-
The American Journal of Medicine Mar 2022
Topics: Humans; Vaccine Efficacy
PubMed: 34614396
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.09.002 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide, mainly derived from the shell of marine organisms. At present, chitosan has been widely used in the field of biomedicine due to its...
Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide, mainly derived from the shell of marine organisms. At present, chitosan has been widely used in the field of biomedicine due to its special characteristics of low toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradation and low immunogenicity. Chitosan nanoparticles can be easily prepared. Chitosan nanoparticles with positive charge can enhance the adhesion of antigens in nasal mucosa and promote its absorption, which is expected to be used for intranasal vaccine delivery. In this study, we prepared chitosan nanoparticles by a gelation method, and modified the chitosan nanoparticles with mannose by hybridization. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as the model antigen for development of an intranasal vaccine. The preparation technology of the chitosan nanoparticle-based intranasal vaccine delivery system was optimized by design of experiment (DoE). The DoE results showed that mannose-modified chitosan nanoparticles (Man-BSA-CS-NPs) had high modification tolerance and the mean particle size and the surface charge with optimized Man-BSA-CS-NPs were 156 nm and +33.5 mV. FTIR and DSC results confirmed the presence of Man in Man-BSA-CS-NPs. The BSA released from Man-BSA-CS-NPs had no irreversible aggregation or degradation. In addition, the analysis of fluorescence spectroscopy of BSA confirmed an appropriate binding constant between CS and BSA in this study, which could improve the stability of BSA. The cell study in vitro demonstrated the low toxicity and biocompatibility of Man-BSA-CS-NPs. Confocal results showed that the Man-modified BSA-FITC-CS-NPs promote the endocytosis and internalization of BSA-FITC in DC2.4 cells. In vivo studies of mice, Man-BSA-CS-NPs intranasally immunized showed a significantly improvement of BSA-specific serum IgG response and the highest level of BSA-specific IgA expression in nasal lavage fluid. Overall, our study provides a promising method to modify BSA-loaded CS-NPs with mannose, which is worthy of further study.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Chemical Phenomena; Chitosan; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Female; Humans; Mice; Models, Animal; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Spectrum Analysis; Thermodynamics; Vaccine Development; Vaccines
PubMed: 35011436
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010204 -
Expert Review of Vaccines 2024Zebrafishes represent a proven model for human diseases and systems biology, exhibiting physiological and genetic similarities and having innate and adaptive immune... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Zebrafishes represent a proven model for human diseases and systems biology, exhibiting physiological and genetic similarities and having innate and adaptive immune systems. However, they are underexplored for human vaccinology, vaccine development, and testing. Here we summarize gaps and challenges.
AREAS COVERED
Zebrafish models have four potential applications: 1) Vaccine safety: The past successes in using zebrafishes to test xenobiotics could extend to vaccine and adjuvant formulations for general safety or target organs due to the zebrafish embryos' optical transparency. 2) Innate immunity: The zebrafish offers refined ways to examine vaccine effects through signaling via Toll-like or NOD-like receptors in zebrafish myeloid cells. 3) Adaptive immunity: Zebrafishes produce IgM, IgD,and two IgZ immunoglobulins, but these are understudied, due to a lack of immunological reagents for challenge studies. 4) Systems vaccinology: Due to the availability of a well-referenced zebrafish genome, transcriptome, proteome, and epigenome, this model offers potential here.
EXPERT OPINION
It remains unproven whether zebrafishes can be employed for testing and developing human vaccines. We are still at the hypothesis-generating stage, although it is possible to begin outlining experiments for this purpose. Through transgenic manipulation, zebrafish models could offer new paths for shaping animal models and systems vaccinology.
