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Canadian Medical Association Journal May 1958
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Spiramycin
PubMed: 13523517
DOI: No ID Found -
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Medicines in Humans.PloS One 2015No effective drug and definitive "gold standard" treatment for Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection has been available so far, though some medicines have been... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
No effective drug and definitive "gold standard" treatment for Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection has been available so far, though some medicines have been commonly used in the treatment of T. gondii infection, such as spiramycin, azithromycin, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), pyrimethamine- sulfadiazine (P-S), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), and pyrimethamine-clindamycin (P-C). A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to compare the efficacies of these conventional medicines in the treatment. Cohort studies for the treatment of acute T. gondii infection were searched from PubMed, Google Scholar, ect. All the cases number for different group extracted from each included literature were input to meta-analysis 3.13 software to calculate the pooled negative conversion rate (NCR), cure rate (CR) or vertical transmission rate based on their sample size and weight. The pooled NCR with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was used to evaluate the overall rate of a diagnosis positive result conversion to a negative result after treatment, which of spiramycin, azithromycin and TCM were 83.4% (95%CI, 72.1%-90.8%), 82.5% (95%CI, 75.9%-87.6%), and 85.5% (95%CI, 71.3%-93.3%) respectively, with no statistical difference between them. The pooled CR with 95% CI was used to evaluate the overall rate of complete disappearance of clinical symptoms for toxoplasmic encephalitis after therapy, which of P-S, TMP-SMX, and P-C were 49.8% (95%CI, 38. 8% -60.8%), 59.9% (95%CI, 48.9%-70.0%), and 47.6% (95%CI, 24.8%-71.4%) respectively, with no statistical difference between them. Primary T. gondii infection in pregnancy was treated mainly with spiramycin alone or combined with other drugs, and the pooled rate of vertical transmission was about 9.9% (95%CI, 5.9%-16.2%) after therapy. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS patients was usually treated with sulfonamides combined with other drugs and the pooled CR was 49.4% (95%CI, 37.9%-60.9%).
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anti-Infective Agents; Antiprotozoal Agents; Azithromycin; Clindamycin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Male; Pregnancy; Pyrimethamine; Spiramycin; Sulfadiazine; Toxoplasma; Toxoplasmosis; Treatment Outcome; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
PubMed: 26394212
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138204 -
BMC Microbiology Jun 2022Ribosome stalling on ermBL at the tenth codon (Asp) and mRNA stabilization are believed to be mechanisms by which erythromycin (Ery) induces ermB expression. Expression...
BACKGROUND
Ribosome stalling on ermBL at the tenth codon (Asp) and mRNA stabilization are believed to be mechanisms by which erythromycin (Ery) induces ermB expression. Expression of ermB is also induced by 16-membered ring macrolides (tylosin, josamycin and spiramycin), but the mechanism underlying this induction is unknown.
METHODS
We introduced premature termination codons, alanine-scanning mutagenesis and amino acid mutations in ermBL and ermBL2.
RESULTS
In this paper, we demonstrated that 16-membered ring macrolides can induce ermB expression but not ermC expression. The truncated mutants of the ermB-coding sequence indicate that the regulatory regions of ermB whose expression is induced by Ery and 16-membered ring macrolides are different. We proved that translation of the N-terminal region of ermBL is key for the induction of ermB expression by Ery, spiramycin (Spi) and tylosin (Tyl). We also demonstrated that ermBL2 is critical for the induction of ermB expression by erythromycin but not by 16-membered ring macrolides.
CONCLUSIONS
The translation of ermBL and the RNA sequence of the C-terminus of ermBL are critical for the induction of ermB expression by Spi and Tyl.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Erythromycin; Macrolides; Spiramycin; Tylosin
PubMed: 35681117
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02565-3 -
MSphere Oct 2022Escherichia coli is intrinsically resistant to macrolides due to outer membrane impermeability, but may also acquire macrolide resistance genes by horizontal transfer....
