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Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista... 2021Viral hepatitis are widely spread infectious diseases caused by a variety of etiological agents that displays liver tropism as a common characteristic. A descriptive,...
Viral hepatitis are widely spread infectious diseases caused by a variety of etiological agents that displays liver tropism as a common characteristic. A descriptive, cross-sectional, observational and retrospective study was conducted through the analysis of viral hepatitis medical records treated and diagnosed from 2010 to 2015. The relationship between the variables were made through the chi-square test. 632 viral hepatitis medical records were analyzed. The highest number of cases happened in 2011. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection was predominant. The most affected age group was < 20 years and the highest number of cases observed in this age group was related to HAV (p<0.001). The acute clinical form was predominant, with 70.2% of the cases. 92.3% of which corresponded to HAV infection (p<0.001). Most of the cases occurred in the brown race and male gender. Moreover, regarding the probable source/mechanism of infection, the contact with suspicious water/food for hepatitis A cases was highlighted. The sexual form predominated in HBV infection and previous history of blood transfusion in cases of hepatitis C. Most cases were spotted in the mesoregion of Eastern Alagoas, especially in the capital Maceió. It must be observed the importance of knowing the profile of this disease in order to understand its dissemination and thus have subsidies for the creation of actions and strategies to combat the infection.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Hospitals; Humans; Male; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 34105677
DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.238431 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Feb 1995To examine the evidence concerning the safety and effectiveness of the inactivated hepatitis A virus vaccine recently licensed for use in Canada. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To examine the evidence concerning the safety and effectiveness of the inactivated hepatitis A virus vaccine recently licensed for use in Canada.
DATA SOURCES
The main source of information were papers presented at the International Symposium on Active Immunization against Hepatitis A, held in Vienna, Austria, Jan. 27-29, 1992. The bibliographies of these papers were searched for additional references. Recent articles describing the new vaccine and the epidemiologic aspects of infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) were also reviewed.
STUDY SELECTION
Peer-reviewed reports of trials approved by a government regulatory agency on the safety, immunogenic properties and efficacy of the vaccine.
DATA EXTRACTION
The authors assembled key reports on adverse reactions, protection from disease and serologic assessment of immune response in vaccine recipients; data from these reports were tabulated and analysed.
RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS
The new vaccine contains the HM175 strain of HAV, which is adapted to grow in tissue culture. The virus is purified, inactivated with the use of formaldehyde and adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide. The recommended dose for adults is 720 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) units in a 1.0-mL dose and for children 360 ELISA units in a 0.5-mL dose, injected intramuscularly. The usual schedule is three serial doses, the second given 1 month and the third 6 to 12 months after the initial dose. Reported side effects are infrequent and minor. In healthy persons who have received two doses, the seroconversion rate is almost 100%. Protective efficacy after two doses is estimated to be 94%. However, the persistence of protective antibodies has been studied only over the short term (3 years).
CONCLUSIONS
The new HAV vaccine is safe, effective and best suited to pre-exposure prophylaxis in people with an increased risk of infection for an extended period, such as travellers to areas where the disease is endemic. Further studies are needed to determine whether infants respond well to the vaccine and whether the vaccine protects recipients from subclinical infection and associated fecal shedding of HAV. Controlled trials to determine the duration of protection beyond 3 years and the effects of more rapid dosage schedules are also needed.
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Humans; Vaccines, Inactivated; Viral Hepatitis Vaccines
PubMed: 7828098
DOI: No ID Found -
Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique Jan 2003
Topics: DNA, Viral; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Immunoblotting; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Virus Replication
PubMed: 12594370
DOI: No ID Found -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1993A seroprevalence survey of viral hepatitis was conducted in Bucharest, Romania, between April and July 1990 on a systematic sample of 1355 persons drawn from the general...
A seroprevalence survey of viral hepatitis was conducted in Bucharest, Romania, between April and July 1990 on a systematic sample of 1355 persons drawn from the general population and groups at higher risk of infection. Sera were tested for hepatitis A, B, and C (HAV, HBV and HCV, resp.) markers using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The prevalences of HAV and HBV markers were high in all groups. A total of 47% of the adults from the general population and 39.8% of the children aged 0-16 years had at least one HBV marker. Of the pregnant women 7.8% were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Among infants (0-3 years of age) living in orphanages, the prevalence of at least one HBV marker was 54.6%. The findings also confirmed that HCV was circulating in Romania. The results are consistent with national surveillance data and confirm that viral hepatitis is a major public health problem in Romania. Preventive measures will have to include HBV immunization of infants, with an appropriately targeted immunization strategy being determined through further epidemiological studies.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Population Surveillance; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Romania; Sampling Studies; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Urban Health
PubMed: 8313496
DOI: No ID Found -
Revista Argentina de Microbiologia 2024
Topics: Humans; Hepatitis A; Argentina; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Phylogeny
PubMed: 38499433
DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2024.03.001 -
Gut Jan 1980Serological investigations for hepatitis B surface and e antigen, antibody to hepatitis B surface, core and e antigen and antibody to hepatitis A virus were carried out...
