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Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Mar 2022A congenital abnormal connection between an accessory spleen and a gonad is called splenogonadal fusion. The parent of a 3-y-old boy brought him to King Saud Medical...
A congenital abnormal connection between an accessory spleen and a gonad is called splenogonadal fusion. The parent of a 3-y-old boy brought him to King Saud Medical City because he had left scrotal swelling that had begun 1 y previously. Tc-sulfur colloid (SC) imaging has superior sensitivity and specificity in targeting the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, in that these are the only organs that Tc-SC can visualize. Furthermore, if these tissues appear anywhere other than their usual locations, such as in the case of an accessory spleen, Tc-SC imaging can identify them even without biopsy or-in the case of splenogonadal fusion-orchiectomy. In the current case, the patient underwent laparoscopy, the masses were removed, and orchiectomy was avoided. Histopathologic examination confirmed normal splenic tissue, matching the imaging results.
Topics: Colloids; Humans; Liver; Male; Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography; Spleen; Sulfur; Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid
PubMed: 34750231
DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.121.262233 -
Veterinary Pathology Jan 2017Splenitis is uncommonly reported in dogs. Herein, the authors describe its prevalence, clinical findings and outcomes, histologic patterns, and causes. Splenic samples...
Splenitis is uncommonly reported in dogs. Herein, the authors describe its prevalence, clinical findings and outcomes, histologic patterns, and causes. Splenic samples of dogs diagnosed with splenitis between 2005 and 2013 were collected and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Gram, green-Gram, Giemsa, periodic acid-Schiff, and Ziehl-Neelsen. Samples were processed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect bacteria, fungi, and protozoa ( Leishmania infantum, Hepatozoon canis). Thirty-three of 660 splenic samples (5%) had splenitis. Clinical findings and outcomes were available in 19 dogs (58%); 49% had weakness, 33% had fever, and 84% survived. The most frequent inflammatory patterns included purulent splenitis (27%), pyogranulomatous splenitis (24%), and neutrophilic perisplenitis (15%). One dog had a putative diagnosis of primary splenitis; in 8 dogs, microorganisms were identified histologically or by PCR in the spleen without obvious comorbidities. Twenty-four dogs (73%) had concurrent diseases; a permissive role in the development of splenitis was suspected in 21 of these cases. Histologic examination identified the cause of splenitis in 10 dogs. Bacteria were identified by PCR in 23 cases, but the bacteria were confirmed histologically in only 6 of these. Leishmania was detected with PCR in 6 dogs. Leishmania was identified in 1 dog and H. canis in another histologically, but both were PCR negative. Fungi were identified in 8 spleens by PCR and in 1 by histology. This study suggests that splenitis is uncommon in dogs and is frequently associated with systemic diseases. Prognosis is favorable in most cases. Identification of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in the spleens of affected dogs with PCR should be interpreted cautiously, because the findings are not confirmed histologically in many cases.
Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Spleen; Splenic Diseases
PubMed: 27337982
DOI: 10.1177/0300985816653989 -
The Biochemical Journal Oct 19701. Free and membrane-bound polyribosomes and ribosomal monomers were isolated from normal and Rauscher-virus-infected mouse spleens by means of discontinuous sucrose...
1. Free and membrane-bound polyribosomes and ribosomal monomers were isolated from normal and Rauscher-virus-infected mouse spleens by means of discontinuous sucrose density gradients. 2. The addition of ribonuclease inhibitor from rat liver was essential to protect these polyribosomes from degradation. To separate the smooth and rough membranes from ribosomal monomers an additional centrifugation step through a continuous sucrose density gradient was necessary. 3. After infection a marked increase in rRNA from both membrane-bound and free polyribosomes was observed. Treatment of the membrane-bound polyribosomes with sodium deoxycholate yielded only 80S particles even when ribonuclease inhibitor was added. 4. A striking feature of the infected spleen was the occurrence of large polyribosomes. Up to 40 monomers per polyribosome could be counted on electron micrographs.
Topics: Animals; Binding Sites; Carbon Isotopes; Cell Membrane; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; DNA; Leukemia, Experimental; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Organ Size; Proteins; RNA; Rauscher Virus; Ribosomes; Spleen; Virus Cultivation
PubMed: 5493508
DOI: 10.1042/bj1190749 -
PloS One 2018Genome-wide transcriptomic studies in humans and mice have become extensive and mature. However, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of protein-coding genes and...
