of NaF for 15 days and 60 days. The network analysis indicated more changes in mitochondrial proteins in the group treated with the higher dose for 15 days rather than 60 days. Furthermore, differential expression of (sarcomeric) proteins, downregulation of 26S proteasome subunits, and differential expression in proteins related to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway lead to muscle atrophy. The differential expression might be due to the adaptative mechanism to counteract the deleterious effects of NaF on energy metabolism. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD035014.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Mitochondrial Proteins; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Atrophy; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Proteome; Sodium Fluoride; Ubiquitin
PubMed: 36548359
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279261 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2021Although fluoride has been widely used as a preventive agent for dental caries, the effects of fluoride on the activities of biofilms in different stages of cariogenic...
Although fluoride has been widely used as a preventive agent for dental caries, the effects of fluoride on the activities of biofilms in different stages of cariogenic biofilm formation are less studied. This study was designed to investigate the antibiofilm activity of sodium fluoride during the early and mature stages of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm formation. S. mutans biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disks. In the early (0-46 h) and mature (46-94 h) biofilm stages, the biofilms were treated with different concentrations of fluoride (250, 500, 1000, 2000 ppm; 5 times in total, 1 min/treatment). Acidogenicity, dry weight, colony-forming units (CFUs), water-soluble/insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), and intracellular polysaccharides were analysed, and confocal laser scanning microscopy images were obtained of the two stages of biofilms to determine antibiofilm activities of fluoride at varying concentrations during the formation of early and mature biofilms. In the early stages of cariogenic biofilm formation, test groups with all fluoride concentrations significantly inhibited the growth of S. mutans biofilms. The antibiofilm and anti-EPS formation activities of the brief fluoride treatments increased with a concentration-dependent pattern. At the mature biofilm stage, only the 2000 ppm fluoride treatment group significantly inhibited biofilm accumulation, activity, and intracellular/extracellular polysaccharide content compared with those of the control and other fluoride treatment groups. The antimicrobial effect of fluoride treatment on the growth of S. mutans biofilms was linked with the stage of cariogenic biofilm formation. The inhibition of S. mutans biofilm growth by fluoride treatment was easier in the early formation stage than in the mature stage. Fluoride treatment in the early stage of cariogenic biofilm formation may be an effective approach to controlling cariogenic biofilm development and preventing dental caries.
Topics: Adult; Biofilms; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Sodium Fluoride; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 34521969
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97905-0 -
BMC Plant Biology Jun 2022To our knowledge, the role of exogenous fluoride (F) on aluminum (Al)-stress mitigation in plants has not been investigated yet. In this experiment, barley (Hordeum...
BACKGROUND
To our knowledge, the role of exogenous fluoride (F) on aluminum (Al)-stress mitigation in plants has not been investigated yet. In this experiment, barley (Hordeum vulgaris) seedlings were exposed to excessive Al concentrations (aluminum chloride, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mM) with and without fluoride (0.025% sodium fluoride) to explore the possible roles of fluoride on the alleviation of Al-toxicity.
RESULTS
Overall, Al-stress caused inhibition of growth and the production of photosynthetic pigments. Principal component analysis showed that the growth inhibitory effects were driven by increased oxidative stress and the interruption of water balance in barley under Al-stress. Fluoride priming, on the other hand, enhanced growth traits, chlorophyll a and b content, as well as invigorated the protection against oxidative damage by enhancing overall antioxidant capacity. Fluoride also improved osmotic balance by protecting the plasma membrane. Fluoride reduced endogenous Al content, restored Al-induced inhibition of glutathione-S-transferase, and increased the contents of phytochelatins and metallothioneins, suggesting that fluoride reduced Al uptake and improved chelation of Al.
CONCLUSIONS
Aluminum chloride-induced harmful effects are abridged by sodium fluoride on barely via enhancing antioxidative responses, the chelation mechanism causing reduction of Al uptake and accumulation of barely tissues. Advanced investigations are necessary to uncover the putative mechanisms underpinning fluoride-induced Al-stress tolerance in barley and other economically significant crops, where our results might serve as a solid reference.
