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Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Oct 2019It has been established that body position can play an important role in intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation. IOP has been previously shown to increase significantly...
UNLABELLED
It has been established that body position can play an important role in intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation. IOP has been previously shown to increase significantly when lying down, relative to sitting; this type of investigation has not been extensively reported for the standing (ST) position. Therefore, this study aims to look for eventual significant IOP changes while ST, sitting, and lying down.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An Icare PRO was used to measure the IOP of 120 eyes of 60 healthy individuals, with age ranging from 21 to 55 years (mean 29.22 ± 9.12 years), in sitting, supine and ST positions; IOP was measured again, 5 minutes after standing (ST-5m).
RESULTS
Mean IOP difference between sitting and ST position was 0.39 ± 1.93 mmHg (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.74 mmHg) (p = 0.027); between sitting and ST-5m, it was -0.48 ± 1.79 mmHg (95% CI: -0.8 to -0.16 mmHg) (p = 0.004); between the sitting and supine position, it was -1.16±1.9 mmHg (95% CI: -1.5 to -0.82 mmHg) (p < 0.001); between the supine and ST position, it was 1.55 ± 2.04 mmHg (95% CI: 1.18 to 1.92 mmHg) (p < 0.001); between supine and ST-5m, it was 0.68 ± 1.87 mmHg (95% CI: 0.34 to 1.02 mmHg) (p < 0.001); and between ST-5m and ST, it was 0.94 ± 1.95 mmHg (95% CI: 0.58 to 1.29 mmHg) (p < 0.001). Mean axial eye length was 24.45 mm (95% CI: 24.22 to 24.69 mm), and mean central corneal thickness was 535.30 μm (95% CI: 529.44 to 541.19 μm).
CONCLUSION
Increased IOP in the ST-5m position suggests that IOP measurements should be performed in this position too. The detection of higher IOP values in the ST-5m position than in the sitting one, may explain the presence of glaucoma damage or progression in apparently normal-tension or compensated patients.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Middle Aged; Standing Position; Tonometry, Ocular; Weights and Measures
PubMed: 31635406
DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100701 -
BMC Geriatrics Jun 2020Physical inactivity is prevalent in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and may exacerbate their clinical symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine...
BACKGROUND
Physical inactivity is prevalent in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and may exacerbate their clinical symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of 4-h regular versus more dynamic standing sessions while performing routine desktop activities as a non-exercise physical activity intervention in older adults with T2DM to increase non-exercise activity.
METHODS
Twelve older adult patients with T2DM (3 female; age 71 ± 4 years; Body mass index 34 ± 5 kg/m) completed three sessions (baseline sitting followed by "static" or "dynamic" desktop standing sessions). Participants stood behind a regular height-adjustable desk in the "static" standing session. An upright dynamic standing desk, which provides cues to make small weight-shifting movements, was used for the "dynamic" standing session. Oxygen consumption, cognitive performance, as well as net standing duration, total movement activity, and musculoskeletal discomfort were assessed during all three sessions.
RESULTS
All participants were able to complete all sessions. Oxygen consumption and overall movements progressively increased from sitting to static and dynamic standing, respectively (p < 0.001). The duration of breaks during standing (p = 0.024) and rate of total musculoskeletal discomfort development (p = 0.043) were lower in the dynamic standing compared to static standing sessions. There was no evidence of executive cognitive worsening during either standing session compared to sitting.
CONCLUSIONS
Prolonged 4-h standing as a simple non-exercise physical intervention is feasible in older adults with T2DM and may have metabolic (oxygen consumption) benefits. Increasing movement during desktop standing may offer incremental benefits compared to regular standing. Prolonged desktop standing might provide an effective intervention in T2DM older participants to target sedentariness.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04410055), retrospectively registered May 27, 2020.
Topics: Aged; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Sedentary Behavior; Sitting Position; Standing Position
PubMed: 32527223
DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01600-0 -
Medicine Nov 2022How body position affects unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is unclear. This cluster randomized trial aimed to examine the effects of different positions (supine,... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Standing and supine positions are better than sitting in improving rightward deviation in right-hemispheric stroke patients with unilateral spatial neglect: A randomized trial.
