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Molecular Microbiology May 2022Biofilm formation of staphylococci has been an emerging field of research for many years. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood and...
Biofilm formation of staphylococci has been an emerging field of research for many years. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood and vary widely between species and strains. The aim of this study was to identify new effectors impacting biofilm formation of two Staphylococcus xylosus strains. We identified a novel surface protein conferring cell aggregation, adherence to abiotic surfaces, and biofilm formation. The S. xylosus surface protein A (SxsA) is a large protein occurring in variable sizes. It lacks sequence similarity to other staphylococcal surface proteins but shows similar structural domain organization and functional features. Upon deletion of sxsA, adherence of S. xylosus strain TMW 2.1523 to abiotic surfaces was completely abolished and significantly reduced in TMW 2.1023. Macro- and microscopic aggregation assays further showed that TMW 2.1523 sxsA mutants exhibit reduced cell aggregation compared with the wildtype. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that sxsA is part of the core genome of S. xylosus, Staphylococcus paraxylosus, and Staphylococcus nepalensis and additionally encoded in a small group of Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus saprophyticus strains. This study provides insights into protein-mediated biofilm formation of S. xylosus and identifies a new cell wall-associated protein influencing cell aggregation and biofilm formation.
Topics: Adhesives; Biofilms; Membrane Proteins; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 35072960
DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14884 -
The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary... Nov 2021Staphylococcus species colonises humans and animals and is a major food contaminant with public health significance. Here, we assessed the occurrence of...
Staphylococcus species colonises humans and animals and is a major food contaminant with public health significance. Here, we assessed the occurrence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) in the pig-production chain in Ibadan, Nigeria. Nares of 120 pigs and 10 farmers were sampled with sterile swabs whilst 54 pork samples were collected from a retail slaughterhouse. Staphylococcus species were isolated using enrichment, cefoxitin-aztreonam selective broth and Mannitol salt agar. Isolates were tested for susceptibility to cefoxitin (30 μg), oxacillin (1 μg) and vancomycin (30 μg). Methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolates were characterised using conventional biochemical tests. From 184 samples, 364 staphylococcal isolates were obtained. Amongst the 54 pork samples, 44.0% were contaminated with Staphylococcus species. Overall, 9 (2.5%) MRS were obtained and presumptively identified as Staphylococcus xylosus (n = 3), Staphylococcus sciuri (n = 3), Staphylococcus warneri (n = 2) and Staphylococcus cohnii (n = 1). There was no relationship between the prevalence of MRS between pigs and pig handlers in the farms, but Farm 2 had the highest frequency of 66.7% (p 0.05). Piglets had the highest prevalence of 66.7% (p 0.05) whilst MRS was absent in workers and pork samples. This study raises concerns about the cross-contamination of staphylococci in the food chain. Constant surveillance is imperative to ensure food safety.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Methicillin Resistance; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nigeria; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 34879684
DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v88i1.1959 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jan 2017Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) have become the main pathogens causing bovine mastitis in recent years. A huge variation in species distribution among herds has...
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) have become the main pathogens causing bovine mastitis in recent years. A huge variation in species distribution among herds has been observed in several studies, emphasizing the need to identify subgroup- and species-specific herd-level factors to improve our understanding of the differences in ecological and epidemiological nature between species. The use of bulk milk samples enables the inclusion of a large(r) number of herds needed to identify herd-level risk factors and increases the likelihood of recovering enough isolates per species needed for conducting subgroup- and, eventually, species-specific analyses at the same time. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and distribution of CNS species in bulk milk samples and to identify associated subgroup- and species-specific herd-level factors. Ninety percent of all bulk milk samples yielded CNS. Staphylococcus equorum was the predominant species, followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. A seasonal effect was observed for several CNS species. Bulk milk samples from herds with a loose-pack or a tiestall housing system were more likely to yield CNS species compared with herds with a freestall barn, except for S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus cohnii. In September, herds in which udders were clipped had lower odds of yielding Staphylococcus chromogenes, S. simulans, and Staphylococcus xylosus, the CNS species assumed to be most relevant for udder health, in their bulk milk than herds in which udder clipping was not practiced. Bulk milk of herds participating in a monthly veterinary udder health-monitoring program was more likely to yield these 3 CNS species. Herds always receiving their milk quality premium or predisinfecting teats before attachment of the milking cluster had lower odds of having S. equorum in their bulk milk. Herds not using a single dry cotton or paper towel for each cow during premilking udder preparation were more likely to have S. cohnii-positive bulk milk. Herds in which flushing with hot water or steam of the milking cluster after having milked a cow with a (sub)clinical mastitis was applied, were less likely to yield S. simulans, S. haemolyticus, and S. cohnii in their bulk milk. Always wearing gloves during milking decreased the odds of having Staphylococcus devriesei-positive bulk milk. Tap water from the public drinking system used as drinking water increased the odds of yielding S. simulans in the bulk milk. In conclusion, CNS are highly prevalent in bulk milk and might originate from the environment for some species (we hypothesize this is true for S. equorum or S. cohnii), or from within the udder (e.g., for S. simulans). Studies collecting bulk milk and quarter milk samples at the same time along with environmental samples are needed to determine the exact origin of the different (subgroups of) CNS species present in bulk milk using strain-typing techniques.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Coagulase; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 27865514
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11476 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024A novel coagulase-negative strain (H164) was isolated from soymilk in Taiwan. Comparative sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the H164 strain is a...
