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PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Nov 2013Mycetoma is a chronic infectious disease of the subcutaneous tissue with a high morbidity. This disease has been reported from countries between 30°N and 15°S since... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Mycetoma is a chronic infectious disease of the subcutaneous tissue with a high morbidity. This disease has been reported from countries between 30°N and 15°S since 1840 but the exact burden of disease is not known. It is currently unknown what the incidence, prevalence and the number of reported cases per year per country is. In order to estimate what the global burden of mycetoma is, a meta-analysis was performed. In total 50 studies were included, which resulted in a total of 8763 mycetoma cases. Most cases were found in men between 11 and 40 years of age. The foot was most commonly affected. Most cases were reported from Mexico, Sudan and India. Madurella mycetomatis was the most prevalent causative agent world-wide, followed by Actinomadura madurae, Streptomyces somaliensis, Actinomadura pelletieri, Nocardia brasiliensis and Nocardia asteroides. Although this study represents a first indication of the global burden on mycetoma, the actual burden is probably much higher. In this study only cases reported to literature could be used and most of these cases were found by searching archives from a single hospital in a single city of that country. By erecting (inter)national surveillance programs a more accurate estimation of the global burden on mycetoma can be obtained.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Global Health; Humans; Mycetoma; Young Adult
PubMed: 24244780
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002550 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2017Deepsea microbes are a rich source of novel bioactive compounds, which have developed unique genetic systems as well as biosynthetic pathways compared with those of...
Deepsea microbes are a rich source of novel bioactive compounds, which have developed unique genetic systems as well as biosynthetic pathways compared with those of terrestrial microbes in order to survive in extreme living environment. However, a large variety of deepsea-microbial secondary metabolic pathways remain "cryptic" under the normal laboratory conditions. Manipulation of global regulators is one of the effective approaches for triggering the production of cryptic secondary metabolites. In this study, by combination of various chromatographic purification process, we obtained somalimycin (), a new antimycin-type depsipeptide, with an unusual substitution of 3-aminosalicylate instead of conserved 3-formamidosalicylate moiety, along with two known ( and ) analogs from the Δ mutant strain of deepsea-derived SCSIO ZH66. The structures of were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses including LC-MS and NMR. In the evaluation of potent anti-inflammatory activity, compound exhibited strong inhibitory activity on the IL-5 production in ovalbumin-stimulated splenocytes with IC value of 0.57 μM, while and displayed mild effect (>10 μM), which might be attributed to their different side-chain substitutions. Moreover, compounds showed very weak cytotoxicity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells with LD values of 62.6, 34.6, and 192.9 μM, respectively, which were far over their IL-5 inhibitory activity. These results indicated that these compounds have good potential for further use in anti-inflammatory drug development.
PubMed: 28469615
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00678 -
Microbial Cell Factories Jun 2016Actinomycete genome sequencing has disclosed a large number of cryptic secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. However, their unavailable or limited expression...
BACKGROUND
Actinomycete genome sequencing has disclosed a large number of cryptic secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. However, their unavailable or limited expression severely hampered the discovery of bioactive compounds. The whiB-like (wbl) regulatory genes play important roles in morphological differentiation as well as secondary metabolism; and hence the wblA so gene was probed and set as the target to activate cryptic gene clusters in deepsea-derived Streptomyces somaliensis SCSIO ZH66.
RESULTS
wblA so from deepsea-derived S. somaliensis SCSIO ZH66 was inactivated, leading to significant changes of secondary metabolites production in the ΔwblA so mutant, from which α-pyrone compound violapyrone B (VLP B) was isolated. Subsequently, the VLP biosynthetic gene cluster was identified and characterized, which consists of a type III polyketide synthase (PKS) gene vioA and a regulatory gene vioB; delightedly, inactivation of vioB led to isolation of another four VLPs analogues, among which one was new and two exhibited improved anti-MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA) activity than VLP B. Moreover, transcriptional analysis revealed that the expression levels of whi genes (whiD, whiG, whiH and whiI) and wbl genes (wblC, wblE, wblH, wblI and wblK) were repressed by different degrees, suggesting an intertwined regulation mechanism of wblA so in morphological differentiation and secondary metabolism of S. somaliensis SCSIO ZH66.
CONCLUSIONS
wblA orthologues would be effective targets for activation of cryptic gene clusters in marine-derived Streptomyces strains, notwithstanding the regulation mechanisms might be varied in different strains. Moreover, the availability of the vio gene cluster has enriched the diversity of type III PKSs, providing new opportunities to expand the chemical space of polyketides through biosynthetic engineering.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Gene Deletion; Multigene Family; Plasmids; Polyketide Synthases; Polyketides; Seawater; Streptomyces
PubMed: 27350607
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0515-6 -
Journal of Bacteriology Jul 2012We report the draft genome sequence of the human pathogen Streptomyces somaliensis (DSM 40738), a pathogen within a genus of largely saprophytic organisms. S....
