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The American Journal of Tropical... Oct 2018Hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses (HAV and HEV) are the most common etiologies of viral hepatitis in India. To better understand the epidemiology of these infections,...
Hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses (HAV and HEV) are the most common etiologies of viral hepatitis in India. To better understand the epidemiology of these infections, laboratory surveillance data generated during 2014-2017, by a network of 51 virology laboratories, were analyzed. Among 24,000 patients tested for both HAV and HEV, 3,017 (12.6%) tested positive for HAV, 3,865 (16.1%) for HEV, and 320 (1.3%) for both HAV and HEV. Most (74.6%) HAV patients were aged ≤ 19 years, whereas 76.9% of HEV patients were aged ≥ 20 years. These laboratories diagnosed 12 HAV and 31 HEV clusters, highlighting the need for provision of safe drinking water and improvements in sanitation. Further expansion of the laboratory network and continued surveillance will provide data necessary for informed decision-making regarding introduction of hepatitis-A vaccine into the immunization program.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Drinking Water; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Epidemiological Monitoring; Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis Antibodies; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; India; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Sanitation
PubMed: 30182922
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0232 -
California Medicine Aug 1947
Topics: Common Cold; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Jaundice; Public Health
PubMed: 18731276
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Travel Medicine 2013Hepatitis A is the second most common vaccine-preventable travel-associated infectious disease and hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common cause of viral hepatitis.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Hepatitis A is the second most common vaccine-preventable travel-associated infectious disease and hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common cause of viral hepatitis. The incidence of infection is closely related to sanitary conditions and the level of economic development.
METHODS
We evaluated HAV incidence, infection-related risk factors, and HAV vaccination rates in international travelers through retrospective analyses using major databases, such as CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the current literature describing epidemiological data for HAV infection in recent years.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
We found that the incidence of HAV infection in developed countries is very low. As international travel increases, the incidence of hepatitis A among travelers remains high and likely leads to regional outbreaks. Travelers should visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website or Infectious Disease Prevention Center of their countries to learn about the incidence of infectious diseases associated with their destination before going abroad to determine if they should be vaccinated.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Global Health; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Hepatitis A Virus, Human; Humans; Travel; Vaccination
PubMed: 24165384
DOI: 10.1111/jtm.12058 -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... Mar 2022BackgroundHepatitis A is an acute infection of the liver caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV). Molecular detection and typing of the HAV VP1/P2A genomic region is used for...
BackgroundHepatitis A is an acute infection of the liver caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV). Molecular detection and typing of the HAV VP1/P2A genomic region is used for genotyping and outbreak investigations. After a large hepatitis A outbreak in Latvia in 2007-08, only sporadic cases were registered until 2017 when a rise in cases occurred. During 2017-19, 179 laboratory-confirmed hepatitis A cases were notified in Latvia.AimTo investigate the observed increase in hepatitis A cases during 2017 and to determine whether these cases were linked to one another, to risk groups, or to other outbreaks. The majority of HAV samples (69.8%) were typed.MethodsThe VP1/P2A genomic region of HAV was amplified and sequenced for 125 case serum samples. Information about hepatitis-related symptoms, hospitalisation, vaccination, a possible source of infection and suspected countries of origin of the virus were analysed for sequenced cases.ResultsMost HAV strains were subgenotype IA (n = 77), of which 41 were strains circulating among men who have sex with men (MSM) populations in Europe (VRD_521_2016 (n = 32), RIVM-HAV16-090 (n = 7) or V16-25801 (n = 2)). Forty-four cases were subgenotype IB and four cases subgenotype IIIA. However, other clusters and sporadic cases were detected with or without identifying the epidemiological link.ConclusionThis work represents molecular epidemiological data of hepatitis A cases in Latvia from 2017 to 2019. Molecular typing methods allow identification of clusters for public health needs and establishing links with other outbreaks, and to compare Latvian strains with reported strains from other countries.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Female; Genotype; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Latvia; Male; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Sexual and Gender Minorities
PubMed: 35301978
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.11.2100415 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Nov 2011We compared clinical features and laboratory findings of 104 patients with hepatitis A and 197 patients with scrub typhus. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
We compared clinical features and laboratory findings of 104 patients with hepatitis A and 197 patients with scrub typhus. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, and jaundice were common in patient with hepatitis A, and fever and headache were significantly more common in patients with scrub typhus. At presentation, an alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level ≥ 500 U/L was observed in 1% of scrub typhus patients and in 87.5% of hepatitis A patients (P < 0.001). A bilirubin level ≥ 1.3 mg/dL was observed in 16.8% of scrub typhus patients and 90.4% of hepatitis A patients. The ALT:lactate dehydrogenase ratio was ≤ 5 in 97.4% of the patients with scrub typhus and > 5 in 95.2% of those with hepatitis A (P < 0.001). Fever, headache, rash, and eschar are findings that indicate scrub typhus. An ALT level ≥ 500 U/L (adjusted odds ratio = 0.011) a bilirubin level ≥ 1.3 (adjusted odds ratio = 0.024), an ALT:lactate dehydrogenase ratio > 5, and hepatomegaly are indications of viral hepatitis A.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bilirubin; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Odds Ratio; ROC Curve; Republic of Korea; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Scrub Typhus; Sex Characteristics; Young Adult
PubMed: 22049041
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.09-0703 -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine Jul 1976
Topics: France; Germany; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; History, 17th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Japan; United States; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 785825
DOI: No ID Found -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Sep 2011To determine the seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and to justify the need for hepatitis A...
