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Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Apr 2019There are many similarities in the epidemiology and transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype (gt)3 infections in the United States.... (Review)
Review
There are many similarities in the epidemiology and transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype (gt)3 infections in the United States. Both viruses are enterically transmitted, although specific routes of transmission are more clearly established for HAV than for HEV: HAV is restricted to humans and primarily spread through the fecal-oral route, while HEV is zoonotic with poorly understood modes of transmission in the United States. New cases of HAV infection have decreased dramatically in the United States since infant vaccination was recommended in 1996. In recent years, however, outbreaks have occurred among an increasingly susceptible adult population. Although HEV is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis in developing countries, it is rarely diagnosed in the United States.
Topics: Animals; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Humans; United States; Viral Hepatitis Vaccines; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29712684
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033431 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Apr 2019Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) cause acute, self-limiting hepatic infections that are usually spread by the fecal-oral route in humans. Naturally... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) cause acute, self-limiting hepatic infections that are usually spread by the fecal-oral route in humans. Naturally occurring and experimental infections are possible in a variety of nonhuman primates and, in the case of HEV, a number of other species. Many advances in understanding the pathogenesis of these viruses have come from studies in experimental animals. In general, animals infected with these viruses recapitulate the histologic lesions seen in infected humans, but typically with less severe clinical and histopathological manifestations. This review describes the histopathologic changes associated with HAV and HEV infection in humans and experimental animals.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Humans; Liver; Phylogeny; Primates
PubMed: 29712683
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033456 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jun 2022The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is little known. Previous case reports suggest that several viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A, can trigger AIH. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is little known. Previous case reports suggest that several viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A, can trigger AIH.
PATIENT
A 55-year-old female showed general weakness and jaundice. The patient was diagnosed with acute hepatitis A and discharged after 14 days of hospitalization with improving liver function. However, blood tests performed 6 days after discharge revealed an increase in liver enzymes and high serum titers of an anti-nuclear antibody and immunoglobulin G. She was readmitted for liver biopsy.
DIAGNOSIS
Liver biopsy showed acute hepatitis A along with AIH. According to the revised international autoimmune hepatitis group scoring system, her score was 14 and she was diagnosed as AIH induced by acute hepatitis A.
INTERVENTION
Conservative treatments with crystalloid (Lactated Ringer's Solution), ursodeoxycholic acid, and silymarin were administered.
OUTCOMES
The patient has been followed up on an outpatient basis and neither symptom recurrence nor an increase in liver enzymes has been reported thus far.
LESSONS
After the treatment of acute hepatitis A, liver function needs to be carefully monitored over time, and the possibility of autoimmune hepatitis should be considered when liver enzymes increases.
Topics: Antibodies, Antinuclear; Biopsy; Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Middle Aged
PubMed: 35888564
DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070845 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Nov 2022With 583 million inhabitants, the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is a worldwide hub for travel, migration, and food trade. However, there is a scarcity of data on...
INTRODUCTION
With 583 million inhabitants, the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is a worldwide hub for travel, migration, and food trade. However, there is a scarcity of data on the epidemiology of the hepatitis A virus (HAV).
METHODS
The MEDLINE and grey literature were systematically searched for HAV epidemiological data relevant to the EMR region published between 1980 and 2020 in English, French, or Arabic.
RESULTS
Overall, 123 publications were extracted. The proportion of HAV cases among acute viral hepatitis cases was high. HAV seroprevalence rate ranged from 5.7% to 100.0% and it was decreasing over time while the average age at infection increased.
CONCLUSION
In the EMR, HAV remains a significant cause of acute viral hepatitis. The observed endemicity shift will likely increase disease burden as the population ages. Vaccinating children and adopting sanitary measures are still essential to disease prevention; vaccinating at-risk groups might reduce disease burden even further.
Topics: Child; Humans; Hepatitis A; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis A Antibodies; Travel; Acute Disease
PubMed: 35617508
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2073146 -
Bulletin of the New York Academy of... May 1955
Topics: Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans
PubMed: 14364082
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Jun 1972
Topics: Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Antigens; Humans; Renal Dialysis; Transfusion Reaction
PubMed: 5031706
DOI: No ID Found -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
Topics: Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans
PubMed: 13905480
DOI: No ID Found -
Viruses May 2020Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is one of the major causes of acute hepatitis, and this infection occasionally causes acute liver failure. HAV infection is associated... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is one of the major causes of acute hepatitis, and this infection occasionally causes acute liver failure. HAV infection is associated with HAV-contaminated food and water as well as sexual transmission among men who have sex with men. Although an HAV vaccine has been developed, outbreaks of hepatitis A and life-threatening severe HAV infections are still observed worldwide. Therefore, an improved HAV vaccine and anti-HAV drugs for severe hepatitis A should be developed. Here, we reviewed cell culture systems for HAV infection, and other issues. This review may help with improving the HAV vaccine and developing anti-HAV drugs.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Cell Culture Techniques; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Humans; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 32408660
DOI: 10.3390/v12050533 -
The Medical Journal of Malaysia Jun 1997
Review
Topics: Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans
PubMed: 10968083
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2022Poor compliance with multi-dose vaccine schedules by adults for whom hepatitis (Hep) A and B vaccines are recommended contributes to major Hep A and B disease burdens... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Poor compliance with multi-dose vaccine schedules by adults for whom hepatitis (Hep) A and B vaccines are recommended contributes to major Hep A and B disease burdens among high-risk U.S. adults. Evidence on hepatitis vaccine series adherence, completion, timeliness of completion, and factors associated with these outcomes, is limited and not readily generalizable for U.S. adults. This retrospective, observational study examined adherence, completion, its timeliness, and the impact of sociodemographic and clinical factors on these outcomes among a large, geographically representative sample of U.S. adults. We analyzed the Optum Clinformatics SES administrative claims database (1/1/2010-6/30/2020) for recipients of 2-dose (HepA, HepB2) or 3-dose (HepB3, HepAB) hepatitis vaccines. Adherence was defined as receipt of booster doses within specified assessment periods, per label-recommended schedules. Completion (receipt of all doses) was assessed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months.The study included 356,828 adults ≥19 years old who were continuously enrolled in a medical benefit plan for one (HepB2), six (HepB3; HepAB), or 18 months (HepA) prior to and following the index date (first observed vaccine dose). Adherence and 24-month completion rates were: HepA (27.0%, 28.4%), HepB2 (32.2%, 44.8%), HepB3 (14.3%, 37.3%), HepAB, (15.3%, 33.8%). Kaplan-Meier completion curves plateaued after about 6 months for HepB2 and about 12 months for HepA, HepB3, and HepAB vaccines. Logistic regression analyses showed risk for low adherence/completion was generally associated with male gender, younger age, Black or Hispanic race/ethnicity, lower educational or household income attainment, and more comorbidities. Adherence and completion rates for all hepatitis vaccine series are low, especially for males, younger adults, those with lower socio-economic status and more comorbidities. To our knowledge, this is the largest claims-based analysis of adherence and completion rates for U.S. adults initiating all currently available HepA and HepB vaccines. Findings may inform hepatitis vaccination programming.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Insurance Claim Review; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Vaccination; Young Adult
PubMed: 35176102
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264062