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Viruses May 2020Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is one of the major causes of acute hepatitis, and this infection occasionally causes acute liver failure. HAV infection is associated... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is one of the major causes of acute hepatitis, and this infection occasionally causes acute liver failure. HAV infection is associated with HAV-contaminated food and water as well as sexual transmission among men who have sex with men. Although an HAV vaccine has been developed, outbreaks of hepatitis A and life-threatening severe HAV infections are still observed worldwide. Therefore, an improved HAV vaccine and anti-HAV drugs for severe hepatitis A should be developed. Here, we reviewed cell culture systems for HAV infection, and other issues. This review may help with improving the HAV vaccine and developing anti-HAV drugs.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Cell Culture Techniques; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Humans; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 32408660
DOI: 10.3390/v12050533 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Jan 2014Previous research indicates that the mortality burden from viral hepatitis is growing, particularly among middle-aged persons. To monitor progress toward prevention...
BACKGROUND
Previous research indicates that the mortality burden from viral hepatitis is growing, particularly among middle-aged persons. To monitor progress toward prevention goals, it is important to continue to document characteristics and comortalities of these deaths. This study sought to examine demographic characteristics and the most frequent causes of death among decedents with a viral hepatitis-related death.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was performed on approximately 2.4 million death records from 2010. We calculated mortality rates for decedents with and without hepatitis A, B, and C virus (HAV, HBV, and HCV) and relative risks for the most frequently cited conditions in decedents with and without HBV and HCV.
RESULTS
In 2010, there were 18 473 (0.7%) deaths with HAV, HBV, and HCV listed among causes of death, disproportionately in those aged 45-64 years. Among the 10 frequent causes of death, decedents listing HBV or HCV died, on average, 22-23 years earlier than decedents not listing these infections. HBV- and HCV-infected decedents aged 45-64 years had an increased risk of having the following conditions reported than decedents without these infections: cancer of liver and intrahepatic bile duct; fibrosis, cirrhosis, and other liver diseases; alcohol-related liver disease; gastrointestinal hemorrhage; human immunodeficiency infection; acute and unspecified renal failure; and septicemia (HCV only).
CONCLUSIONS
Decedents with other causes of death that include HBV or HCV died 22-23 years earlier than decedents not listing these infections. These data suggest and support the need for prevention, early identification, and treatment of HBV and HCV.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cause of Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Survival Analysis; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 24065331
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit642 -
The American Journal of Pathology Dec 1975The basis for the epidemiologic and etiologic differentiation of two major forms of viral hepatitis, hepatitis A and B, was established in a series of studies undertaken... (Review)
Review
The basis for the epidemiologic and etiologic differentiation of two major forms of viral hepatitis, hepatitis A and B, was established in a series of studies undertaken between 1930 and 1970. Final recovery and visualization of the presumed etiologic agent of hepatitis A was not, however, accomplished until the technique of immune electron microscopy was applied to the examination of specimen materials collected from individuals in the early acute stages of infection. Morphologically homogeneous virus-like particles of 27 nm diameter have now been recovered from stools of patients with hepatitis A ill from a variety of sources. Antibody to these particles has been shown to develop during the course of infection with hepatitis A but not with hepatitis B and disease has been induced in nonhuman primates inoculated with purified particle containing fractions. The classification of hepatitis A virus has not been conclusively established, but it would appear to be either a parvovirus or an enterovirus.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Enterovirus; Hepatitis A; Hepatovirus; Humans; Parvoviridae
PubMed: 174435
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2001The hepatitis A virus (HAV), a picornavirus, is a common cause of hepatitis worldwide. Spread of infection is generally person to person or by oral intake after fecal... (Review)
Review
The hepatitis A virus (HAV), a picornavirus, is a common cause of hepatitis worldwide. Spread of infection is generally person to person or by oral intake after fecal contamination of skin or mucous membranes; less commonly, there is fecal contamination of food or water. Hepatitis A is endemic in developing countries, and most residents are exposed in childhood. In contrast, the adult population in developed countries demonstrates falling rates of exposure with improvements in hygiene and sanitation. The export of food that cannot be sterilized, from countries of high endemicity to areas with low rates of infection, is a potentially important source of infection. After ingestion and uptake from the gastrointestinal tract, the virus replicates in the liver and is excreted into the bile. Cellular immune responses to the virus lead to destruction of infected hepatocytes with consequent development of symptoms and signs of disease. Humoral immune responses are the basis for diagnostic serologic assays. Acute HAV infection is clinically indistinguishable from other causes of acute viral hepatitis. In young children the disease is often asymptomatic, whereas in older children and adults there may be a range of clinical manifestations from mild, anicteric infection to fulminant hepatic failure. Clinical variants include prolonged, relapsing, and cholestatic forms. Management of the acute illness is supportive, and complete recovery without sequelae is the usual outcome. Research efforts during World War II led to the development of passive immunoprophylaxis. Pooled immune serum globulin is efficacious in the prevention and attenuation of disease in exposed individuals. More recently, active immunoprophylaxis by vaccination has been accomplished. Future eradication of this disease can now be contemplated.
Topics: Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Hepatitis A Virus, Human; Humans; Infection Control; Risk Factors
PubMed: 11148002
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.14.1.38-58.2001 -
Seminars in Perinatology Apr 1998The study of viral hepatitis was expanded over the past decade with the emergence of new viruses, therapies, and vaccination guidelines as well as new data on the risks...
The study of viral hepatitis was expanded over the past decade with the emergence of new viruses, therapies, and vaccination guidelines as well as new data on the risks of perinatal transmission. There are now at least six hepatitis viruses. Hepatitis A and E are causes of epidemic, enteric infection and do not carry a significant risk of chronic infection. Hepatitis B, C, D, and G are hematogenously spread and are significant causes of chronic hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cirrhosis. The following report reviews the types of hepatitis as well as the consequences of infection to the mother and fetus.
Topics: Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
PubMed: 9638905
DOI: 10.1016/s0146-0005(98)80043-8 -
Journal of the Royal College of... Apr 1981
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Carrier State; Child; Child, Preschool; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Hepatovirus; Humans; Immunization; Male
PubMed: 6268782
DOI: No ID Found -
Bulletin of the New York Academy of... May 1955
Topics: Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans
PubMed: 14364082
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Jun 1972
Topics: Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Antigens; Humans; Renal Dialysis; Transfusion Reaction
PubMed: 5031706
DOI: No ID Found -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
Topics: Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans
PubMed: 13905480
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2020Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection occasionally leads to a critical condition in patients with or without chronic liver diseases. Acute-on-chronic liver disease includes... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection occasionally leads to a critical condition in patients with or without chronic liver diseases. Acute-on-chronic liver disease includes acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and non-ACLF. In this review, we searched the literature concerning the association between HAV infection and chronic liver diseases in PubMed. Chronic liver diseases, such as metabolic associated fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, coinfection with other viruses, and host genetic factors may be associated with severe hepatitis A. It is important to understand these conditions and mechanisms. There may be no etiological correlation between liver failure and HAV infection, but there is an association between the level of chronic liver damage and the severity of acute-on-chronic liver disease. While the application of an HAV vaccination is important for preventing HAV infection, the development of antivirals against HAV may be important for preventing the development of ACLF with HAV infection as an acute insult. The latter is all the more urgent given that the lives of patients with HAV infection and a chronic liver disease of another etiology may be at immediate risk.
Topics: Animals; End Stage Liver Disease; Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Humans
PubMed: 32887515
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176384