TRIAL DESIGN
How body position affects unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is unclear. This cluster randomized trial aimed to examine the effects of different positions (supine, sitting, and standing) on USN in stroke patients.
METHODS
Twenty stroke patients (hemorrhage [n = 11], infarction [n = 9]) who were right-handed, had left hemiplegia due to right hemisphere damage that occurred within the last 2 years, and were in a state of arousal with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15 were included in the study. Table-top pen-and-pencil tests for USN (Bells Test, Line Bisection, Scene Copy, and Star Cancellation) were randomly conducted in the supine, sitting, and standing positions.
RESULTS
The mean values in each test were significantly smaller in the supine position than were those in the sitting position (P = .015, .047, .015, and <.001), and those in the standing position were significantly smaller than those in the sitting position (P = .007, <.001, =.006, and < .001). The results of the 4 tests in the standing position were similar to those in the supine position.
CONCLUSIONS
Body position affects USN in stroke patients and that the standing and supine positions improve USN better than the sitting position. Some possible mechanisms are: muscle contractions in the lower limbs and the trunk could have affected results in the standing position, and reduction in gravitational stimulation in the supine position could have played a role.
Topics: Humans; Standing Position; Sitting Position; Supine Position; Perceptual Disorders; Stroke
PubMed: 36401369
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000031571 -
Gait & Posture Feb 2022Center-of-pressure (CoP) measurements have been studied for assessing balance control. While CoP measurements using force plates have been used to assess standing...
BACKGROUND
Center-of-pressure (CoP) measurements have been studied for assessing balance control. While CoP measurements using force plates have been used to assess standing balance in children with cerebral palsy (CP), it has not been assessed in a sitting position, which specifically reflects trunk postural control.
RESEARCH QUESTION
The purpose of this study was to compare CoP measurements using force plates during both standing and sitting trials with the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) in children with spastic CP.
METHODS
We recruited 26 children with spastic CP (7.8 ± 3.4 years, 4-13 years) and used the PBS, a validated evaluation tool that measures static and dynamic balance control. We took CoP measurements using force plates during sitting and standing. For both trials, subjects stayed still for 10 s with their eyes open or closed. We calculated the CoP velocity, mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) velocity, and ML and AP displacements of CoP.
RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE
During standing trials, static PBS standing scores negatively correlated with more AP displacement and velocity than ML displacement and velocity (p < 0.05). During sitting trials, dynamic PBS sitting scores negatively correlated with ML displacement and velocity (p < 0.05). CoP parameters in the ML direction of the sitting position and CoP parameters in the AP direction of the standing position may better reflect the balance control in children with spastic CP.
Topics: Cerebral Palsy; Child; Humans; Postural Balance; Standing Position; Torso
PubMed: 34839205
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.11.024 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery (Hong... 2023In order to simulate weight-bearing Computed Tomography (CT) examination, this study designed a simple stress position device. By analyzing the relevant data of stress...
BACKGROUND
In order to simulate weight-bearing Computed Tomography (CT) examination, this study designed a simple stress position device. By analyzing the relevant data of stress position footprints and weight-bearing position footprints, the feasibility of the stress position device to simulate standing weight-bearing was verified.
METHODS
This study randomly selected 25 volunteers for standing weight-bearing and stress position footprints collection, and measured the relevant indicators of stress position footprints and standing weight-bearing position footprints. Two foot and ankle surgeons conducted two measurements respectively on the footprints. Intra-observer and inter-observer reliability were calculated using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Pearson correlation coefficient, ICC, scatter plot analysis, and paired -test were used to analyze the stress and weight-bearing position data.
RESULTS
The intra-observer and inter-observer measurement values were reliable. There was a certain degree of correlation between the stress position footprints and weight-bearing position footprints in terms of Pearson correlation coefficient, ICC, and scatter plot analysis. Paired t-tests showed significant differences in Clarke angle (t 2.636, .012), C-S index (t 10.568, .000), arch indx (t 2.176, .035), and arch lower angle (t 6.246, .000).
CONCLUSION
The stress position device can generate a certain degree of stress, and after further optimization and improvement of the stress position device, it is feasible to apply it to weight-bearing CT examination in clinical settings.