Genome-wide transcriptomic studies in humans and mice have become extensive and mature. However, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) expressed during pig spleen development has not been achieved. LncRNAs are known to participate in regulatory networks for an array of biological processes. Here, we constructed 18 RNA libraries from developing fetal pig spleen (55 days before birth), postnatal pig spleens (0, 30, 180 days and 2 years after birth), and the samples from the 2-year-old Wild Boar. A total of 15,040 lncRNA transcripts were identified among these samples. We found that the temporal expression pattern of lncRNAs was more restricted than observed for protein-coding genes. Time-series analysis showed two large modules for protein-coding genes and lncRNAs. The up-regulated module was enriched for genes related to immune and inflammatory function, while the down-regulated module was enriched for cell proliferation processes such as cell division and DNA replication. Co-expression networks indicated the functional relatedness between protein-coding genes and lncRNAs, which were enriched for similar functions over the series of time points examined. We identified numerous differentially expressed protein-coding genes and lncRNAs in all five developmental stages. Notably, ceruloplasmin precursor (CP), a protein-coding gene participating in antioxidant and iron transport processes, was differentially expressed in all stages. This study provides the first catalog of the developing pig spleen, and contributes to a fuller understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning mammalian spleen development.
Topics: Animals; Female; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Library; Gene Regulatory Networks; Principal Component Analysis; RNA; RNA, Long Noncoding; RNA, Messenger; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Spleen; Swine; Transcriptome
PubMed: 29538394
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193552 -
Folia Morphologica 2023Twenty-five spleens of adult, healthy dromedary of the local breed from the region of El Oued, Algeria, were collected at the slaughterhouse in order to carry out...
BACKGROUND
Twenty-five spleens of adult, healthy dromedary of the local breed from the region of El Oued, Algeria, were collected at the slaughterhouse in order to carry out research to determine the macroscopic and microscopic structure of spleen in this species, macroscopic study revealed that the spleen has a rectangular shape with a triangular section, rounded edges, a little bit striated, its surface is smooth in which the aspect of the capsule and the parietal surface is shiny and smooth, the morphometric study was carried out after classifying the sampled spleen in five groups according to the animal's body weight which increases with age.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Our study revealed that the groups show a different value of mass which declines towards a drop of the index, also the indexes of length and width are following a decreasing order.
RESULTS
The histological study revealed that the zone occupied by stroma did not exceed 26.81% of the total components of the capsule which is composed essentially of connective tissue and an inner layer of smooth muscle cells. Vascular and avascular trabeculae extend from the capsule. The immunohistochemistry study made it possible to visualise T lymphocytes of the splenic parenchyma using monoclonal antibodies where a statistical study was carried out to determine the composition of the various compartments of this organ. The localisation of immunocompetent cells in the splenic parenchyma has been elucidated with antibodies specific for T lymphocytes.
CONCLUSIONS
The red pulp occupied a maximum area of the spleen with an average of 68.1% composed of sinusoids venous, the cords extend between the sinuses and the interlobular zone contain many cells: macrophages, plasma cells, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Topics: Animals; Spleen; Camelus; Algeria; T-Lymphocytes; Macrophages
PubMed: 35099045
DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2022.0004 -
The British Journal of Radiology Apr 2023Adult spleens show extensive morphological variation, with a reported prevalence of 40-98% clefts (also called notches or fissures) on the splenic surface and...
OBJECTIVES
Adult spleens show extensive morphological variation, with a reported prevalence of 40-98% clefts (also called notches or fissures) on the splenic surface and 10-30% accessory spleens at autopsy. It is hypothesised that both anatomical variants result from a complete or partial failure of multiple splenic primordia to fuse to the main body. According to this hypothesis, fusion of the spleen primordia is completed after birth and spleen morphological variations are often explained as stagnation of spleen development at the foetal stage. We tested this hypothesis by studying early spleen development in embryos, and compared foetal and adult spleen morphology.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
We assessed 22 embryonic, 17 foetal and 90 adult spleens on the presence of clefts using histology, micro-CT and conventional post-mortem CT-scans, respectively.