Escherichia coli is intrinsically resistant to macrolides due to outer membrane impermeability, but may also acquire macrolide resistance genes by horizontal transfer. We evaluated the prevalence and types of acquired macrolide resistance determinants in pig clinical E. coli, and we assessed the ability of peptidomimetics to potentiate different macrolide subclasses against strains resistant to neomycin, a first-line antibiotic in the treatment of pig-enteric infections. The erythromycin MIC distribution was determined in 324 pig clinical E. coli isolates, and 62 neomycin-resistant isolates were further characterized by genome sequencing and MIC testing of azithromycin, spiramycin, tilmicosin, and tylosin. The impact on potency achieved by combining these macrolides with three selected peptidomimetic compounds was determined by checkerboard assays in six strains representing different genetic lineages and macrolide resistance gene profiles. Erythromycin MICs ranged from 16 to >1,024 μg/mL. Azithromycin showed the highest potency in wild-type strains (1 to 8 μg/mL), followed by erythromycin (16 to 128 μg/mL), tilmicosin (32 to 256 μg/mL), and spiramycin (128 to 256 μg/mL). Isolates with elevated MIC mainly carried (B), either alone or in combination with other acquired macrolide resistance genes, including (42), (C), (A), (B), and (G). All peptidomimetic-macrolide combinations exhibited synergy (fractional inhibitory concentration index [FICI] < 0.5) with a 4- to 32-fold decrease in the MICs of macrolides. Interestingly, the MICs of tilmicosin in wild-type strains were reduced to concentrations (4 to 16 μg/mL) that can be achieved in the pig intestinal tract after oral administration, indicating that peptidomimetics can potentially be employed for repurposing tilmicosin in the management of E. coli enteritis in pigs. Acquired macrolide resistance is poorly studied in Escherichia coli because of intrinsic resistance and limited antimicrobial activity in Gram-negative bacteria. This study reveals new information on the prevalence and distribution of macrolide resistance determinants in a comprehensive collection of porcine clinical E. coli from Denmark. Our results contribute to understanding the correlation between genotypic and phenotypic macrolide resistance in E. coli. From a clinical standpoint, our study provides an initial proof of concept that peptidomimetics can resensitize E. coli to macrolide concentrations that may be achieved in the pig intestinal tract after oral administration. The latter result has implications for animal health and potential applications in veterinary antimicrobial drug development in view of the high rates of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolated from enteric infections in pigs and the lack of viable alternatives for treating these infections.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Escherichia coli; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Peptidomimetics; Macrolides; Tylosin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Spiramycin; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Neomycin
PubMed: 36154672
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00402-22 -
Effect of nitazoxanide and spiramycin metronidazole combination in acute experimental toxoplasmosis.Heliyon Apr 2020Successful treatment of infection is difficult to attain. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP), as the reference...
Successful treatment of infection is difficult to attain. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP), as the reference drug, nitazoxanide (NTZ), spiramycin (SP) and SP-metronidazole against the virulent RH strain in acute experimental toxoplasmosis. One hundred Swiss albino mice were divided into control and experimental groups. Each mouse was infected with 2500 tachyzoites. Twenty infected untreated mice were used as control. The experimental group was subdivided into four subgroups (20 mice each); IIa SMZ-TMP, IIb NTZ, IIc SP and IId SP-metronidazole. All drugs were in tablet form, and were administered orally in suspension, for a period of seven days. Assessment of each drug efficacy was achieved through the study of mice survival time, mortality rate, parasite load, viability and morphological studies of tachyzoites by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The obtained results showed that SMZ-TMP, SP and SP-metronidazole were effective against acute murine toxoplasmosis and caused deformities in the tachyzoites ultrastructure. SP-metronidazole gave the best results on both mice survival rate and parasite load in the brain and liver. SMZ-TMP induced formation of prominent filaments extending from the deformed tachyzoites. NTZ showed little effect. In conclusion, all used drugs succeeded to prolong the survival time of the mice. SP-metronidazole gave the foremost effect on both mice survival rate and parasite load in the liver, spleen and brain. As this combination is nontoxic to human, it is promising for the treatment of human toxoplasmosis.
PubMed: 32322704
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03661 -
Infection and Drug Resistance 2023Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by that infects humans and many types of mammals and birds.
BACKGROUND
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by that infects humans and many types of mammals and birds.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and (Pd) extracts loaded on SeNPs as a new agent to combat chronic infections in murine model as an alternative method to standard Spiramycin drug therapy.