We report the draft genome sequence of the human pathogen Streptomyces somaliensis (DSM 40738), a pathogen within a genus of largely saprophytic organisms. S. somaliensis causes severe and debilitating deep tissue and bone infections. The genome sequence is deposited in DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank with the accession number AJJM01000000.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Foot Diseases; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycetoma; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Streptomyces; Young Adult
PubMed: 22689234
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00534-12 -
Clinical Case Reports Oct 2023This case presents an atypical cystic presentation of mycetoma without sinuses or discharge. Awareness of these variations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and timely...
KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE
This case presents an atypical cystic presentation of mycetoma without sinuses or discharge. Awareness of these variations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and timely intervention, highlighting the need for healthcare professionals to consider diverse manifestations of mycetoma.
ABSTRACT
Mycetoma is a chronic and debilitating infectious disease characterized by localized swellings and granulomatous lesions. It primarily affects individuals in tropical and subtropical regions and is caused by certain fungi or bacteria. While mycetoma typically presents with sinuses and discharge, this case report presents a unique cystic presentation without these features. The patient, a 12-year-old female from Sudan, presented with a painless swelling on the dorsum of her right foot. Physical examination revealed a round, non-tender, and fluctuant mass. Histopathological examination confirmed actinomycetoma caused by . The patient was successfully treated with a combination of antibiotherapy. This atypical presentation underscores the need for healthcare professionals to consider uncommon variations of mycetoma for accurate diagnosis and management.
PubMed: 37854263
DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8054 -
Marine Drugs Oct 2016The gene functions as a global regulatory gene in a negative manner in deepsea-derived SCSIO ZH66. A new dioic acid () as well as two known butenolides ( and ) were...
The gene functions as a global regulatory gene in a negative manner in deepsea-derived SCSIO ZH66. A new dioic acid () as well as two known butenolides ( and ) were isolated from the mutant strain of SCSIO ZH66. The structure of was elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analyses, including MS and NMR techniques. In the cell growth inhibitory evaluation, compound exhibited moderate activity against the human hepatic carcinoma cell line (Huh7.5) with an IC value of 19.4 μg/mL, while compounds and showed null activity up to 100 μg/mL.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Bacteria; Cell Line, Tumor; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dicarboxylic Acids; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Fermentation; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Seawater; Streptomyces
PubMed: 27763499
DOI: 10.3390/md14100184 -
Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 2018Mycetoma is a distinct body tissue destructive and neglected tropical disease. It is endemic in many tropical and subtropical countries. Mycetoma is caused by bacterial...
BACKGROUND
Mycetoma is a distinct body tissue destructive and neglected tropical disease. It is endemic in many tropical and subtropical countries. Mycetoma is caused by bacterial infections () such as and Nocardiae or true fungi () such as . To date, treatments fail to cure the infection and the available marketed drugs are expensive and toxic upon prolonged usage. Moreover, no vaccine was prepared yet against mycetoma.
AIM
The aim of this study is to predict effective epitope-based vaccine against fructose-bisphosphate aldolase enzymes of using immunoinformatics approaches.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase of was retrieved from NCBI. Different prediction tools were used to analyze the nominee's epitopes in Immune Epitope Database for B-cell, T-cell MHC class II and class I. Then the proposed peptides were docked using Autodock 4.0 software program.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The proposed and promising peptides KYLQ show a potent binding affinity to B-cell, FEYARKHAF with a very strong binding affinity to MHC I alleles and FFKEHGVPL that shows a very strong binding affinity to MHC II and MHC I alleles. This indicates a strong potential to formulate a new vaccine, especially with the peptide FFKEHGVPL which is likely to be the first proposed epitope-based vaccine against fructose-bisphosphate aldolase of . This study recommends an in vivo assessment for the most promising peptides especially FFKEHGVPL.
PubMed: 30542244
DOI: 10.1177/1177932218809703 -
International Journal of Infectious... Nov 2022Botryomycosis is a rare chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease of bacterial origin. Two forms of the disease exist; the cutaneous and the visceral form. The...
OBJECTIVES
Botryomycosis is a rare chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease of bacterial origin. Two forms of the disease exist; the cutaneous and the visceral form. The subcutaneous form mimics actinomycetoma clinically and histologically; however, the treatment is different. In this communication, we report on a Sudanese male patient who presented with foot botryomycosis.
