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Ugeskrift For Laeger Mar 2017Vascular dementia comprises a heterogeneous group of conditions covering a range of clinical and neuropathological presentations of cerebrovascular disease-causing... (Review)
Review
Vascular dementia comprises a heterogeneous group of conditions covering a range of clinical and neuropathological presentations of cerebrovascular disease-causing dementia. Vascular dementia is a common occurrence, but many questions regarding the disease remain unanswered. Recently, proposed criteria focus on constructing an overarching disease concept, which captures both pre-dementia stages and the clinical and neuropathological heterogeneity. Future research should focus on identifying subtypes with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms in order to facilitate treatment development.
Topics: Dementia, Vascular; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 28330543
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2022Cerebrovascular disease involves a range of conditions including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, vascular malformations, and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia...
Cerebrovascular disease involves a range of conditions including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, vascular malformations, and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) [...].
Topics: Cerebrovascular Disorders; Cognitive Dysfunction; Dementia, Vascular; Humans
PubMed: 35806164
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137161 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta May 2016Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment are receiving heightened attention as potentially modifiable factors for dementias of later life. These factors have now... (Review)
Review
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment are receiving heightened attention as potentially modifiable factors for dementias of later life. These factors have now been linked not only to vascular cognitive disorders but also Alzheimer's disease. In this chapter we review 3 related topics that address vascular contributions to cognitive impairment: 1. vascular pathogenesis and mechanisms; 2. neuropsychological and neuroimaging phenotypic manifestations of cerebrovascular disease; and 3. prospects for prevention of cognitive impairment of later life based on cardiovascular and stroke risk modification. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia edited by M. Paul Murphy, Roderick A. Corriveau and Donna M. Wilcock.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cognitive Dysfunction; Dementia, Vascular; Humans; Neuroimaging; Neuropsychological Tests; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26704177
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.015 -
The Tohoku Journal of Experimental... Aug 1990Vascular dementia is almost always associated with organic brain lesions due to ischemia, not with arteriosclerosis alone. In Japan, more than 50% of dementia in... (Review)
Review
Vascular dementia is almost always associated with organic brain lesions due to ischemia, not with arteriosclerosis alone. In Japan, more than 50% of dementia in population older than 65 years are of vascular origin. Vascular dementia occurs with diffuse vascular lesions in the cerebral white matter or circumscribed lesions in particular areas such as the thalamus, anterior limb of the internal capsule, and cingulate gyrus, all of which constitute the ascending activating system or the limbic system. Vascular dementia is clinically characterized by stepwise progression, fluctuating course and predominant deterioration of intelligence with relative preservation of personality. Reversibility, disproportionate impairment of intelligence and personality, and dementia caused by a focal lesion observed in vascular dementia pose problems with regard to the classical concept of dementia. The similarity and difference between remitting dementia and disturbance of consciousness remain to be scrutinized.
Topics: Adult; Brain; Brain Damage, Chronic; Cohort Studies; Dementia; Dementia, Vascular; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Intelligence; Intracranial Arteriosclerosis; Japan; Male; Middle Aged; Neurocognitive Disorders; Personality
PubMed: 2082504
DOI: 10.1620/tjem.161.supplement_39 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2020It is widely accepted that inflammation may contribute to cognitive impairment in patients with vascular dementia (VD). Our prior clinical researches have reported that...
BACKGROUND
It is widely accepted that inflammation may contribute to cognitive impairment in patients with vascular dementia (VD). Our prior clinical researches have reported that acupuncture can alleviate cognitive function in VD, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The purpose of this research was to explore whether acupuncture alleviates cognitive impairment by suppressing the microRNA-93- (miR-93-) mediated Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, which triggers inflammatory responses in the central nervous system.
METHODS
VD was established by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in male Wistar rats. Three days after operation, the rats began daily treatment with acupuncture for two weeks. The levels of miR-93, Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4), intracellular signaling molecules (myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-B)), and inflammatory cytokines were subsequently detected. TLR4 colocalized with neurons, microglia, and astrocytes in the hippocampus was evaluated. Neuroinflammation and cognitive function were determined after intracerebroventricular injection of TLR4 antagonist TAK-242 or agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without acupuncture.