Topics: Aluminum; Aluminum Chloride; Antioxidants; Chlorophyll A; Fluorides; Hordeum; Oxidative Stress; Seedlings; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 35698026
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03610-z -
Folia Morphologica 2022The present study was conducted to investigate the role of vitamin C versus platelet-rich plasma (PRP) against sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced cardiotoxicity and cell...
BACKGROUND
The present study was conducted to investigate the role of vitamin C versus platelet-rich plasma (PRP) against sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced cardiotoxicity and cell death in rats' myocardium. Previous studies suggest that NaF decreased cellular viability and intracellular antioxidant power.
MATERIALS AND METHODS AND RESULTS
The present study revealed that NaF administration caused histological alterations in the cardiac muscle and increased the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthases and proliferating cell nuclear antigen as well as collagen deposition in cardiac tissue. As supported by colorimetric analysis, an elevation in malondialdehyde level and a decrease in both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thioredoxin-1 oxidoreductase (TrX) levels were seen, whereas molecular analysis revealed a decrease in Keap1 and an increase in Nrf2 and HO-1 gene expression. Pretreatment with vitamin C and PRP prior to NaF administration significantly improved the altered parameters and enhanced the cellular antioxidant capability of myocardium resulting in protection of cardiac muscle from NaF-induced cytotoxicity and apoptotic cell death.
CONCLUSIONS
The cyto-protective activity of PRP was found to be comparable to that of the known antioxidant, vitamin C.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Cardiotoxicity; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress; Platelet-Rich Plasma; Rats; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 34018173
DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2021.0053 -
BMC Oral Health Oct 2023Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) has gained attention as one of the minimally invasive modalities to manage ECC although it causes black staining of treated carious... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride versus sodium fluoride varnish combined with mother's motivational interviewing for arresting early childhood caries: a randomized clinical trial.
BACKGROUND
Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) has gained attention as one of the minimally invasive modalities to manage ECC although it causes black staining of treated carious lesions. A possible affordable alternative may be Sodium Fluoride (NaF) varnish combined with good oral hygiene promoted by parental Motivational Interviewing (MI). The study compared the effectiveness of 38% SDF solution and 5% NaF varnish supported by parental MI in arresting ECC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Children aged ≤ 4 years old with at least one active carious lesion (ICDAS score ≥ 3) were randomly assigned to treatment by a single application of 38% SDF solution or a single application of 5% NaF varnish supported by two MI sessions for mothers at baseline and after three months. Chi-Squared test was used to compare groups and multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to assess the effect of the interventions on ECC arrest adjusting for confounders. The interaction between the type of intervention and baseline lesion severity, moderate (ICDAS 3/4) or advanced (ICDAS 5/6), was also assessed.
RESULTS
The study included 165 children with 949 active lesions. After 6 months, there were no significant differences between SDF and NaF/MI groups in overall caries arrest (63.7% and 58.1%, p = 0.08), and in moderate lesions (72.9% and 69.6%, p = 0.52). However, in advanced lesions, the arrest rate was significantly higher in the SDF than the NaF/ MI group (60.3% and 50.0%, P = 0.01). Multilevel multiple logistic regression showed no significant differences between the interventions (AOR = 1.56, P = 0.27) with significant interaction between the intervention and baseline lesion severity (p < 0.001). Moderate lesions treated with SDF (AOR = 3.69, P = 0.008) or NaF/MI (AOR = 3.32, P < 0.001) had significantly higher odds of arrest than advanced lesions treated with NaF/ MI with no difference between advanced lesions treated with SDF or NaF/ MI (AOR = 1.85, P = 0.155) in arrest rate.
CONCLUSION
NaF/ MI can be an alternative to SDF in arresting advanced and moderate ECC lesions without staining with stronger effect on moderate lesions (ICDAS 3/4).
TRIAL REGISTRATION
The trial was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrial.gov registry (#NCT05761041) on 9/3/2023.