DESIGN
Case report.
RESULTS
The patient was initially diagnosed with actinomycetoma by the presence of Streptomyces somaliensis like-grains in the histological slides. The patient was treated with a combination of co-trimoxazole and amikacin sulfate and shifted after 1 year to co-trimoxazole, amoxicillin, and clavulanic acid. Despite treatment, the infection progressed, and the bone was invaded. The infected limb was amputated. The histopathological report of the surgical biopsy showed gram-positive cocci inside the grain. The 16S sequence identified these cocci as Staphylococcus aureus.
CONCLUSION
This is the first reported botryomycosis case from Sudan, and it highlights why molecular identification is vital in diagnosis.
Topics: Male; Humans; Staphylococcus aureus; Mycetoma; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Sudan; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 36241164
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.10.010 -
Microbial Cell Factories Apr 2018Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) are simple homodimer ketosynthases that distribute across plants, fungi, and bacteria, catalyzing formation of pyrone- and...
BACKGROUND
Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) are simple homodimer ketosynthases that distribute across plants, fungi, and bacteria, catalyzing formation of pyrone- and resorcinol-types aromatic polyketides with various bioactivities. The broad substrate promiscuity displayed by type III PKSs makes them wonderful candidates for expanding chemical diversity of polyketides.
RESULTS
Violapyrone B (VLP B, 10), an α-pyrone compound produced by deepsea-derived Streptomyces somaliensis SCSIO ZH66, is encoded by a type III PKS VioA. We overexpressed VioA in three different hosts, including Streptomyces coelicolor M1146, Streptomyces sanyensis FMA as well as the native producer S. somaliensis SCSIO ZH66, leading to accumulation of different violapyrone compounds. Among them, S. coelicolor M1146 served as the host producing the most abundant violapyrones, from which five new (2-4, 7 and 12) and nine known (1, 5, 6, 8-11, 13 and 14) compounds were identified. Anti-influenza A (H1N1) virus activity of these compounds was then evaluated using ribavirin as a positive control (IC = 112.9 μM), revealing that compounds 11-14 showed considerable activity with IC values of 112.7, 26.9, 106.7 and 28.8 μM, respectively, which are significantly improved as compared to that of VLP B (10) (IC > 200 μM). The productions of 10 and 13 were increased by adding P450 inhibitor metyrapone. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis experiment led to demonstration of the residue S242 to be essential for the activity of VioA.
CONCLUSIONS
Biological background of the expression hosts is an important factor impacting on the encoding products of type III PKSs. By using S. coelicolor M1146 as cell factory, we were able to generate fourteen VLPs compounds. Anti-H1N1 activity assay suggested that the lipophilic nature of the alkyl chains of VLPs plays an important role for the activity, providing valuable guidance for further structural optimization of VLPs.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Gene Expression; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; Pyrones; Streptomyces; Streptomyces coelicolor
PubMed: 29650021
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0908-9 -
The Open Microbiology Journal 2009The aerobic actinomycetes are a large group of soil-inhabiting bacteria that occur worldwide. Some of them are the main cause of two important diseases, nocardiosis and...
The aerobic actinomycetes are a large group of soil-inhabiting bacteria that occur worldwide. Some of them are the main cause of two important diseases, nocardiosis and actinomycetoma. To identify the prevalence and geographic distribution of aerobic actinomycetes in soil of Qazvin province, a study was carried out during 2006-2007. In this study, the incidence and diversity of medically important aerobic actinomycetes was determined in 300 soil samples of different parts of Qazvin. The suspensions of superficial soil samples were prepared by adding of normal saline, streptomycin and chloramphenicol and the supernatants were cultured on brain-heart infusion agar and Sabouraud's dextrose agar contain cycloheximide. The isolated microorganisms were examined by Gram and acid-fast stains and were identified biochemically and morphologically. Of 96 aerobic actinomycetes isolates identified, Actinomadura madurae and Streptomyces somaliensis were the most frequently isolated species each representing 19.8% of isolates, followed by Nocardia asteroides (15.6%), N. otitidiscaviarum (9.4%), N. brasiliensis (7.3%), A. peletieri, S. griseus, and Nocardia spp. (each 5.2%), and N. transvalensis, Nocardiopsis dassonvillei, Actinomadura spp. and Streptomyces spp. (each 3.1%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on epidemiological investigation of medically important aerobic actinomycetes in soil samples from Iran. In recent years, mycetoma and nocardiosis have been increasingly reported in Iran. The results showed that medically important actinomycetes occur in the environment of Iran and soil could be potential source of actinomycotic infections.
PubMed: 19440253
DOI: 10.2174/1874285800903010053