Topics: Humans; Feasibility Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Standing Position; Weight-Bearing
PubMed: 38061358
DOI: 10.1177/10225536231219976 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Research :... Jan 2021The pose of the prosthetic components after total hip arthroplasty (THA) is commonly evaluated on conventional radiographs. Any change of the pelvic position after the...
The pose of the prosthetic components after total hip arthroplasty (THA) is commonly evaluated on conventional radiographs. Any change of the pelvic position after the operation in supine and between supine and standing position with time will influence validity of the measurements. We evaluated the changed pelvic tilt angle (PTA) in supine and standing position up to 7 years after operation. The aims of our study were (a) to evaluate if the PTA change over time after THA, (b) to assess any difference in PTA between supine and standing positions, and (c) to investigate whether factors such as gender, the condition of the opposite hip or low-back pain have any influence on PTA after THA. Repeated radiostereophotogrammetric radiographs of 106 patients were studied. Patients had been examined in the supine position postoperatively, and in both supine and standing positions at 6 months and 7-year follow-up. Measurements of supine patients showed an increasing mean posterior pelvic tilt over time. From supine to standing, the pelvis tilted in the opposite direction. At 6 months, the mean anterior tilt was 3.6° ± 3.8° (confidence interval [CI]: 2.8° to 4.3°) which increased to 6.4° ± 3.9° (CI: 5.7° to 7.2°) at 7 years. The mean changes in pelvic rotations around the longitudinal and sagittal axis were less than 1 degree, in both positions. In individual patients, this change reached about 11.0 degrees in supine and 18.0 degrees when standing.
Topics: Acetabulum; Adult; Aged; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Radiostereometric Analysis; Standing Position; Supine Position
PubMed: 32484957
DOI: 10.1002/jor.24759 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2019School-aged children are spending increasingly long periods of time engaged in sedentary activities such as sitting. Recent school-based studies have examined the... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
School-aged children are spending increasingly long periods of time engaged in sedentary activities such as sitting. Recent school-based studies have examined the intervention effects of introducing standing desks into the classroom in the short and medium term. The aim of this repeated-measures crossover design study was to assess the sit-stand behaviour, waking sedentary time and physical activity, and musculoskeletal discomfort at the start and the end of a full school year following the provision of standing desks into a Grade 4 classroom. Accelerometry and musculoskeletal discomfort were measured in both standing and traditional desk conditions at the start and at the end of the school year. At both time points, when students used a standing desk, there was an increase in standing time (17-26 min/school day) and a reduction in sitting time (17-40 min/school day). There was no significant difference in sit-stand behaviour during school hours or sedentary time and physical activity during waking hours between the start and the end of the school year. Students were less likely to report discomfort in the neck and shoulders when using a standing desk and this finding was consistent over the full school year. The beneficial effects of using a standing desk were maintained over the full school year, after the novelty of using a standing desk had worn off.
Topics: Accelerometry; Child; Cross-Over Studies; Exercise; Humans; Interior Design and Furnishings; Male; Schools; Sedentary Behavior; Sitting Position; Standing Position; Students
PubMed: 31557874
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193590 -
PloS One 2022Studies have presented data regarding the effects of short-term (weeks) and long-term (one year) use of standing desks in classrooms on children's health, cognition, and...
Studies have presented data regarding the effects of short-term (weeks) and long-term (one year) use of standing desks in classrooms on children's health, cognition, and musculoskeletal symptoms. However, no previous study has examined such effects in an extremely short-term period such as one classroom lesson. This study aimed to examine the effects of using standing desks for 45 minutes on elementary school students' stress and executive function. For this experiment, 56 students were recruited from public elementary schools in Setagayaku, Tokyo, Japan. There were three conditions involving the use of standing desks (standing, sitting, and mixed), and all students performed tasks for 45 minutes in each condition. Measurements of stress and executive function were performed before and after the students engaged with each condition. Stress levels did not differ between the sitting and standing conditions for the full 45 minutes. The number of correct answers in the Stroop test, an interference task, was higher in the standing and mixed conditions (switching between standing and sitting) than in the sitting condition (interaction: F(1,37) = 3.340, p = 0.04, η2 = 0.05). These results indicate that using standing desks for 45 minutes improved the 'inhibition' of executive function without excessively increasing stress levels.
