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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023While () bacteria are part of the human commensal flora, opportunistic invasion following breach of the epithelial layers can lead to a wide array of infection... (Review)
Review
While () bacteria are part of the human commensal flora, opportunistic invasion following breach of the epithelial layers can lead to a wide array of infection syndromes at both local and distant sites. Despite ubiquitous exposure from early infancy, the life-long risk of opportunistic infection is facilitated by a broad repertoire of virulence proteins. These proteins play a key role in inhibiting development of a long-term protective immune response by mechanisms ranging from dysregulation of the complement cascade to the disruption of leukocyte migration. In this review we describe the recent progress made in dissecting immune evasion, focusing on the role of the superantigen, staphylococcal protein A (SpA). Evasion of the normal human immune response drives the ability of to cause infection, often recurrently, and is also thought to be a major hindrance in the development of effective vaccination strategies. Understanding the role of virulence protein and determining methods overcoming or subverting these mechanisms could lead to much-needed breakthroughs in vaccine and monoclonal antibody development.
Topics: Humans; Staphylococcal Protein A; Staphylococcus aureus; Immune Evasion; Staphylococcal Infections; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 37829608
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1242702 -
Journal of Biomedical Science Feb 2020Vaccination is the most effective measure at preventing influenza virus infections. However, current seasonal influenza vaccines are only protective against closely... (Review)
Review
Vaccination is the most effective measure at preventing influenza virus infections. However, current seasonal influenza vaccines are only protective against closely matched circulating strains. Even with extensive monitoring and annual reformulation our efforts remain one step behind the rapidly evolving virus, often resulting in mismatches and low vaccine effectiveness. Fortunately, many next-generation influenza vaccines are currently in development, utilizing an array of innovative techniques to shorten production time and increase the breadth of protection. This review summarizes the production methods of current vaccines, recent advances that have been made in influenza vaccine research, and highlights potential challenges that are yet to be overcome. Special emphasis is put on the potential role of glycoengineering in influenza vaccine development, and the advantages of removing the glycan shield on influenza surface antigens to increase vaccine immunogenicity. The potential for future development of these novel influenza vaccine candidates is discussed from an industry perspective.
Topics: Glycoproteins; Glycosylation; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Influenza Vaccines; Protein Engineering; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 32059697
DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-0626-6 -
Drug Discovery Today. Technologies Dec 2020Since their discovery, therapeutic or prophylactic vaccines represent a promising option to prevent or cure infections and other pathologies, such as cancer or... (Review)
Review
Since their discovery, therapeutic or prophylactic vaccines represent a promising option to prevent or cure infections and other pathologies, such as cancer or autoimmune disorders. More recently, among a number of nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have emerged as novel tools for vaccine developments, thanks to their inherent ability to tune and upregulate immune response. Moreover, owing to their features, AuNPs can exert optimal actions both as delivery systems and as adjuvants. Notwithstanding the potential huge impact in vaccinology, some challenges remain before AuNPs in vaccine formulations can be translated into the clinic. The current review provides an updated overview of the most recent and effective application of gold nanoparticles as efficient means to develop a new generation of vaccine.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Gold; Metal Nanoparticles; Vaccine Development; Vaccines
PubMed: 34895641
DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2021.02.001 -
International Reviews of Immunology 2022Many recent studies have reported the onset of a robust antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlighted produced antibodies' specific qualitative and... (Review)
Review
Many recent studies have reported the onset of a robust antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlighted produced antibodies' specific qualitative and quantitative aspects, relevant for developing antibody-based diagnostic and therapeutic options. In this review, firstly we will report main information acquired so far regarding the humoral response to COVID-19; we will concentrate, in particular, upon the observed levels and the kinetics, the specificity spectrum and the neutralizing potential of antibodies produced in infected patients. We will then discuss the implication of humoral response's characteristics in the development and correct use of serologic tests, as well as the efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma therapy and of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treating infected patients and preventing new infections. An update of the list of newly isolated specific neutralizing antibodies and suggestions for vaccine evaluation and development will be also provided.
Topics: Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; COVID-19; Humans; Immunization, Passive; SARS-CoV-2; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Vaccine Development; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 34494500
DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1929205 -
Microbiological Research Jun 2023Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a leading and crucial infectious threat to global public health due to the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains such... (Review)
Review
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a leading and crucial infectious threat to global public health due to the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains such as Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA). MRSA infects immunocompromised patients and healthy individuals and has rapidly spread from the healthcare setting to the outside community. The development of flawless vaccines become a medical need worldwide against multi-drug resistant S. aureus. Therefore, protection by an immune-based strategy may provide valuable measures to contain the spread of invasive S. aureus infections. Several vaccine candidates have been prepared which are either in the preclinical phase or in the early clinical phase, whereas several candidates have failed to show a protective efficacy in human subjects. Currently, research is focusing on identifying novel vaccine formulations able to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Several approaches have also been made to the development of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies for passive immunization to protect against S. aureus infections. In recent years, a multi-epitope vaccine has emerged as a novel platform for subunit vaccine design by using computational approaches. Therefore, in this review, we have summarized and discussed the mechanistic overview of different strategies used to develop potential vaccine candidates and passive interventions which are in different stages of clinical trials to fight multi-drug resistant S. aureus infections.