Topics: Child; Female; Child, Preschool; Humans; Sodium Fluoride; Fluorides, Topical; Cariostatic Agents; Mothers; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Motivational Interviewing; Dental Caries; Silver Compounds; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium
PubMed: 37789300
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03456-3 -
International Dental Journal Dec 2022The objectives of this study were to compare the amount of fluoride delivered via a topical application of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution and 5% sodium...
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study were to compare the amount of fluoride delivered via a topical application of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution and 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish as well as to determine the amount of 38% SDF solution delivered using various micro-applicators.
METHODS
The weights of 38% SDF (Saforide) and 5% NaF (Duraphat) applied to the occlusal surface of an extracted human upper first premolar with a regular-size (2.50-mm tip diameter) micro-applicator were measured using an electronic-analytical balance. Afterwards, the weight of 38% SDF applied to a premolar using the micro-applicators of 5 common brands (Premium Plus, 3M, Dentsply, Elevate Oral Care, and SDI) were studied. The tip diameter of each micro-applicator was measured under a microscope. The weights of the delivered fluoride and silver were also calculated.
RESULTS
The mean weights of the fluoride delivered via the SDF solution and NaF varnish were 0.25 ± 0.07 mg and 0.49 ± 0.08 mg, respectively (P < .001). In addition, the tip diameters of the micro-applicators ranged from 1.89 ± 0.03 mm to 2.76 ± 0.02 mm. The mean weights of the fluoride delivered per application of 38% SDF using different applicators ranged from 0.13 ± 0.06 mg to 0.30 ± 0.09 mg, whereas the mean weights of the silver ranged from 0.76 ± 0.32 mg to 1.68 ± 0.50 mg. The weights of the delivered 38% SDF solution varied with the brand and with the tip diameters of the dental micro-applicators (P < .001).
CONCLUSIONS
The fluoride of the 38% SDF solution delivered topically was significantly less than that of 5% NaF varnish. Moreover, the amount of SDF solution delivered depends on the brand and size of the micro-applicators.
Topics: Humans; Sodium Fluoride; Fluorides; Dental Caries; Fluorides, Topical; Silver Compounds; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Cariostatic Agents
PubMed: 35570014
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.03.004 -
Molecular Imaging 2021F-sodium fluoride (F-NaF) positron emission tomography (PET) has emerged as a promising noninvasive imaging tool for the assessment of active calcification processes in... (Review)
Review
F-sodium fluoride (F-NaF) positron emission tomography (PET) has emerged as a promising noninvasive imaging tool for the assessment of active calcification processes in coronary artery disease. F-NaF uptake colocalizes to high-risk and ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. Most recently, F-NaF coronary uptake was shown to be a robust and independent predictor of myocardial infarction in patients with advanced coronary artery disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the advances in coronary F-NaF imaging. In particular, we discuss the recently developed and validated motion correction techniques which address heart contractions, tidal breathing, and patient repositioning during the prolonged PET acquisitions. Additionally, we discuss a novel quantification approach-the coronary microcalcification activity (which has been inspired by the widely employed method in oncology total active tumor volume measurement). This new method provides a single number encompassing F-NaF activity within the entire coronary vasculature rather than just information regarding a single area of most intense tracer uptake.
Topics: Coronary Artery Disease; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Humans; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Positron-Emission Tomography; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 33746631
DOI: 10.1155/2021/8849429 -
Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) Dec 2021This report describes the significance of the kinetic parameters (k-values) obtained from the analysis of dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) scans using the... (Review)
Review
This report describes the significance of the kinetic parameters (k-values) obtained from the analysis of dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) scans using the Hawkins model describing the pharmacokinetics of sodium fluoride ([F]NaF) to understand bone physiology. Dynamic [F]NaF PET scans may be useful as an imaging biomarker in early phase clinical trials of novel drugs in development by permitting early detection of treatment-response signals that may help avoid late-stage attrition.
Topics: Fluorine Radioisotopes; Positron-Emission Tomography; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 34941643
DOI: 10.3390/tomography7040071