METHODS
A total of 64 female mice were randomly divided into eight groups: GI: Normal control, GII: Positive control, GIII: infected and treated with Spiramycin, GIV: infected and treated with SeNPs, GV: infected and treated with aqueous extract of Pd, GVI: infected and treated with methanolic extract of Pd, GVII: infected and treated with aqueous extract of Pd loaded on SeNPs, GVIII: infected and treated with methanolic extract of Pd loaded on SeNPs. Date palm () fruits were identified and collected from the farms of Saudi Arabia. Preparation and characterization of SeNPs were done. The parasitological, histopathological examinations and biochemical changes were evaluated in all groups.
RESULTS
Parasitological results showed significant differences in GVII in comparison to GII while GVIII showed significant differences in comparison to GII and GIII. The histopathological section of the cerebral cortex showed obvious alterations in the infected compared with untreated control groups. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of loaded on SeNPs treatment showed improvement that indicated by few perivascular cuffing with few inflammatory cell infiltrations. Few granule cells with mild intracellular vacuolation and edema few deformed neurons with deep pyknotic nuclei. Microglia cells expression of Iba-1 and inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and INF-γ) in serum of all groups was higher in GII and lowest in GVIII followed by GVII.
CONCLUSION
SeNPs and extracts loaded on SeNPs could be a potent agent to combat infections.
PubMed: 38144223
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S443047 -
Research in Microbiology Oct 1993Actinomycetes have the genetic capability to synthesize many different biologically active secondary metabolites and of these compounds, antibiotics predominate in... (Review)
Review
Actinomycetes have the genetic capability to synthesize many different biologically active secondary metabolites and of these compounds, antibiotics predominate in therapeutic and commercial importance. Intensive research often centres on the use of molecular techniques to investigate the physiology and genetics of antibiotic biosynthesis with a view to improving production. The isolation of clones of Streptomyces hygroscopicus, the producer of geldanamycin, which synthesizes geldanamycin in S. lividans, is reported. Molecular approaches using genes for elongation factors (tuf) were used in attempts to increase the fermentation yield of kirromycin, whilst probes for aphD and sph, genes for streptomycin phosphotransferases, were used to gather information on streptomycin genes in soil. Actinomycete populations in soil and earthworms may help in developing a strategy for discovering additional antimicrobials in soil. The relationship of proline metabolism to the secondary metabolite undecylprodigiosin and the carbon regulation of spiramycin biosynthesis in S. ambofaciens is also reported.
Topics: Actinomycetales; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Glycerol; In Vitro Techniques; Lactams, Macrocyclic; Prodigiosin; Pyridones; Spiramycin; Streptomyces; Tobramycin
PubMed: 8140285
DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(93)90072-a -
Journal of Clinical and Experimental... Oct 2022Patients with odontogenic infections are commonly prescribed antimicrobials on an experiential base without knowing the precise microorganisms implicated. The aim of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Patients with odontogenic infections are commonly prescribed antimicrobials on an experiential base without knowing the precise microorganisms implicated. The aim of this systematic scoping review is to evaluate the prevalence and proportions of antimicrobial-resistant species in patients with odontogenic infections.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A systematic scoping review of scientific evidence was accomplished involving different databases.
RESULTS
Eight randomized clinical trials and 13 prospective observational studies were included. These investigations analyzed 1506 patients. The species that showed higher levels of resistance included aerobic and facultative anaerobe such as , and . In obligate anaerobes sampled were Peptostreptococcos spp., Bacteroides spp., and Prevotella spp. Staphylococcus showed resistance to ampicillin, piperacillin, clindamycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, and penicillin. Streptococcus had resistance to metronidazole, clindamycin, doxycycline, penicillin, and amoxicillin. Peptostreptococcus spp. presented resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, and cefalexin. Gram-negative microorganisms had resistance to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, and penicillin. Bacteroides spp. exhibited resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and gentamicin. Prevotella spp. showed resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, levofloxacin, and imipenem. Finally, Klebsiella spp. displayed resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, moxifloxacin, and cefalexin. Interestingly, one clinical trial showed that after therapy there was a reduction in sensitivity of 18% for azithromycin and 26% for spiramycin.