Topics: Child; Executive Function; Humans; Schools; Sedentary Behavior; Standing Position; Students
PubMed: 35980903
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272035 -
European Journal of Sport Science Sep 2019This study aimed to understand the kinematic and kinetic differences between two sprint starts: block and split-stance standing. Fourteen sub-elite male sprinters (100 m...
This study aimed to understand the kinematic and kinetic differences between two sprint starts: block and split-stance standing. Fourteen sub-elite male sprinters (100 m time: 11.40 ± 0.39 s) performed block and split-stance standing starts sprints over 30 m of in-ground force platforms in a randomised order. Independent t-tests and repeated measures mixed model analysis of variance were used to analyse the between-condition variables across conditions, and over four step phases. Block start sprints resulted in significantly ( < .05) faster 5 m (5.0%, effect size [ES] = 0.89) and 10 m (3.5%, ES = 0.82) times, but no significant differences were found at 20 and 30 m. No significant differences were found in any kinematic measure between starting positions. However, block starts resulted in significantly ( < .001) greater propulsive impulses (6.8%, ES = 1.35) and net anterior-posterior impulses (6.5%, ES = 1.12) during steps 1-4, compared to the standing start. Block starts enable athletes to produce a greater amount of net anterior-posterior impulse during early accelerated sprinting, resulting in faster times up to 10 m. When seeking to improve initial acceleration performance, practitioners may wish to train athletes from a block start to improve horizontal force production.
Topics: Acceleration; Athletes; Athletic Performance; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Kinetics; Male; Running; Standing Position; Young Adult
PubMed: 30732539
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1575475 -
Human Movement Science Apr 2022During standing, posture can be controlled by accelerating the Center of Mass (CoM) through shifting the center of pressure (CoP) within the base of support by applying...
During standing, posture can be controlled by accelerating the Center of Mass (CoM) through shifting the center of pressure (CoP) within the base of support by applying ankle moments ("CoP mechanism"), or through the "counter-rotation mechanism", i.e., changing the angular momentum of segments around the CoM to change the direction of the ground reaction force. Postural control develops over the lifespan; at both the beginning and the end of the lifespan adequate postural control appears more challenging. In this study, we aimed to assess mediolateral balance performance and the related use of the postural control mechanisms in children, older adults and younger adults when standing on different (unstable) surfaces. Sixteen pre-pubertal children (6-9y), 17 younger adults (18-24y) and eight older adults (65-80y) performed bipedal upright standing trials of 16 s on a rigid surface and on three balance boards that could freely move in the frontal plane, varying in height (15-19 cm) of the surface of the board above the point of contact with the floor. Full body kinematics (16 segments, 48 markers, using SIMI 3D-motion analysis system (GmbH) and DeepLabCut and Anipose) were retrieved. Performance related outcome measures, i.e., the number of trials with balance loss and the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the time series of the CoM acceleration, the contributions of the CoP mechanism and the counter-rotation mechanism to the CoM acceleration in the frontal plane and selected kinematic measures, i.e. the orientation of the board and the head and the Mean Power Frequency (MPF) of the balance board orientation and the CoM acceleration were determined. Balance loss only occurred when standing on the highest balance board, twice in one older adult once in one younger adult. In children and older adults, the RMS of the CoM accelerations were larger, corresponding to poorer balance performance. Across age groups and conditions, the contribution of the CoP mechanism to the total CoM acceleration was much larger than that of the counter-rotation mechanisms, ranging from 94% to 113% vs 23% to 38% (with totals higher than 100% indicating opposite effects of both mechanisms). Deviations in head orientation were small compared to deviations in balance board orientation. We suggest that the CoP mechanism is dominant, since the counter-rotation mechanism would conflict with stabilizing the orientation of the head in space.
Topics: Acceleration; Aged; Biomechanical Phenomena; Child; Humans; Postural Balance; Posture; Standing Position
PubMed: 35123153
DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.102930