A novel coagulase-negative strain (H164) was isolated from soymilk in Taiwan. Comparative sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the H164 strain is a member of the genus . We used multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and phylogenomic analyses to demonstrate that the novel strain was closely related to , , , and . The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between H164 and its closest relatives were <95% and <70%, respectively. The H164 strain could also be distinguished from its closest relatives by the fermentation of -fructose, -maltose, -trehalose, and -mannitol, as well as by the activities of α-glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase. The major cellular fatty acids were C15:0 iso and C15:0 anteiso, and the predominant menaquinones were MK-7 and MK-8, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids and predominant menaquinones were C iso and C anteiso and MK-7 and MK-8, respectively. In conclusion, this strain represents a novel species, named sp. nov., with the type strain H164 (=BCRC 81404 = NBRC 116174).
PubMed: 38668298
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040343 -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2021Tigecycline is regarded as one of the few important last-resort antibiotics to treat complicated skin and intra-abdominal infections. Members of the genus Staphylococcus...
Tigecycline is regarded as one of the few important last-resort antibiotics to treat complicated skin and intra-abdominal infections. Members of the genus Staphylococcus are zoonotic pathogens and pose a serious threat to public health. Tigecycline resistance in this species appears to be a rare phenomenon, and the mechanisms underlying tigecycline resistance have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report two novel variants of the (L) gene in Staphylococcus spp. from swine in China, designed as (L) and (L). The (L) was located within a 18,720 bp chromosomal multidrug resistance gene cluster flanked by two copies of IS in Staphylococcus cohnii 11-B-312, while the (L) was located on a 6,292 bp plasmid in 11-B-93, which could be transferred to S. aureus by electrotransformation. Cloning of each of the two (L) variants into S. aureus RN4220 showed 16- or 8-fold increases in the minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs), which can fully confer the resistance to tigecycline (MICs from 0.125 to 2 mg/liter) and eravacycline (MICs from 0.125 to 1 or 2 mg/liter), but no increase in the MICs of omadacycline, compared with the MICs of the recipient strain S. aureus RN4220. In the murine sepsis and in the murine pneumonia models, an increase in CFU of S. aureus 29213_pT93 carrying the (L) was seen despite tigecycline treatment. This observation suggests that the (L) and its associated gene product compromise the efficacy of tigecycline treatment and may lead to clinical treatment failure. Our finding, that novel Tet(L) efflux pump variants which confer tigecycline and eravacycline resistance have been identified in Staphylococcus spp., requires urgent attention. Tigecycline and eravacycline are both important last-resort broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. The presence of novel Tet(L) efflux pump variants conferring the resistance to tigecycline and eravacycline in Staphylococcus spp. and its potential transmission to S. aureus will compromise the efficacy of tigecycline and eravacycline treatment for S. aureus associated infection and may lead to clinical treatment failure.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Genome, Bacterial; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multigene Family; Pneumonia; Protein Transport; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracyclines; Tigecycline; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 34878306
DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.01310-21 -
Veterinary World Mar 2022Staphylococci are commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens found on the skin and mucosa. Sports animals are more prone to injury and illness, and we believe that...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Staphylococci are commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens found on the skin and mucosa. Sports animals are more prone to injury and illness, and we believe that antimicrobial agents might be extensively used for the treatment and cause the existence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the diversity and AMR profile of staphylococci in sports animals (riding horses, fighting bulls, and fighting cocks) in South Thailand.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Nasal (57 fighting bulls and 33 riding horses) and skin swabs (32 fighting cocks) were taken from 122 animals. Staphylococci were cultured in Mannitol Salt Agar and then identified species by biochemical tests using the VITEK 2 card for Gram-positive organisms in conjunction with the VITEK 2 COMPACT machine and genotypic identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed with VITEK 2 AST-GN80 test kit cards and VITEK 2 COMPACT machine. Detection of AMR genes , , and and staphylococcal chromosomal (SCC) type was evaluated by PCR.