Serological investigations for hepatitis B surface and e antigen, antibody to hepatitis B surface, core and e antigen and antibody to hepatitis A virus were carried out in 22 patients with fulminant hepatitis admitted to Medical Department A, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, in 1970-77. Nine patients had hepatitis type B and four type A. One patient had evidence of both type A and B infection, whereas the remaining eight patients showed no evidence of type A or B infection. Two of these had been treated with disulfiram and a drug aetiology could not be excluded, but in six patients no known cause of fulminant hepatitis could be determined and these patients were classified as having hepatitis type non-A non-B. The survival rate was not statistically different for patients having type A, B, or non-A non-B hepatitis.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Disulfiram; Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Serologic Tests
PubMed: 6767643
DOI: 10.1136/gut.21.1.72 -
Journal of Travel Medicine Jun 1999Despite the fact that effective preventive measures have become available, there has been no decline in the incidences of both hepatitis A and hepatitis B in most... (Review)
Review
Despite the fact that effective preventive measures have become available, there has been no decline in the incidences of both hepatitis A and hepatitis B in most industrialized countries to date. This is, in part, due to the rapid increase in the number of travelers to areas of medium and high endemicity for both diseases, primarily developing countries. Targeting of travelers at risk of contracting these diseases for vaccination offers a chance of significantly reducing their incidence. Hepatitis A, an acute disease associated with poor food hygiene, is the most common vaccine-preventable infection in travelers. Hepatitis A immunity should, therefore, be considered essential for anyone visiting an area of high endemicity. In contrast, hepatitis B is a blood-borne virus which was thought, until recently, to pose a relatively low risk to the majority of travelers. However, the 1990s has seen international tourism and business travel grow faster in Europe than anywhere else in the world, with travel to areas of high endemicity for hepatitis B (Africa, Asia and South America) being commonplace. Thus the number of reported hepatitis B cases is increasing in many countries. Furthermore, there is considerable overlap of high-endemicity areas of hepatitis A and hepatitis B so that travelers are often considered to be at risk from both viruses. As well as separate hepatitis A and B vaccine preparations, a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine is now available which may offer improvements in vaccination schedule, enhanced patient compliance, and reduced cost.
Topics: Developing Countries; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Humans; Travel; Vaccination; Viral Hepatitis Vaccines
PubMed: 10381963
DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.1999.tb00841.x -
PloS One 2018Viral hepatitis continues to play significant role in causing morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Apart from the few population based studies available, not...
BACKGROUND
Viral hepatitis continues to play significant role in causing morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Apart from the few population based studies available, not many have investigated the burden of these viruses in jaundiced patients. Among the few studies, hepatitis E is the least studied among jaundiced patients. This study was aimed at describing the frequency, distribution and risk of the different hepatitis viruses among jaundiced patients reporting to the second largest teaching hospital in Ghana.
METHODS
From November, 2015 to April, 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted among jaundiced patients attending the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital. Between 3-5 ml of blood was collected from each patient and screened for viral hepatitis agents using both serologic and molecular-based assays.
RESULTS
In the 155 patients recruited, hepatitis B was the most prevalent [54.2% (95% CI = 46.0%-62.2%)] followed by hepatitis E [32.9% (95% CI = 25.6-40.9%)]. Most cases of hepatitis E occurred as co-infections with hepatitis B (18%), with the predominant clinical feature being hepatocellular carcinoma. Risk factor variable analysis showed middle and older aged individuals were more at risk of hepatitis B exposure whereas younger age groups (<18 years) were more at risk of hepatitis E virus infection.
CONCLUSION
Hepatitis viruses are still important in the viral aetiology of jaundice in Ghana. Hepatitis B and hepatitis E co-infections could play significant roles in causing severe disease. A more aggressive approach needs to be adopted in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with hepatitis causing viruses in Ghana and other developing countries.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Ghana; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Infant; Jaundice; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Risk Factors; Tertiary Care Centers; Young Adult
PubMed: 30208084
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203699 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Jun 1972
Topics: Animals; Haplorhini; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B Antigens; History, 20th Century; Humans; United States
PubMed: 4624598
DOI: No ID Found -
Canadian Family Physician Medecin de... Nov 2015Many of my patients are from Southeast Asia, where hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is quite common. What precautions can I suggest my pregnant patients take before...
QUESTION
Many of my patients are from Southeast Asia, where hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is quite common. What precautions can I suggest my pregnant patients take before traveling to these areas and what is the risk of contracting HAV during pregnancy?
ANSWER
Hepatitis A virus is a water-borne pathogen transmitted by the fecal-oral route. To reduce the risk of contracting HAV while traveling to endemic areas, it is important to maintain hygienic practices such as hand washing with safe water, particularly before handling food, avoiding drinking water or using ice cubes of unknown purity, and avoiding eating unpeeled fruits and vegetables. An HAV vaccine is available and can be administered before traveling to endemic countries. Hepatitis A virus infection has a largely favourable expected outcome even during pregnancy. Infection occurring in the second or third trimester has been reported to be associated with preterm labour.
Topics: Adult; Breast Feeding; Female; Hepatitis A; Humans; Hygiene; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Travel
PubMed: 26881283
DOI: No ID Found