-
Pharmaceutical Research Nov 2022Exosomes are cell-derived components composed of proteins, lipid, genetic information, cytokines, and growth factors. They play a vital role in immune modulation,... (Review)
Review
Exosomes are cell-derived components composed of proteins, lipid, genetic information, cytokines, and growth factors. They play a vital role in immune modulation, cell-cell communication, and response to inflammation. Immune modulation has downstream effects on the regeneration of damaged tissue, promoting survival and repair of damaged resident cells, and promoting the tumor microenvironment via growth factors, antigens, and signaling molecules. On top of carrying biological messengers like mRNAs, miRNAs, fragmented DNA, disease antigens, and proteins, exosomes modulate internal cell environments that promote downstream cell signaling pathways to facilitate different disease progression and induce anti-tumoral effects. In this review, we have summarized how vaccines modulate our immune response in the context of cancer and infectious diseases and the potential of exosomes as vaccine delivery vehicles. Both pre-clinical and clinical studies show that exosomes play a decisive role in processes like angiogenesis, prognosis, tumor growth metastasis, stromal cell activation, intercellular communication, maintaining cellular and systematic homeostasis, and antigen-specific T- and B cell responses. This critical review summarizes the advancement of exosome based vaccine development and delivery, and this comprehensive review can be used as a valuable reference for the broader delivery science community.
Topics: Humans; Exosomes; Vaccine Development; Tumor Microenvironment; Neoplasms; Cell Communication
PubMed: 35028802
DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03143-4 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022
Topics: Gamma Rays; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 36700215
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1075335 -
Journal of Microbiology (Seoul, Korea) Mar 2022Dengue virus (DENV) consists of four serotypes in the family Flaviviridae and is a causative agent of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome.... (Review)
Review
Dengue virus (DENV) consists of four serotypes in the family Flaviviridae and is a causative agent of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome. DENV is transmitted by mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus, and is mainly observed in areas where vector mosquitoes live. The number of dengue cases reported by the World Health Organization increased more than 8-fold over the last two decades from 505,430 in 2000 to over 2.4 million in 2010 to 5.2 million in 2019. Although vaccine is the most effective method against DENV, only one commercialized vaccine exists, and it cannot be administered to children under 9 years of age. Currently, many researchers are working to resolve the various problems hindering the development of effective dengue vaccines; understanding of the viral antigen configuration would provide insight into the development of effective vaccines against DENV infection. In this review, the current status and perspectives on effective vaccine development for DENV are examined. In addition, a plausible direction for effective vaccine development against DENV is suggested.
Topics: Aedes; Animals; Child; Dengue; Dengue Virus; Humans; Mosquito Vectors; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 35157223
DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1625-y -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Archaea are prokaryotic organisms that were classified as a new domain in 1990. Archaeal cellular components and metabolites have found various applications in the... (Review)
Review
Archaea are prokaryotic organisms that were classified as a new domain in 1990. Archaeal cellular components and metabolites have found various applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Some archaeal lipids can be used to produce archaeosomes, a new family of liposomes that exhibit high stability to temperatures, pH and oxidative conditions. Additionally, archaeosomes can be efficient antigen carriers and adjuvants promoting humoral and cellular immune responses. Some archaea produce gas vesicles, which are nanoparticles released by the archaea that increase the buoyancy of the cells and facilitate an upward flotation in water columns. Purified gas vesicles display a great potential for bioengineering, due to their high stability, immunostimulatory properties and uptake across cell membranes. Both archaeosomes and archaeal gas vesicles are attractive tools for the development of novel drug and vaccine carriers to control various diseases. In this review we discuss the current knowledge on production, preparation methods and potential applications of archaeosomes and gas vesicles as carriers for vaccines. We give an overview of the traditional structures of these carriers and their modifications. A comparative analysis of both vaccine delivery systems, including their advantages and limitations of their use, is provided. Gas vesicle- and archaeosome-based vaccines may be powerful next-generation tools for the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Archaea; Cytoplasmic Vesicles; Drug Carriers; Humans; Liposomes; Nanoparticles; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 34567012
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.746235 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022The quest for a syphilis vaccine to provide protection from infection or disease began not long after the isolation of the first subspecies () strain in 1912. Yet, a... (Review)
Review