RESULTS
Forty-one colonies of staphylococci were isolated, and six species were identified, including (61%), (15%), (10%), (7%), (5%), and (2%). Staphylococci were highly resistant to two drug classes, penicillin (93%) and cephalosporin (51%). About 56% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), and the majority was (82%), which is primarily found in horses. Most MRS (82%) were multidrug-resistant. Almost all (96%) of the -positive MRS harbored the gene. Almost all MRS isolates possessed an unknown type of SCC. Interestingly, the AMR rate was notably lower in fighting bulls and cocks than in riding horses, which may be related to the owner's preference for herbal therapy over antimicrobial drugs.
CONCLUSION
This study presented many types of staphylococci displayed on bulls, cocks, and horses. However, we found a high prevalence of MRS in horses that could be transmitted to owners through close contact activities and might be a source of AMR genotype transmission to other staphylococci.
PubMed: 35497942
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.765-774 -
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational... 2020Bacterial activity and inflammation both influence acne vulgaris (AV) formation. is considered as an actor involved in inflammation of AV. Besides , other microbiomes...
PURPOSE
Bacterial activity and inflammation both influence acne vulgaris (AV) formation. is considered as an actor involved in inflammation of AV. Besides , other microbiomes found in AV may also play a role in the pathogenesis. This research was conducted to overview microbiomes found in non-inflammatory and inflammatory lesions of AV.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
An observational descriptive study with cross-sectional approach was designed. Sample collection was performed with 40 subjects with AV. In every patient, both non-inflammatory (closed comedone) and inflammatory (pustule) lesion samples were collected by swab. Afterward, bacterial culture was performed, continued by bacterial identification.
RESULTS
In non-inflammatory lesions, the growth of nine bacterial species was observed from 40 samples. In an anaerobic culture, (17,5%) was identified. In aerobic cultures, different bacterial species were found including (52.5%), (12.5%), (7.5%), (7.5%), (7.5%), (5%), (5%), and (2.5%). In inflammatory lesions, nine bacterial species were found, in which was the anaerobic culture we identified (25.0%). Aerobic cultures have revealed the growth colonies of (42.5%), (22.5%), (12.5%), (10.0%), (5.0%), (2.5%), (2.5%), and (2.5%). Two mixed bacterial growths were observed in non-inflammatory lesions, while four mixed bacterial growths were found in inflammatory lesions.
CONCLUSION
Differences in bacterial isolates were observed both in non-inflammatory and inflammatory lesions of AV.
PubMed: 33122933
DOI: 10.2147/CCID.S272334 -
Sao Paulo Medical Journal = Revista... 2013CONTEXT Coagulase-negative staphylococci are common colonizers of the human skin and have become increasingly recognized as agents of clinically significant nosocomial... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT Coagulase-negative staphylococci are common colonizers of the human skin and have become increasingly recognized as agents of clinically significant nosocomial infections. CASE REPORT The case of a 79-year-old male patient with multi-infarct dementia who presented systemic inflammatory response syndrome is reported. This was attributed to bacteremia due to Staphylococcus cohnii ssp. urealyticus, which was grown on blood cultures originating from an infected pressure ulcer. The few cases of Staphylococcus cohnii infection reported in the literature consist of bacteremia relating to catheters, surgical prostheses, acute cholecystitis, brain abscess, endocarditis, pneumonia, urinary tract infection and septic arthritis, generally presenting a multiresistant profile, with nearly 90% resistance to methicillin. CONCLUSIONS The reported case is, to our knowledge, the first case of true bacteremia due to Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. urealyticus caused by an infected pressure ulcer. It shows that this species may be underdiagnosed and should be considered in the differential diagnosis for community-acquired skin infections.
Topics: Aged; Bacteremia; Coagulase; Cross Infection; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Pressure Ulcer; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 23538597
DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802013000100010 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jul 2017Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), the microorganisms most frequently isolated from bovine milk worldwide, are a heterogeneous group of numerous species. To establish their...