Topics: Zebrafish; Animals; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Humans; Vaccines; Immunity, Innate; Vaccine Development; Models, Animal; Adaptive Immunity; Vaccinology
PubMed: 38664959
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2345685 -
Immunotherapy Apr 2022The COVID-19 pandemic is a lethal virus outbreak by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has severely affected human lives and the global... (Review)
Review
The COVID-19 pandemic is a lethal virus outbreak by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has severely affected human lives and the global economy. The most vital part of the research and development of therapeutic agents is to design drug products to manage COVID-19 efficiently. Numerous attempts have been in place to determine the optimal drug dose and combination of drugs to treat the disease on a global scale. This article documents the information available on SARS-CoV-2 and its life cycle, which will aid in the development of the potential treatment options. A consolidated summary of several natural and repurposed drugs to manage COVID-19 is depicted with summary of current vaccine development. People with high age, comorbity and concomitant illnesses such as overweight, metabolic disorders, pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, renal failure, fatty liver and neoplastic disorders are more prone to create serious COVID-19 and its consequences. This article also presents an overview of post-COVID-19 complications in patients.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Drug Development; Drug Repositioning; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 35187954
DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0168 -
Clinics in Geriatric Medicine Aug 2022The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had strong adverse impacts on vulnerable populations, such as frail older adults. The success of COVID-19 vaccine... (Review)
Review
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had strong adverse impacts on vulnerable populations, such as frail older adults. The success of COVID-19 vaccine development, together with extensive global public health efforts, has brought hope to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, challenges in COVID-19 vaccine development and vaccination strategies among older people remain. This article reviews vaccinations in older adults, compares COVID-19 vaccine platforms, the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in frail older people in long-term care settings, and the challenges of COVID-19 vaccine development and policy making for vaccination strategies in older adults.
Topics: Aged; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Humans; Pandemics; Policy Making; Vaccination; Vaccine Development; Vaccines
PubMed: 35868676
DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2022.03.006 -
Toxins Sep 2021Possible implications and applications of the yeast killer phenomenon in the fight against infectious diseases are reviewed, with particular reference to some... (Review)
Review
Possible implications and applications of the yeast killer phenomenon in the fight against infectious diseases are reviewed, with particular reference to some wide-spectrum killer toxins (KTs) produced by and other related species. A perspective on the applications of these KTs in the medical field is provided considering (1) a direct use of killer strains, in particular in the symbiotic control of arthropod-borne diseases; (2) a direct use of KTs as experimental therapeutic agents; (3) the production, through the idiotypic network, of immunological derivatives of KTs and their use as potential anti-infective therapeutics. Studies on immunological derivatives of KTs in the context of vaccine development are also described.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Communicable Diseases; Cytotoxins; Humans; Killer Factors, Yeast; Saccharomycetales; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 34564659
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090655 -
European Respiratory Review : An... Jun 2022Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading infectious cause of death worldwide and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has negatively impacted the global TB burden of disease... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading infectious cause of death worldwide and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has negatively impacted the global TB burden of disease indicators. If the targets of TB mortality and incidence reduction set by the international community are to be met, new more effective adult and adolescent TB vaccines are urgently needed. There are several new vaccine candidates at different stages of clinical development. Given the limited funding for vaccine development, it is crucial that trial designs are as efficient as possible. Prevention of infection (POI) approaches offer an attractive opportunity to accelerate new candidate vaccines to advance into large and expensive prevention of disease (POD) efficacy trials. However, POI approaches are limited by imperfect current tools to measure infection end-points. POD trials need to carefully consider the type and number of microbiological tests that define TB disease and, if efficacy against subclinical (asymptomatic) TB disease is to be tested, POD trials need to explore how best to define and measure this form of TB. Prevention of recurrence trials are an alternative approach to generate proof of concept for efficacy, but optimal timing of vaccination relative to treatment must still be explored. Novel and efficient approaches to efficacy trial design, in addition to an increasing number of candidates entering phase 2-3 trials, would accelerate the long-standing quest for a new TB vaccine.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; COVID-19; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Research Design; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis Vaccines; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 35675923
DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0044-2022 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Oct 2019: Highly effective malaria vaccines are essential component toward malaria elimination. Although the leading malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01, with modest efficacy is being... (Review)
Review
: Highly effective malaria vaccines are essential component toward malaria elimination. Although the leading malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01, with modest efficacy is being evaluated in a pilot feasibility trial, development of a malaria transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV) could make a major contribution toward malaria elimination. Only a few TBV antigens have reached pre-clinical or clinical development but with several challenges including difficulties in the expression of malaria recombinant proteins and low immunogenicity in humans. Therefore, novel approaches to accelerate TBV research to preclinical development are critical to generate an efficacious TBV.: PubMed was searched to review the progress and future prospects of malaria TBV research and development. We also reviewed registered trials at ClinicalTrials.gov as well as post-genome TBV candidate discovery research including our efforts.: Wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis technology can accelerate TBV development by overcoming some current challenges of TBV research.