The quest for a syphilis vaccine to provide protection from infection or disease began not long after the isolation of the first subspecies () strain in 1912. Yet, a practical and effective vaccine formulation continues to elude scientists. Over the last few years, however, efforts toward developing a syphilis vaccine have increased thanks to an improved understanding of the repertoire of outer membrane proteins (OMPs), which are the most likely syphilis vaccine candidates. More has been also learned about the molecular mechanisms behind pathogen persistence and immune evasion. Published vaccine formulations based on a subset of the pathogen's OMPs have conferred only partial protection upon challenge of immunized laboratory animals, primarily rabbits. Nonetheless, those experiments have improved our approach to the choice of immunization regimens, adjuvants, and vaccine target selection, although significant knowledge gaps remain. Herein, we provide a brief overview on current technologies and approaches employed in syphilis vaccinology, and possible future directions to develop a vaccine that could be pivotal to future syphilis control and elimination initiatives.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Immunization; Rabbits; Syphilis; Treponema pallidum; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 35967432
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952284 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by . As a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global TB mortality rate in 2020 is rising,... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by . As a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global TB mortality rate in 2020 is rising, making TB prevention and control more challenging. Vaccination has been considered the best approach to reduce the TB burden. Unfortunately, BCG, the only TB vaccine currently approved for use, offers some protection against childhood TB but is less effective in adults. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new TB vaccines that are more effective than BCG. Accumulating data indicated that peptides or epitopes play essential roles in bridging innate and adaptive immunity and triggering adaptive immunity. Furthermore, innovations in bioinformatics, immunoinformatics, synthetic technologies, new materials, and transgenic animal models have put wings on the research of peptide-based vaccines for TB. Hence, this review seeks to give an overview of current tools that can be used to design a peptide-based vaccine, the research status of peptide-based vaccines for TB, protein-based bacterial vaccine delivery systems, and animal models for the peptide-based vaccines. These explorations will provide approaches and strategies for developing safer and more effective peptide-based vaccines and contribute to achieving the WHO's End TB Strategy.
Topics: Animals; BCG Vaccine; Bacterial Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mice; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Peptides; Tuberculosis; Vaccination; Vaccine Development; Vaccine Efficacy; Vaccines, Subunit
PubMed: 35173740
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830497 -
Journal of Medical Virology Oct 2022The global pandemic of COVID-19 began in December 2019 and is still continuing. The past 2 years have seen the emergence of several variants that were more vicious than... (Review)
Review
The global pandemic of COVID-19 began in December 2019 and is still continuing. The past 2 years have seen the emergence of several variants that were more vicious than each other. The emergence of Omicron (B.1.1.529) proved to be a huge epidemiological concern as the rate of infection of this particular strain was enormous. The strain was identified in South Africa on November 24, 2021 and was classified as a "Variant of Concern" on November 26, 2021. The Omicron variant possessed mutations in the key RBD region, the S region, thereby increasing the affinity of ACE2 for better transmission of the virus. Antibody resistance was found in this variant and it was able to reduce vaccine efficiency of vaccines. The need for a booster vaccine was brought forth due to the prevalence of the Omicron variant and, subsequently, this led to targeted research and development of variant-specific vaccines and booster dosage. This review discusses broadly the genomic characters and features of Omicron along with its specific mutations, evolution, antibody resistance, and evasion, utilization of CRISPR-Cas12a assay for Omicron detection, T-cell immunity elicited by vaccines against Omicron, and strategies to decrease Omicron infection along with COVID-19 and it also discusses on XE recombinant variant and on infectivity of BA.2 subvariant of Omicron.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 35705439
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27936 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Dec 2021Dengue virus (DENV) is a global health threat causing about half of the worldwide population to be at risk of infection, especially the people living in tropical and...
Dengue virus (DENV) is a global health threat causing about half of the worldwide population to be at risk of infection, especially the people living in tropical and subtropical area. Although the dengue disease caused by dengue virus (DENV) is asymptomatic and self-limiting in most people with first infection, increased severe dengue symptoms may be observed in people with heterotypic secondary DENV infection. Since there is a lack of specific antiviral medication, the development of dengue vaccines is critical in the prevention and control this disease. Several targets and strategies in the development of dengue vaccine have been demonstrated. Currently, Dengvaxia, a live-attenuated chimeric yellow-fever/tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV) developed by Sanofi Pasteur, has been licensed and approved for clinical use in some countries. However, this vaccine has demonstrated low efficacy in children and dengue-naïve individuals and also increases the risk of severe dengue in young vaccinated recipients. Accordingly, many novel strategies for the dengue vaccine are under investigation and development. Here, we conducted a systemic literature review according to PRISMA guidelines to give a concise overview of various aspects of the vaccine development process against DENVs, mainly targeting five potential strategies including live attenuated vaccine, inactivated virus vaccine, recombinant subunit vaccine, viral-vector vaccine, and DNA vaccine. This study offers the comprehensive view of updated information and current progression of immunogen selection as well as strategies of vaccine development against DENVs.