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), the microorganisms most frequently isolated from bovine milk worldwide, are a heterogeneous group of numerous species. To establish their importance as a group, the distribution of individual species needs to be determined. In the present study, NAS intramammary infection (IMI) was defined as a milk sample containing ≥1,000 cfu/mL in pure or mixed culture that was obtained from a cohort of cows assembled by the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network. Overall, 6,213 (6.3%) of 98,233 quarter-milk samples from 5,149 cows and 20,305 udder quarters were associated with an NAS IMI. Of the 6,213 phenotypically identified NAS isolates, 5,509 (89%) were stored by the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network Mastitis Pathogen Collection and characterized using partial sequencing of the rpoB housekeeping gene, confirming 5,434 isolates as NAS. Prevalence of each NAS species IMI was estimated using Bayesian models, with presence of a specific NAS species as the outcome. Overall quarter-level NAS IMI prevalence was 26%. The most prevalent species causing IMI were Staphylococcus chromogenes (13%), Staphylococcus simulans (4%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (3%), Staphylococcus xylosus (2%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (1%). The prevalence of NAS IMI as a group was highest in first-parity heifers and was evenly distributed throughout cows in parities ≥2. The IMI prevalence of some species such as S. chromogenes, S. simulans, and S. epidermidis differed among parities. Overall prevalence of NAS IMI was 35% at calving, decreased over the next 10 d, and then gradually increased until the end of lactation. The prevalence of S. chromogenes, Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus cohnii, and Staphylococcus capitis was highest at calving, whereas the prevalence of S. chromogenes, S. haemolyticus, S. xylosus, and S. cohnii increased during lactation. Although the overall prevalence of NAS IMI was similar across barn types, the prevalence of S. simulans, S. xylosus, S. cohnii, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, S. capitis, and Staphylococcus arlettae IMI was higher in tiestall barns; the prevalence of S. epidermidis IMI was lowest; and the prevalence of S. chromogenes and Staphylococcus sciuri IMI was highest in bedded-pack barns. Staphylococcus simulans, S. epidermidis, S. xylosus, and S. cohnii IMI were more prevalent in herds with intermediate to high bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) and S. haemolyticus IMI was more prevalent in herds with high BMSCC, whereas other common NAS species IMI were equally prevalent in all 3 BMSCC categories. Distribution of NAS species IMI differed among the 4 regions of Canada. In conclusion, distribution differed considerably among NAS species IMI; therefore, accurate identification (species level) is essential for studying NAS epidemiology.
Topics: Animals; Bayes Theorem; Canada; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Species Specificity; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 28527793
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12478 -
PloS One Nov 2010Many SCCmec elements of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) could not be typed using multiplex PCR. Such a 'non-typable' SCCmec was encountered in a Staphylococcus...
BACKGROUND
Many SCCmec elements of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) could not be typed using multiplex PCR. Such a 'non-typable' SCCmec was encountered in a Staphylococcus cohnii isolate.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
The SCCmec type of methicillin-resistant S. cohnii clinical isolate WC28 could not be assigned using multiplex PCR. Newly-designed primers were used to amplify ccrA and ccrB genes. The whole SCCmec was obtained by three overlapping long-range PCR, targeting regions from left-hand inverted repeat (IRL) to ccrA/B, from ccrA/B to mecA and from mecA to orfX. The region abutting IRL was identified using inverse PCR with self-ligated enzyme-restricted WC28 fragments as the template. WC28 SCCmec had a class A mec gene complex (mecI-mecR1-mecA). The ccrA and ccrB genes were closest (89.7% identity) to ccrA(SHP) of Staphylococcus haemolyticus strain H9 and to ccrB3 (90% identity) of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strain KM241, respectively. Two new genes potentially encoding AAA-type ATPase were found in J1 region and a ψTn554 transposon was present in J2 region, while J3 region was the same as many SCCmec of Staphylococcus aureus. WC28 SCCmec abutted an incomplete SCC element with a novel allotype of ccrC, which was closest (82% identity) to ccrC1 allele 9 in Staphylococcus saprophyticus strain ATCC 15305. Only two direct target repeat sequences, one close to the 3'-end of orfX and the other abutting the left end of WC28 SCCmec, could be detected.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
A new 35-kb SCCmec was characterized in a S. cohnii isolate, carrying a class A mec gene complex, new variants of ccrA5 and ccrB3 and two novel genes in the J1 region. This element is flanked by 8-bp perfect inverted repeats and is similar to type III SCCmec in S. aureus and a SCCmec in S. pseudintermedius but with different J1 and J3 regions. WC28 SCCmec was arranged in tandem with an additional SCC element with ccrC, SCC(WC28), but the two elements might have integrated independently rather than constituted a composite. This study adds new evidence of the diversity of SCCmec in CoNS and highlights the need for characterizing the 'non-typable' SCCmec to reveal the gene pool associated with mecA.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes, Bacterial; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases; DNA, Bacterial; Methicillin Resistance; Models, Genetic; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Recombinases; Recombination, Genetic; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Staphylococcus; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 21103346
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014016