RESULTS
We found that acupuncture notably repressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and plasma of VD rats. The expression of TLR4, but not TLR2, was markedly downregulated by acupuncture, accompanied by a decrease in miR-93 and MyD88/NF-B signaling pathway activation. The overexpression of TLR4 in microglia, but not in astrocytes and neurons, was reversed by acupuncture. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular injection of TAK-242 had similar effects to acupuncture on inflammation and cognitive function, while LPS injection abolished the beneficial effects of acupuncture.
CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, these findings provide evidence that acupuncture attenuates cognitive impairment associated with inflammation through inhibition of the miR-93-mediated TLR4/MyD88/NF-B signaling pathway in experimental VD. Acupuncture serves as a promising alternative therapy and may be an underlying TLR4 inhibitor for the treatment of VD.
Topics: Acupuncture Points; Acupuncture Therapy; Animals; Cognition; Dementia, Vascular; Hippocampus; Inflammation; Male; MicroRNAs; Microglia; Models, Biological; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; NF-kappa B; Neuroprotective Agents; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Toll-Like Receptor 4
PubMed: 32850002
DOI: 10.1155/2020/8253904 -
Psychogeriatrics : the Official Journal... Dec 2009Recently, the importance of non-pharmacological therapies for dementia has come to the fore. In the present study, we examined the curative effects of aromatherapy in...
OBJECTIVE
Recently, the importance of non-pharmacological therapies for dementia has come to the fore. In the present study, we examined the curative effects of aromatherapy in dementia in 28 elderly people, 17 of whom had Alzheimer's disease (AD).
METHODS
After a control period of 28 days, aromatherapy was performed over the following 28 days, with a wash out period of another 28 days. Aromatherapy consisted of the use of rosemary and lemon essential oils in the morning, and lavender and orange in the evening. To determine the effects of aromatherapy, patients were evaluated using the Japanese version of the Gottfries, Brane, Steen scale (GBSS-J), Functional Assessment Staging of Alzheimer's disease (FAST), a revised version of Hasegawa's Dementia Scale (HDS-R), and the Touch Panel-type Dementia Assessment Scale (TDAS) four times: before the control period, after the control period, after aromatherapy, and after the washout period.
RESULTS
All patients showed significant improvement in personal orientation related to cognitive function on both the GBSS-J and TDAS after therapy. In particular, patients with AD showed significant improvement in total TDAS scores. Result of routine laboratory tests showed no significant changes, suggesting that there were no side-effects associated with the use of aromatherapy. Results from Zarit's score showed no significant changes, suggesting that caregivers had no effect on the improved patient scores seen in the other tests.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, we found aromatherapy an efficacious non-pharmacological therapy for dementia. Aromatherapy may have some potential for improving cognitive function, especially in AD patients.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; Aromatherapy; Arousal; Cross-Over Studies; Dementia; Dementia, Vascular; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Geriatric Assessment; Humans; Lavandula; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Oils, Volatile; Plant Oils; Rosmarinus; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 20377818
DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00299.x -
BMC Medicine Mar 2023Emerging data suggests the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of glucosamine. We aimed to examine the association between regular glucosamine use and...
BACKGROUND
Emerging data suggests the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of glucosamine. We aimed to examine the association between regular glucosamine use and risk of incident dementia, including dementia subtypes.
METHODS
We conducted large-scale observational and two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. Participants in UK Biobank having accessible data for dementia incidence and who did not have dementia at baseline were included in the prospective cohort. Through the Cox proportional hazard model, we examined the risks of incident all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia among glucosamine users and non-users. To further test the causal association between glucosamine use and dementia, we conducted a 2-sample MR utilizing summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The GWAS data were obtained from observational cohort participants of mostly European ancestry.