Topics: Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Vaccines; Staphylococcus aureus; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 36958134
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127362 -
Archives of Virology Jun 2022Using viruses to our advantage has been a huge leap for humanity. Their ability to mediate horizontal gene transfer has made them useful tools for gene therapy, vaccine... (Review)
Review
Using viruses to our advantage has been a huge leap for humanity. Their ability to mediate horizontal gene transfer has made them useful tools for gene therapy, vaccine development, and cancer treatment. Adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, alphaviruses, and herpesviruses are a few of the most common candidates for use as therapeutic agents or efficient gene delivery systems. Efforts are being made to improve and perfect viral-vector-based therapies to overcome potential or reported drawbacks. Some preclinical trials of viral vector vaccines have yielded positive results, indicating their potential as prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine candidates. Utilization of the oncolytic activity of viruses is the future of cancer therapy, as patients will then be free from the harmful effects of chemo- or radiotherapy. This review discusses in vitro and in vivo studies showing the brilliant therapeutic potential of viruses.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Herpesviridae; Humans; Neoplasms; Vaccine Development; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 35462594
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05432-8 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Cancer vaccines have been considered promising therapeutic strategies and are often constructed from whole cells, attenuated pathogens, carbohydrates, peptides, nucleic... (Review)
Review
Cancer vaccines have been considered promising therapeutic strategies and are often constructed from whole cells, attenuated pathogens, carbohydrates, peptides, nucleic acids, etc. However, the use of whole organisms or pathogens can elicit unwanted immune responses arising from unforeseen reactions to the vaccine components. On the other hand, synthetic vaccines, which contain antigens that are conjugated, often with carrier proteins, can overcome these issues. Therefore, in this review we have highlighted the synthetic approaches and discussed several bioconjugation strategies for developing antigen-based cancer vaccines. In addition, the major synthetic biology approaches that were used to develop genetically modified cancer vaccines and their progress in clinical research are summarized here. Furthermore, to boost the immune responses of any vaccines, the addition of suitable adjuvants and a proper delivery system are essential. Hence, this review also mentions the synthesis of adjuvants and utilization of biomaterial scaffolds, which may facilitate the design of future cancer vaccines.
Topics: Humans; Cancer Vaccines; Synthetic Biology; Vaccine Development; Vaccines, Synthetic; Neoplasms; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Antigens; Peptides; Nucleic Acids; Carbohydrates; Carrier Proteins; Biocompatible Materials
PubMed: 36296526
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206933 -
EBioMedicine Dec 2021COVID-19 has become a major cause of global mortality and driven massive health and economic disruptions. Mass global vaccination offers the most efficient pathway... (Review)
Review
COVID-19 has become a major cause of global mortality and driven massive health and economic disruptions. Mass global vaccination offers the most efficient pathway towards ending the pandemic. The development and deployment of first-generation COVID-19 vaccines, encompassing mRNA or viral vectors, has proceeded at a phenomenal pace. Going forward, nanoparticle-based vaccines which deliver SARS-CoV-2 antigens will play an increasing role in extending or improving vaccination outcomes against COVID-19. At present, over 26 nanoparticle vaccine candidates have advanced into clinical testing, with ∼60 more in pre-clinical development. Here, we discuss the emerging promise of nanotechnology in vaccine design and manufacturing to combat SARS-CoV-2, and highlight opportunities and challenges presented by these novel vaccine platforms.
Topics: Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Liposomes; Nanoparticles; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 34801965
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103699 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused enormous health risks and global economic disruption. This disease is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome...
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused enormous health risks and global economic disruption. This disease is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein is a structural protein involved in viral replication and assembly. There is accumulating evidence indicating that the nucleocapsid protein is multi-functional, playing a key role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and antiviral immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we summarize its potential application in the prevention of COVID-19, which is based on its role in inflammation, cell death, antiviral innate immunity, and antiviral adaptive immunity.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Antiviral Agents; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Immunity, Innate; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 36583642
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2164219 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Nov 2021Norovirus (NoV) has been recognized as a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. This review estimates the prevalence and genotype distribution of NoV in China to... (Review)
Review
Norovirus (NoV) has been recognized as a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. This review estimates the prevalence and genotype distribution of NoV in China to provide a sound reference for vaccine development. Studies were searched up to October 2020 from CNKI database and inclusion criteria were study duration of at least one calendar year and population size of >100. The mean overall NoV prevalence in individuals with sporadic diarrhea/gastroenteritis was 16.68% (20796/124649, 95% CI 16.63-16.72), and the detection rate of NoV was the highest among children. Non-GII.4 strains have replaced GII.4 as the predominant caused multiple outbreaks since 2014. Especially the recombinant GII.P16-GII.2 increased sharply, and virologic data show that the polymerase GII.P16 rather than VP1 triggers pandemic. Due to genetic diversity and rapid evolution, predominant genotypes might change unexpectedly, which has become major obstacle for the development of effective NoV vaccines.
Topics: Caliciviridae Infections; Child; China; Genotype; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Norovirus; Phylogeny; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 34495811
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1961465