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Genes Oct 2021Poultry products, meat and eggs, are important sources of protein in the human diet worldwide [...].
Poultry products, meat and eggs, are important sources of protein in the human diet worldwide [...].
Topics: Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Bone Development; Central Nervous System; Columbidae; Eimeria tenella; Genome; Muscle Development; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Serotonin; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 34828350
DOI: 10.3390/genes12111744 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Jun 2020There is a global need for well tolerated, effective, and affordable vaccines to prevent group A streptococcal infections and their most serious complications. The aim... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
There is a global need for well tolerated, effective, and affordable vaccines to prevent group A streptococcal infections and their most serious complications. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent progress in the identification of promising vaccine antigens and new approaches to vaccine design that address the complexities of group A streptococcal pathogenesis and epidemiology.
RECENT FINDINGS
Combination vaccines containing multiple shared, cross-protective antigens have proven efficacious in mouse and nonhuman primate models of infection. The development of complex multivalent M protein-based vaccines is continuing and several have progressed through early-stage human clinical trials. Formulations of vaccines containing universal T-cell epitopes, toll-like receptor agonists, and other adjuvants more potent than alum have been shown to enhance protective immunogenicity. Although the group A streptococcal vaccine antigen landscape is populated with a number of potential candidates, the clinical development of vaccines has been impeded by a number of factors. There are now concerted global efforts to raise awareness about the need for group A streptococcal vaccines and to support progress toward eventual commercialization and licensure.
SUMMARY
Preclinical antigen discovery, vaccine formulation, and efficacy studies in animal models have progressed significantly in recent years. There is now a need to move promising candidates through the clinical development pathway to establish their efficacy in preventing group A streptococcal infections and their complications.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Antigens, Bacterial; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcal Vaccines; Streptococcus pyogenes
PubMed: 32304470
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000644 -
Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal 2021Much has changed in the 2 years since the start of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The need for social distancing catalyzed the digitization of... (Review)
Review
Much has changed in the 2 years since the start of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The need for social distancing catalyzed the digitization of healthcare delivery and medical education-from telemedicine and virtual conferences to online residency/fellowship interviews. Vaccine development, particularly in the field of mRNA technology, led to widespread availability of safe and effective vaccines. With improved survival from acute infection, the healthcare system is dealing with the ever-growing cohort of patients with lingering symptoms. In addition, social media platforms have fueled a plethora of misinformation campaigns that have adversely affected prevention and control measures. In this review, we examine how COVID-19 has reshaped the healthcare system, and gauge its potential effects on life after the pandemic.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Telemedicine; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 34992726
DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1056 -
International Journal of Infectious... Jun 2024Tropical infectious diseases inflict an unacceptable burden of disease on humans living in developing countries. Although anti-pathogenic drugs have been widely used,... (Review)
Review
Tropical infectious diseases inflict an unacceptable burden of disease on humans living in developing countries. Although anti-pathogenic drugs have been widely used, they carry a constant threat of selecting for resistance. Vaccines offer a promising means by which to enhance the global control of tropical infectious diseases; however, these have been difficult to develop, mostly because of the complex nature of the pathogen lifecycles. Here, we present recently developed vaccine candidates for five tropical infectious diseases in the form of a catalog that have either entered clinical trials or have been licensed for use. We deliberate on recently licensed dengue vaccines, provide evidence why combination vaccination could have a synergistic impact on schistosomiasis, critically appraise the value of typhoid conjugate vaccines, and discuss the potential of vaccines in the efforts to eliminate vivax malaria and hookworms.
Topics: Humans; Dengue; Dengue Vaccines; Schistosomiasis; Communicable Diseases; Tropical Medicine; Vaccines; Typhoid Fever; Malaria, Vivax; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 38499058
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107014 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022
Topics: Receptors, Pattern Recognition; Adaptive Immunity; Immune System; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 36530438
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1088029 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Leishmaniasis is endemic to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and is transmitted by the bite of an infected sand fly. The multifaceted interactions... (Review)
Review
Leishmaniasis is endemic to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and is transmitted by the bite of an infected sand fly. The multifaceted interactions between , the host innate immune cells, and the adaptive immunity determine the severity of pathogenesis and disease development. parasites establish a chronic infection by subversion and attenuation of the microbicidal functions of phagocytic innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Other innate cells such as inflammatory monocytes, mast cells and NK cells, also contribute to resistance and/or susceptibility to infection. In addition to the cytokine/chemokine signals from the innate immune cells, recent studies identified the subtle shifts in the metabolic pathways of the innate cells that activate distinct immune signal cascades. The nexus between metabolic pathways, epigenetic reprogramming and the immune signaling cascades that drive the divergent innate immune responses, remains to be fully understood in pathogenesis. Further, development of safe and efficacious vaccines against Leishmaniasis requires a broader understanding of the early interactions between the parasites and innate immune cells. In this review we focus on the current understanding of the specific role of innate immune cells, the metabolomic and epigenetic reprogramming and immune regulation that occurs during visceral leishmaniasis, and the strategies used by the parasite to evade and modulate host immunity. We highlight how such pathways could be exploited in the development of safe and efficacious vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity, Innate; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Killer Cells, Natural; Leishmania donovani; Leishmaniasis Vaccines; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Macrophages; Mast Cells; Metabolomics; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Monocytes; Natural Killer T-Cells; Neutrophils; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 34712235
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748325 -
Current Opinion in Pediatrics Feb 2020The gradual replacement of inactivated whole cell and live attenuated vaccines with subunit vaccines has generally reduced reactogenicity but in many cases also... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The gradual replacement of inactivated whole cell and live attenuated vaccines with subunit vaccines has generally reduced reactogenicity but in many cases also immunogenicity. Although only used when necessary, adjuvants can be key to vaccine dose/antigen-sparing, broadening immune responses to variable antigens, and enhancing immunogenicity in vulnerable populations with distinct immunity. Licensed vaccines contain an increasing variety of adjuvants, with a growing pipeline of adjuvanted vaccines under development.
