-
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2023Time perception is impaired in adult ADHD. Since the term time perception subsumes different constructs, including time estimation, time reproduction, time production,... (Review)
Review
Time perception is impaired in adult ADHD. Since the term time perception subsumes different constructs, including time estimation, time reproduction, time production, and duration discrimination, it remains open whether certain domains are more affected than other domains in adult ADHD. The aim of this explorative review is to present the current state of research on time perception in adult ADHD by analysing studies from the past 10 years. A review of the literature addressing adult ADHD time perception, time estimation, and time reproduction was performed. The search strategy was conducted by using the databases "PubMed", "Medline", and "PSYNDEX". The results of the present review indicate that the number of studies on time perception in adult ADHD is very scarce. Moreover, the main investigated domains of time perception in the past decade were time estimation, time reproduction and time management. Whereas some of the found studies were able to demonstrate a distinct deficit in time estimation, time reproduction and time management other studies were unable to demonstrate a clear association between ADHD and time estimation and time reproduction deficits. However, the diagnostic protocols, study design, and methodology varied between studies. Further studies on time estimation and time reproduction need to be carried out.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Time Perception; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Time Management
PubMed: 36833791
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043098 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Oct 2011Time and time perceptions are integral to decision making because any meaningful choice is embedded in a temporal context and requires the evaluation of future... (Review)
Review
Time and time perceptions are integral to decision making because any meaningful choice is embedded in a temporal context and requires the evaluation of future preferences and outcomes. The present review examines the influence of chronological age on time perceptions and horizons and discusses implications for decision making across the life span. Time influences and interacts with decision making in multiple ways. Specifically, this review examines the following topic areas: (1) processing speed and decision time, (2) internal clocks and time estimation, (3) mental representations of future time and intertemporal choice, and (4) global time horizons. For each aspect, patterns of age differences and implications for decision strategies and quality are discussed. The conclusion proposes frameworks to integrate different lines of research and identifies promising avenues for future inquiry.
Topics: Aging; Choice Behavior; Decision Making; Forecasting; Humans; Time; Time Perception
PubMed: 22023567
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06209.x -
Attention, Perception & Psychophysics Oct 2023The present study examined whether and how the mutual perceptual biases of temporal and spatial information, known as the kappa and the tau effects, depend on the...
The present study examined whether and how the mutual perceptual biases of temporal and spatial information, known as the kappa and the tau effects, depend on the duration and spatial extent of sensory stimulation as well as on the magnitude of spatio-temporal discrepancy. Three small circles were presented in succession at different spatial positions. The time points of presentation and the spatial position of the second circle systematically varied. Participants judged either whether the temporal interval between the first and the second circle was longer than the interval between the second and the third circle (Experiment 1) or whether the spatial distance between the first and the second circle was larger than the distance between the second and the third circle (Experiment 2), or both in separate blocks of trials (Experiment 3). The impact of spatial information on temporal perception (i.e., the kappa effect) increased with velocity of motion presumably imputed by the participants to the static displays and decreased with spatio-temporal discrepancy. No inverse biases (i.e., no tau effects) were observed. These results are considered as an indication that integration of spatial and temporal signals follow the same basic principles as multisensory integration of redundant signals, such as those from vision and touch.
Topics: Humans; Photic Stimulation; Space Perception; Vision, Ocular; Time Perception; Touch
PubMed: 36828992
DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02678-5 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Oct 2014Although the study of time has been central to physics and philosophy for millennia, questions of how time is represented in the brain and how this representation is... (Review)
Review
Although the study of time has been central to physics and philosophy for millennia, questions of how time is represented in the brain and how this representation is related to time perception have only recently started to be addressed. Emerging evidence subtly yet profoundly challenges our intuitive notions of time over short scales, offering insight into the nature of the brain's representation of time. Numerous different models, specified at the neural level, of how the brain may keep track of time have been proposed. These models differ in various ways, such as whether time is represented by a centralized or distributed neural system, or whether there are neural systems dedicated to the problem of timing. This paper reviews the insight offered by behavioral experiments and how these experiments refute and guide some of the various models of the brain's representation of time.
Topics: Brain; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways; Time Perception
PubMed: 25257798
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12545 -
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Feb 2018In the visual system retinal space is compressed such that acuity decreases further from the fovea. Different forms of memory may rely on a compressed representation of... (Review)
Review
In the visual system retinal space is compressed such that acuity decreases further from the fovea. Different forms of memory may rely on a compressed representation of time, manifested as decreased accuracy for events that happened further in the past. Neurophysiologically, "time cells" show receptive fields in time. Analogous to the compression of visual space, time cells show less acuity for events further in the past. Behavioral evidence suggests memory can be accessed by scanning a compressed temporal representation, analogous to visual search. This suggests a common computational language for visual attention and memory retrieval. In this view, time functions like a scaffolding that organizes memories in much the same way that retinal space functions like a scaffolding for visual perception.