CONCLUSIONS
Most of the microorganisms had resistance to diverse groups of antimicrobials. Suitable antimicrobials must be prescribed founded on the microbial samples, culture susceptibility, and clinical progression of the odontogenic infection. Furthermore, it was observed high levels of resistance to antimicrobials that have been used in local and systemic therapy of oral cavity infections. A preponderance of anaerobic microorganisms over aerobic ones was observed. Antibiotic resistance, odontogenic infections, efficacy, microorganisms, scoping review.
PubMed: 36320675
DOI: 10.4317/jced.59830 -
Turkish Journal of Chemistry 2021Herein, an adsorptive stripping linear sweep voltammetric technique was described to determine spiramycin, a macrolide antibiotic, using a carboxylic multiwalled glassy...
Herein, an adsorptive stripping linear sweep voltammetric technique was described to determine spiramycin, a macrolide antibiotic, using a carboxylic multiwalled glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon nanotubes. The main principle of the analytical methodology proposed was based on the preconcentration of spiramycin by open-circuit accumulation of the macrolide onto the modified electrode surface. As a result of the adsorption affinity of spiramycin to the modified surface, the sensitivity of the glassy carbon electrode was significantly increased for the determination of spiramycin. The electrochemical behavior of spiramycin was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and the irreversible anodic peak observed was measured as an analytical signal in the methodology. The proposed electrochemical sensing platform was quite linear in the range of 0.100-40.0 µM of spiramycin concentration with a correlation coefficient of 0.9993. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 0.028 and 0.094 µM, respectively. The intra- and interday repeatability of the proposed sensor was within acceptable limits. Finally, the applicability of the electrochemical methodology was examined by determining the drug content of chicken egg samples spiked with spiramycin standard. A rapid and easy extraction technique was performed to extract spiked spiramycin from the egg samples. The extraction technique followed had good recovery values between 85.3 ± 4.0% and 93.4 ± 1.9%.
PubMed: 34104057
DOI: 10.3906/kim-2010-68 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Nov 2021The production of specialized metabolites by bacteria is usually temporally regulated. This regulation is complex and frequently involves both global and...
The production of specialized metabolites by bacteria is usually temporally regulated. This regulation is complex and frequently involves both global and pathway-specific mechanisms. Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC23877 produces several specialized metabolites, including spiramycins, stambomycins, kinamycins and congocidine. The production of the first three molecules has been shown to be controlled by one or several cluster-situated transcriptional regulators. However, nothing is known regarding the regulation of congocidine biosynthesis. Congocidine (netropsin) belongs to the family of pyrrolamide metabolites, which also includes distamycin and anthelvencins. Most pyrrolamides bind into the minor groove of DNA, specifically in A/T-rich regions, which gives them numerous biological activities, such as antimicrobial and antitumoral activities. We previously reported the characterization of the pyrrolamide biosynthetic gene clusters of congocidine () in S. ambofaciens ATCC23877, distamycin () in Streptomyces netropsis DSM40846, and anthelvencins () in Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC14583. The three gene clusters contain a gene encoding a putative transcriptional regulator, , , and respectively. Cgc1, Dst1, and Ant1 present a high percentage of amino acid sequence similarity. We demonstrate here that Cgc1, an atypical orphan response regulator, activates the transcription of all genes in the stationary phase of S. ambofaciens growth. We also show that the cluster is constituted of eight main transcriptional units. Finally, we show that congocidine induces the expression of the transcriptional regulator Cgc1 and of the operon containing the resistance genes ( and , coding for an ABC transporter), and propose a model for the transcriptional regulation of the gene cluster. Understanding the mechanisms of regulation of specialized metabolite production can have important implications both at the level of specialized metabolism study (expression of silent gene clusters) and at the biotechnological level (increase of the production of a metabolite of interest). We report here a study on the regulation of the biosynthesis of a metabolite from the pyrrolamide family, congocidine. We show that congocidine biosynthesis and resistance are controlled by Cgc1, a cluster-situated regulator. As the gene clusters directing the biosynthesis of the pyrrolamides distamycin and anthelvencin encode a homolog of Cgc1, our findings may be relevant for the biosynthesis of other pyrrolamides. In addition, our results reveal a new type of feed-forward induction mechanism, in which congocidine induces its own biosynthesis through the induction of the transcription of .
Topics: Distamycins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Multigene Family; Netropsin; Streptomyces
PubMed: 34586912
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01380-21