RECENT FINDINGS
Most adjuvants, including Alum, Toll-like receptor agonists and oil-in-water emulsions, activate innate immunity thereby altering the quantity and quality of an adaptive immune response. Adjuvants activate leukocytes, and induce mediators (e.g., cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandin-E2) some of which are biomarkers for reactogenicity, that is, induction of local/systemic side effects. Although there have been safety concerns regarding a hypothetical risk of adjuvants inducing auto-immunity, such associations have not been established. As immune responses vary by population (e.g., age and sex), adjuvant research now incorporates principles of precision medicine. Innovations in adjuvant research include use of human in vitro models, immuno-engineering, novel delivery systems, and systems biology to identify biomarkers of safety and adjuvanticity.
SUMMARY
Adjuvants enhance vaccine immunogenicity and can be associated with reactogenicity. Novel multidisciplinary approaches hold promise to accelerate and de-risk targeted adjuvant discovery and development. VIDEO ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/MOP/A53.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Biomarkers; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Precision Medicine; Treatment Outcome; Vaccines
PubMed: 31904601
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000868 -
Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2022
Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Vaccine Development; Vaccines
PubMed: 36204806
DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_555_22 -
Microbiology Spectrum Oct 2016It is almost 100 years since the development of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). While BCG does confer consistent... (Review)
Review
It is almost 100 years since the development of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). While BCG does confer consistent protection against disseminated disease, there is an urgent need for a more effective vaccine against pulmonary disease. There are several indications for such an improved vaccine, including prevention of infection, prevention of disease, and a therapeutic vaccine to prevent recurrent disease. The two main approaches to TB vaccine development are developing an improved whole mycobacterial priming agent to replace BCG and/or developing a subunit booster vaccine to be administered after a BCG or BCG replacement priming vaccination. In this article we review the status of the current candidate vaccines being evaluated in clinical trials. The critical challenges to successful TB vaccine development are the uncertain predictive value of the preclinical animal models and the lack of a validated immune correlate of protection. While it is relatively simple to evaluate safety and immunogenicity in phase 1/2 studies, the evaluation of efficacy requires complex studies with large numbers of subjects and long periods of follow-up. This article reviews the potential role for human Experimental Medicine studies, in parallel with product development, to help improve the predictive value of the early-stage trials.
Topics: Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis Vaccines; Vaccination
PubMed: 28087924
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0015-2016 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Sep 2020Outbreaks of infection by novel avian influenza virus strains in humans cause public health issues worldwide, and the development of vaccines against such novel strains...
Outbreaks of infection by novel avian influenza virus strains in humans cause public health issues worldwide, and the development of vaccines against such novel strains is the most effective method for the prevention of these virus outbreaks. All types of vaccines must be tested for potency before use; thus, quantitative potency assays are needed for influenza vaccines. The single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay is considered the gold standard for quantification of influenza virus antigens, and the SRID reference reagents are essential for the determination of vaccine potency. However, it remains debatable whether reference reagents derived from egg-based vaccine platforms can be used to precisely quantify non-egg-derived vaccines; thus, influenza vaccine production using cell-based platforms has attracted increasing attention. To evaluate the utility of reference reagents derived from a cell-based influenza vaccine platform, we prepared cell-based reference reagents from MDCK cell-grown viruses and compared them with egg-derived reference reagents. A primary liquid standard (PLS) was purified from cell-derived candidate influenza vaccine viruses, and hemagglutinin (HA) antigen content was determined by a densitometric method. The produced PLS could be stored at 4°C for more than 10 months. We also established a simple HA protein purification method for goat antiserum preparation, and the performance of the resulting antiserum was compared to that of standard reagents obtained using different production platforms. The results of this study indicate that these reference reagents can be used for both cell-based and egg-based production platforms and that the differences between these two types of platforms are negligible.
Topics: Animals; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; Indicators and Reagents; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Vaccine Potency
PubMed: 32118516
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1721223