Topics: Brain; Humans; Memory; Time Factors; Time Perception; Visual Perception
PubMed: 29389352
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.11.004 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jul 2009The striking diversity of psychological and neurophysiological models of 'time perception' characterizes the debate on how and where in the brain time is processed. In... (Review)
Review
The striking diversity of psychological and neurophysiological models of 'time perception' characterizes the debate on how and where in the brain time is processed. In this review, the most prominent models of time perception will be critically discussed. Some of the variation across the proposed models will be explained, namely (i) different processes and regions of the brain are involved depending on the length of the processed time interval, and (ii) different cognitive processes may be involved that are not necessarily part of a core timekeeping system but, nevertheless, influence the experience of time. These cognitive processes are distributed over the brain and are difficult to discern from timing mechanisms. Recent developments in the research on emotional influences on time perception, which succeed decades of studies on the cognition of temporal processing, will be highlighted. Empirical findings on the relationship between affect and time, together with recent conceptualizations of self- and body processes, are integrated by viewing time perception as entailing emotional and interoceptive (within the body) states. To date, specific neurophysiological mechanisms that would account for the representation of human time have not been identified. It will be argued that neural processes in the insular cortex that are related to body signals and feeling states might constitute such a neurophysiological mechanism for the encoding of duration.
Topics: Cerebral Cortex; Emotions; Humans; Models, Psychological; Time Perception
PubMed: 19487197
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0003 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2022Duration cognition refers to an individual's cognition for the duration of a given stimulus. Previous studies have explored the effect of emotions on duration...
Duration cognition refers to an individual's cognition for the duration of a given stimulus. Previous studies have explored the effect of emotions on duration perception; however, the results remain controversial. To explore the characteristics of college students' time perception under electrical stimulation, this study used a time-reproduction task and a within-subject design with electrical-stimulation conditions and target duration as independent variables. Additionally, this study used the average temporal reproduction and the reproduction coefficient of variation as dependent variables; the subjective arousal degree, value, and electrical activity under electric stimulation were recorded simultaneously. The results indicated a significant main effect of electrical stimulation. Compared to non-electrical stimulation, the average temporal reproduction of participants under electrical stimulation was significantly shorter. Additionally, the interaction between electrical stimulation and target duration was significant. Furthermore, with the increase in the target duration, the shortening degree of the average temporal reproduction under the electrical stimulation increased significantly. Additionally, the participants' subjective arousal with electrical stimulation was higher than that without an electrical shock, and the valence with electrical stimulation was lower than that without electrical stimulation. These results suggest that the emotions induced by electrical stimulation increase the internal-clock speed, which leads to the relative overestimation of time perception.
Topics: Humans; Time Perception; Emotions; Arousal; Cognition; Correlation of Data
PubMed: 36554862
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416984 -
Neural Plasticity 2016
Topics: Brain; Humans; Neuronal Plasticity; Time Perception
PubMed: 27340570
DOI: 10.1155/2016/1706373 -
BMC Psychiatry May 2022People with high subthreshold autistic traits usually share behavioral patterns similar to those of individuals on the autism spectrum, but with fewer social and...
BACKGROUND
People with high subthreshold autistic traits usually share behavioral patterns similar to those of individuals on the autism spectrum, but with fewer social and cognitive changes. The effect of autistic traits on time perception and the role of interpersonal information in this effect remain unexplored.
METHODS
This study used a temporal bisection task between 400 and 1600 ms to compare the time perception of individuals with higher and lower autistic traits, and to explore the regulation of interpersonal information on their time perception by establishing associations between identities and geometric shapes. Thirty-two participants with high autistic traits and thirty-one participants with low autistic traits participated in this study.
RESULTS
In the absence of identity information, people with high autistic traits tended to judge short durations as longer. Their subjective bisection point was lower, and the Weber ratio was higher than for those with low autistic traits, suggesting that their overestimation of short duration was due to decreased temporal sensitivity. With the involvement of interpersonal information, the proportion of long responses for no identity was significantly lower than for self, friends, and strangers, which seemed more obvious in individuals with low autistic traits although there was no significant interaction between identity and group. The Weber ratio of no identity was lower than that for other identities.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that individuals with high autistic traits have more conservative responses that are relatively shorter in duration, and this change is related to a decline in perceptual sensitivity. Compared to individuals with high autistic traits, the time perception of individuals with low autistic traits seemed more susceptible to interpersonal information.
Topics: Autistic Disorder; Humans; Time Perception
PubMed: 35624494
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03995-z -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Mar 2014Sensitivity to time, including the time of reward, guides the behaviour of all organisms. Recent research suggests that all major reward structures of the brain process... (Review)
Review
Sensitivity to time, including the time of reward, guides the behaviour of all organisms. Recent research suggests that all major reward structures of the brain process the time of reward occurrence, including midbrain dopamine neurons, striatum, frontal cortex and amygdala. Neuronal reward responses in dopamine neurons, striatum and frontal cortex show temporal discounting of reward value. The prediction error signal of dopamine neurons includes the predicted time of rewards. Neurons in the striatum, frontal cortex and amygdala show responses to reward delivery and activities anticipating rewards that are sensitive to the predicted time of reward and the instantaneous reward probability. Together these data suggest that internal timing processes have several well characterized effects on neuronal reward processing.
Topics: Anticipation, Psychological; Brain; Decision Making; Dopaminergic Neurons; Humans; Models, Neurological; Reward; Time Perception
PubMed: 24446502
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0468