RESULTS
During a median follow-up of 8.9 years, there were 2458 cases of all-cause dementia, 924 cases of AD, and 491 cases of vascular dementia. In multivariable analysis, the hazard ratios (HR) of glucosamine users for all-cause dementia, AD, and vascular dementia were 0.84 (95% CI 0.75-0.93), 0.83 (95% CI 0.71-0.98), and 0.74 (95% CI 0.58-0.95), respectively. The inverse associations between glucosamine use and AD appeared to be stronger among participants aged below 60 years than those aged above 60 years (p = 0.04 for interaction). The APOE genotype did not modify this association (p > 0.05 for interaction). Single-variable MR suggested a causal relationship between glucosamine use and lower dementia risk. Multivariable MR showed that taking glucosamine continued to protect against dementia after controlling for vitamin, chondroitin supplement use and osteoarthritis (all-cause dementia HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.95; AD HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.72-0.85; vascular dementia HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.57-0.94). Single and multivariable inverse variance weighted (MV-IVW) and MR-Egger sensitivity analyses produced similar results for these estimations.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this large-scale cohort and MR analysis provide evidence for potential causal associations between the glucosamine use and lower risk for dementia. These findings require further validation through randomized controlled trials.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Glucosamine; Dementia, Vascular; Genome-Wide Association Study; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Prospective Studies; Alzheimer Disease; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 36978077
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02816-8 -
Molecular Psychiatry Feb 2022Aging is associated with chronic systemic inflammation, which contributes to the development of many age-related diseases, including vascular disease. The world's... (Review)
Review
Aging is associated with chronic systemic inflammation, which contributes to the development of many age-related diseases, including vascular disease. The world's population is aging, leading to an increasing prevalence of both stroke and vascular dementia. The inflammatory response to ischemic stroke is critical to both stroke pathophysiology and recovery. Age is a predictor of poor outcomes after stroke. The immune response to stroke is altered in aged individuals, which contributes to the disparate outcomes between young and aged patients. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the effects of aging on the immune system and the cerebral vasculature and how these changes alter the immune response to stroke and vascular dementia in animal and human studies. Potential implications of these age-related immune alterations on chronic inflammation in vascular disease outcome are highlighted.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Animals; Dementia, Vascular; Humans; Inflammation; Stroke
PubMed: 34711943
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01361-1 -
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Dec 2020Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is defined as a progressive dementia disease related to cerebrovascular injury and often occurs in aged populations.... (Review)
Review
Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is defined as a progressive dementia disease related to cerebrovascular injury and often occurs in aged populations. Despite decades of research, effective treatment for VCID is still absent. The pathological processes of VCID are mediated by the molecular mechanisms that are partly modulated at the post-transcriptional level. As small endogenous non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRs) can regulate target gene expression through post-transcriptional gene silencing. miRs have been reported to play an important role in the pathology of VCID and have recently been suggested as potential novel pharmacological targets for the development of new diagnosis and treatment strategies in VCID. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of VCID, the possible role of miRs in the regulation of VCID and attempt to envision future therapeutic strategies. Since manipulation of miR levels by either pharmacological or genetic approaches has shown therapeutic effects in experimental VCID models, we also emphasize the potential therapeutic value of miRs in clinical settings.
Topics: Animals; Cognitive Dysfunction; Dementia, Vascular; Humans; MicroRNAs; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 33459504
DOI: 10.1111/cns.13472 -
Experimental Neurology Oct 2015Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second leading form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD) plaguing the elderly population. VaD is a progressive disease caused by... (Review)
Review
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second leading form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD) plaguing the elderly population. VaD is a progressive disease caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, and it affects cognitive abilities especially executive functioning. VaD is poorly understood and lacks suitable animal models, which constrain the progress on understanding the basis of the disease and developing treatments. This review article discusses VaD, its risk factors, induced cognitive disability, various animal (rodent) models of VaD, pathology, and mechanisms of VaD and treatment options.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Cognition Disorders; Dementia, Vascular; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Humans; Hypertension; Metabolic Diseases; Risk Factors
PubMed: 25987538
DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.006