AIM
To determine the seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and to justify the need for hepatitis A vaccination.
METHODS
Patients (n = 119) were enrolled between July and September 2009. The diagnosis of CLD was based on the presence of viral markers for more than 6 mo. The diagnosis of liver cirrhosis was based on clinical, biochemical and radiological profiles. Patient serum was tested for anti-HAV IgG.
RESULTS
The overall anti-HAV seroprevalence was 88.2%. The aetiology of CLD was hepatitis B in 96 patients (80.7%) and hepatitis C in 23 patients (19.3%). Mean age was 44.4 ± 14 years. Patients were grouped according to age as follows: 24 (20.2%) patients in the 21-30 years age group, 22 (18.5%) in the 31-40 years age group, 31 (26.1%) in the 41-50 years age group, 23 (19.3%) in the 51-60 years age group and 19 (16.0%) patients aged greater than 60 years, with reported seroprevalences of 66.7%, 95.5%, 93.5%, 91.3% and 94.7%, respectively. There was a marked increase of seroprevalence in subjects older than 30 years (P = 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Our study demonstrated that patients aged greater than 30 years of age were likely to have natural immunity to hepatitis A. Therefore, hepatitis A vaccination may not be routinely required in this age group.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Antibodies; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Hepatitis, Chronic; Humans; Malaysia; Male; Middle Aged; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 22039329
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i36.4130 -
Trends in Microbiology Feb 2014Historically, animal viruses have been classified on the basis of the presence or absence of an envelope - an external lipid bilayer membrane typically carrying one or...
Historically, animal viruses have been classified on the basis of the presence or absence of an envelope - an external lipid bilayer membrane typically carrying one or more viral glycoproteins. However, growing evidence indicates that some 'non-enveloped' viruses circulate in the blood of infected individuals enveloped in host-derived membranes that provide protection from neutralizing antibodies. In this opinion article, we discuss this novel strategy for virus survival and consider how it contributes to the pathogenesis of acute viral hepatitis. The acquisition of an envelope by non-enveloped viruses profoundly influences their interaction with the host at both the cellular and system level and challenges how we think about vaccine protection against these infections.
Topics: Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Models, Biological; Virion
PubMed: 24268716
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.10.005 -
Hepatology Communications Oct 2023We evaluated the proportion, clinical features, and outcomes of previously healthy children presenting to a large Canadian quaternary pediatric center with severe acute...
BACKGROUND
We evaluated the proportion, clinical features, and outcomes of previously healthy children presenting to a large Canadian quaternary pediatric center with severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology.
METHODS
All patients with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) > 500 U/L or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) > 500 U/L between June 1, 2018, and May 31, 2022, at The Hospital for Sick Children, were identified. Subjects with only AST > 500 U/L were excluded. Clinical characteristics, investigations, and outcomes for patients without clear etiology for ALT > 500 U/L (severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology) for our study period and from October 1 to May 31 of each year 2018-2021 were reviewed.
RESULTS
Of 977 patients with ALT/AST> 500 U/L, 720 had only ALT > 500 U/L. We excluded age below 6 months (n = 99) or above 16 years (n = 66), known pre-existing liver conditions (n = 66), and ALT > 500 U/L in already admitted patients (n = 151). Among the remaining 338 children with ALT > 500 U/L at presentation, an etiology was identified in 303 subjects. 33 (9.8%) children [median age 6.1 y (range 0.5-15.5); 61% male] were confirmed as severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology. Twenty patients (60.6%) were tested for blood adenovirus by PCR, and 1 (5%) was positive (serotype B7). Liver tissue specimens from 18 patients revealed no evidence of viral inclusions or adenovirus. Twelve (36.3%) presented with pediatric acute liver failure, with 8 (24.2%) requiring liver transplantation. There were no deaths. Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia occurred in 5 (15%) patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Of children presenting with severe acute hepatitis to a quaternary children's hospital over a 48-month period, 9.8% had unknown etiology with no change over time. Liver transplantation remains an important treatment strategy for those presenting with pediatric acute liver failure phenotype. The frequency of cases associated with human adenovirus infection was noncontributory.
Topics: Humans; Child; Male; Infant; Female; Canada; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Acute Disease; Liver Failure, Acute
PubMed: 37756118
DOI: 10.1097/HC9.0000000000000272 -
Bulletin of the New York Academy of... Apr 1975
Review
Topics: Acute Disease; Biopsy, Needle; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Hepatitis A; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Necrosis
PubMed: 1091313
DOI: No ID Found