Topics: Animals; Dengue; Dengue Vaccines; Dengue Virus; Humans; Treatment Outcome; Vaccine Development; Vaccine Efficacy; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, DNA; Vaccines, Inactivated; Vaccines, Synthetic; Viral Envelope Proteins; Viral Nonstructural Proteins
PubMed: 34634560
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112304 -
BMC Health Services Research Mar 2023Various vaccines have been developed and distributed worldwide to control and cope with COVID-19 disease. To ensure vaccines benefit the global community, the ethical... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Various vaccines have been developed and distributed worldwide to control and cope with COVID-19 disease. To ensure vaccines benefit the global community, the ethical principles of beneficence, justice, non-maleficence, and autonomy should be examined and adhered to in the process of development, distribution, and implementation. This study, therefore, aimed to examine ethical considerations of vaccine development and vaccination processes.
METHODS
A scoping review of the literature was conducted based on the Arkesy and O'Malley protocol to identify eligible studies published until November 2021. We searched Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO databases. The search was conducted using combinations of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) search terms and keywords for Ethics, COVID-19, and vaccines in abstract, keywords, and title fields to retrieve potentially relevant publications. We included any study that reported one of the four principles of medical ethics: autonomy, justice, non-maleficence, and beneficence in the COVID-19 vaccine development and distribution and implementation of vaccinations. Letters, notes, protocols, and brief communications were excluded. In addition, we searched gray literature to include relevant studies (ProQuest database, conferences, and reports). Data were analyzed using framework analysis.
RESULTS
In total, 43 studies were included. Ethical considerations concluded two themes: (1) production and (2) distribution and vaccination. The production process consisted of 16 codes and 4 main Categories, distribution and vaccination process consisted of 12 codes and 4 main Categories. Moreover, the ethical considerations of special groups were divided into four main groups: health care workers (HCWs) (five codes), children and adolescents (five codes), the elderly (one code), and ethnic and racial minorities (three codes).
CONCLUSION
Due to the externalities of pandemics and the public and social benefits and harms of vaccination, it is not feasible to adhere to all four principles of medical ethics simultaneously and perfectly. This issue confronts individuals and policymakers with several moral dilemmas. It seems that decision-making based on the balance between social benefit and social harm is a better criterion in this regard, and the final decision should be made based on maximizing the public benefit and minimizing the public harm.
Topics: COVID-19 Vaccines; COVID-19; Vaccine Development; Ethics, Medical; Beneficence; Social Justice; Bioethics; Humans
PubMed: 36918888
DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09237-6 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022is an obligate intracellular bacterium which, in humans, causes the disease Q fever. Although Q fever is most often a mild, self-limiting respiratory disease, it can... (Review)
Review
is an obligate intracellular bacterium which, in humans, causes the disease Q fever. Although Q fever is most often a mild, self-limiting respiratory disease, it can cause a range of severe syndromes including hepatitis, myocarditis, spontaneous abortion, chronic valvular endocarditis, and Q fever fatigue syndrome. This agent is endemic worldwide, except for New Zealand and Antarctica, transmitted aerosols, persists in the environment for long periods, and is maintained through persistent infections in domestic livestock. Because of this, elimination of this bacterium is extremely challenging and vaccination is considered the best strategy for prevention of infection in humans. Many vaccines against have been developed, however, only a formalin-inactivated, whole cell vaccine derived from virulent is currently licensed for use in humans. Unfortunately, widespread use of this whole cell vaccine is impaired due to the severity of reactogenic responses associated with it. This reactogenicity continues to be a major barrier to access to preventative vaccines against and the pathogenesis of this remains only partially understood. This review provides an overview of past and current research on vaccines, our knowledge of immunogenicity and reactogenicity in vaccines, and future strategies to improve the safety of vaccines against .
Topics: Bacterial Vaccines; Coxiella burnetii; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Q Fever; Vaccination; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 35693783
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886810