Topics: Cell-Free System; Databases, Factual; Germ Cells; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Malaria; Malaria Vaccines; Malaria, Falciparum; Plasmodium falciparum; Protozoan Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Triticum
PubMed: 31566026
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1674145 -
Journal of Medical Virology Apr 2022Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), countries all over the world have suffered severe losses. It affects not only human life and health but also... (Review)
Review
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), countries all over the world have suffered severe losses. It affects not only human life and health but also the economy. In response to COVID-19, countries have made tremendous efforts to vaccine development. The newly discovered variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have brought major challenges to the effectiveness and research of vaccines. This article reviews the existing literature and summarizes the main variants of the SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on vaccines, and provides new ideas for the later development of vaccines. An excellent job in developing and applying vaccines will be an important measure for epidemic prevention and control.
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Epidemiological Monitoring; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; SARS-CoV-2; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Vaccine Development; Vaccine Efficacy
PubMed: 34890492
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27513 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Tuberculosis (TB), caused by respiratory infection with , remains a major global health threat. The only licensed TB vaccine, the one-hundred-year-old Bacille... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by respiratory infection with , remains a major global health threat. The only licensed TB vaccine, the one-hundred-year-old Bacille Calmette-Guérin has variable efficacy and often provides poor protection against adult pulmonary TB, the transmissible form of the disease. Thus, the lack of an optimal TB vaccine is one of the key barriers to TB control. Recently, the development of highly efficacious COVID-19 vaccines within one year accelerated the vaccine development process in human use, with the notable example of mRNA vaccines and adenovirus-vectored vaccines, and increased the public acceptance of the concept of the controlled human challenge model. In the TB vaccine field, recent progress also facilitated the deployment of an effective TB vaccine. In this review, we provide an update on the current virus-vectored TB vaccine pipeline and summarize the latest findings that might facilitate TB vaccine development. In detail, on the one hand, we provide a systematic literature review of the virus-vectored TB vaccines are in clinical trials, and other promising candidate vaccines at an earlier stage of development are being evaluated in preclinical animal models. These research sharply increase the likelihood of finding a more effective TB vaccine in the near future. On the other hand, we provide an update on the latest tools and concept that facilitating TB vaccine research development. We propose that a pre-requisite for successful development may be a better understanding of both the lung-resident memory T cell-mediated mucosal immunity and the trained immunity of phagocytic cells. Such knowledge could reveal novel targets and result in the innovative vaccine designs that may be needed for a quantum leap forward in vaccine efficacy. We also summarized the research on controlled human infection and ultra-low-dose aerosol infection murine models, which may provide more realistic assessments of vaccine utility at earlier stages. In addition, we believe that the success in the ongoing efforts to identify correlates of protection would be a game-changer for streamlining the triage of multiple next-generation TB vaccine candidates. Thus, with more advanced knowledge of TB vaccine research, we remain hopeful that a more effective TB vaccine will eventually be developed in the near future.
Topics: Animals; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Humans; Mice; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis Vaccines; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 35812383
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895020