RESULTS
The spleen primordium was observed as a single mesenchymal condensation in all embryonic specimens. The number of clefts varied from 0 to 6 in foetuses, compared to 0-5 in adults. We found no correlation between foetal age and number of clefts (R = 0.004). The independent samples Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed no significant difference in the total number of clefts between adult and foetal spleens ( = 0.068).
CONCLUSION
We found no morphological evidence for a multifocal origin or a lobulated developmental stage of the human spleen.
ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE
Our findings show that splenic morphology is highly variable, independent of developmental stage and age. We suggest to abandon the term "persistent foetal lobulation" and to regard splenic clefts, regardless of their number or location, as normal variants.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Spleen; Autopsy; Gestational Age; X-Ray Microtomography; Anatomic Variation
PubMed: 36802835
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20220744 -
FASEB Journal : Official Publication of... Dec 2019Resolution of inflammation is an active process regulated by specialized proresolving mediators where we identified 3 new pathways producing allylic epoxide-derived...
Resolution of inflammation is an active process regulated by specialized proresolving mediators where we identified 3 new pathways producing allylic epoxide-derived mediators that stimulate regeneration [, peptido-conjugates in tissue regeneration (CTRs)]. Here, using self-limited peritonitis in mice, we identified endogenous maresin (MaR) CTR (MCTR), protectin (PD) CTR (PCTR), and resolvin CTR in infectious peritoneal exudates and distal spleens, as well as investigated enzymes involved in their biosynthesis. PCTRs were identified to be temporally regulated in peritoneal exudates and spleens. PCTR1 and MCTR1 were each produced by human recombinant leukotriene (LT) C synthase (LTCS) and glutathione -transferases (GSTs) [microsomal GST (mGST)2, mGST3, and GST-μ (GSTM)4] from their epoxide precursors [16,17-epoxy-PD (ePD) and 13,14-epoxy-MaR (eMaR)], with preference for GSTM4. Both eMaR and ePD inhibited LTB production by LTA hydrolase. LTCS, mGST2, mGST3, and GSTM4 were each expressed in human M1- and M2-like macrophages where LTCS inhibition increased CTRs. Finally, PCTR1 showed potent analgesic action. These results demonstrate CTR biosynthesis in mouse peritonitis, human spleens, and human macrophages, as well as identification of key enzymes in these pathways. Moreover, targeting LTCS increases CTR metabolomes, giving a new strategy to stimulate resolution and tissue regeneration.-Jouvene, C. C., Shay, A. E., Soens, M. A., Norris, P. C., Haeggström, J. Z., Serhan, C. N. Biosynthetic metabolomes of cysteinyl-containing immunoresolvents.
Topics: Animals; Biosynthetic Pathways; Cells, Cultured; Escherichia coli; Glutathione; Glutathione Transferase; Humans; Inflammation; Macrophages; Male; Metabolome; Mice; Peritonitis; Spleen
PubMed: 31589826
DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902003R -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Jan 2019The spleen contains a reservoir of red blood cells that are mobilized into circulation when under physiological stress. Despite the spleen having an established role in...
The spleen contains a reservoir of red blood cells that are mobilized into circulation when under physiological stress. Despite the spleen having an established role in compensation to acute hypoxia, no previous work has assessed the role of the spleen during ascent to high altitude. Twelve participants completed 2 min of handgrip exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction at 1,045, 3,440, and 4,240 m. In a subset of eight participants, an infusion of phenylephrine hydrochloride was administered at a dosage of 30 µg/l of predicted blood volume at each altitude. The spleen was imaged by ultrasound via a 2- to 5.5-MHz curvilinear probe. Spleen volume was calculated by the prolate ellipsoid formula. Finger capillary blood samples were taken to measure hematocrit. Spleen images and hematocrit were taken both before and at the end of both handgrip and phenylephrine infusion. No changes in resting spleen volume were observed between altitudes. At low altitude, the spleen contracted in response to handgrip [272.8 ml (SD 102.3) vs. 249.6 ml (SD 105.7), P = 0.009], leading to an increase in hematocrit (42.6% (SD 3.3) vs. 44.3% (SD 3.3), P = 0.023] but did not contract or increase hematocrit at the high-altitude locations. Infusion of phenylephrine led to spleen contraction at all altitudes, but only lead to an increase in hematocrit at low altitude. These data reveal that the human spleen may not contribute to acclimatization to chronic hypoxia, contrary to its response to acute sympathoexcitation. These results are explained by alterations in spleen reactivity to increased sympathetic activation at altitude. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrated that, despite the known role of the human spleen in increasing oxygen delivery to tissues during acute hypoxia scenarios, the spleen does not mobilize red blood cells during ascent to high altitude. Furthermore, the spleen's response to acute stressors at altitude depends on the nature of the stressor; the spleen's sensitivity to neurotransmitter is maintained, while its reflex response to stress is dampened.
Topics: Acclimatization; Adult; Altitude; Female; Hand Strength; Hemodynamics; Humans; Male; Phenylephrine; Spleen; Young Adult
PubMed: 30462566
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00753.2018 -
Particle and Fibre Toxicology Apr 2018Titanium dioxide (TiO) is produced at high volumes and applied in many consumer and food products. Recent toxicokinetic modelling indicated the potential of TiO to...
BACKGROUND
Titanium dioxide (TiO) is produced at high volumes and applied in many consumer and food products. Recent toxicokinetic modelling indicated the potential of TiO to accumulate in human liver and spleen upon daily oral exposure, which is not routinely investigated in chronic animal studies. A health risk from nanosized TiO particle consumption could not be excluded then.
RESULTS
Here we show the first quantification of both total titanium (Ti) and TiO particles in 15 post-mortem human livers and spleens. These low-level analyses were enabled by the use of fully validated (single particle) inductively coupled plasma high resolution mass spectrometry ((sp)ICP-HRMS) detection methods for total Ti and TiO particles. The presence of TiO in the particles in tissues was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry.
CONCLUSIONS
These results prove that TiO particles are present in human liver and spleen, with ≥24% of nanosize (< 100 nm). The levels are below the doses regarded as safe in animals, but half are above the dose that is deemed safe for liver damage in humans when taking into account several commonly applied uncertainty factors. With these new and unique human data, we remain with the conclusion that health risks due to oral exposure to TiO cannot be excluded.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Autopsy; Female; Humans; Limit of Detection; Liver; Male; Microscopy, Electrochemical, Scanning; Middle Aged; Nanoparticles; Risk Assessment; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; Spleen; Tissue Distribution; Titanium
PubMed: 29642936
DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0251-7 -
Open Veterinary Journal Mar 2023The golden hamster is a choice model for investigating many visceral and splenic infections and neoplastic and retrospective lesions.
BACKGROUND
The golden hamster is a choice model for investigating many visceral and splenic infections and neoplastic and retrospective lesions.
AIM
To study hamsters' spleen's morphological, histological, and histochemical structure.
METHODS
Samples were collected from eight healthy adult golden hamsters and then fixed with 10% buffered formalin. Later, samples were processed, sectioned, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin as well as Masson's Trichrome stain. Other slides were further stained with Periodic Acid Schiff and Alcian blue 2.5 stain (PAS) for histochemical evolution; the gross measurement was performed for the splenic length, width, and thickness, while the histological measures included the splenic capsular and trabecula thickness, diameter of white pulp follicles, splenic sinusoids and central arteries and proportion of white and red pulps.
RESULTS
The macroscopic findings revealed that the spleen was red-brown lanciform on the left side of the dorsolateral abdominal wall. The morphological measurements for splenic length, width, and thickness were 26.6 ± 7.67, 4.17 ± 1.65, and 1.70 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. The histological observations showed that the splenic capsule was composed of two layers (serosal and subserosal). The inner layer sends trabeculae dividing the splenic parenchyma irregularly, and the splenic parenchyma comprises the white and red pulp. The white pulp follicles included the mantle, marginal zones, and the PALS (periarterial lymphatic sheath), while the red pulp constituted splenic cords and sinuses. The histomorphological findings showed that white pulp follicles and the central artery mean diameter were 252.62 ± 8.07 µm and 54.45 ± 0.36 µm respectively, the proportion of white to a red pulp was 0.49 ± 0.01, the splenic capsule, trabecula and the wall of splenic arteries showed an intense positive activity to PAS stain and negative or weak in other splenic structures.
CONCLUSION
The similarities and differences in the spleen between the laboratory animals and hamsters were apparent in this article, so understanding the morphological and histological structure of the spleen presents significant assistance with species identification to select the appropriate experimental animal model in future medical research.
Topics: Cricetinae; Animals; Spleen; Mesocricetus; Retrospective Studies; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 37026067
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i3.1