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Nutrients May 2023B vitamins as a group play essential roles in a multitude of metabolic reactions involved in cellular replication, energy production, the synthesis of intermediary...
B vitamins as a group play essential roles in a multitude of metabolic reactions involved in cellular replication, energy production, the synthesis of intermediary compounds, and neurotransmitters [...].
Topics: Vitamin B Complex; Folic Acid; Brain; Vitamin B 12
PubMed: 37299487
DOI: 10.3390/nu15112525 -
Nutrients Dec 2023The present review deals with two main ingredients of energy/power drinks: B vitamins and glucuronolactone and their possible effect on the immune system. There is a... (Review)
Review
The present review deals with two main ingredients of energy/power drinks: B vitamins and glucuronolactone and their possible effect on the immune system. There is a strong relationship between the recommended daily dose of selected B vitamins and a functional immune system. Regarding specific B vitamins: (1) Riboflavin is necessary for the optimization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the fight against bacterial infections caused by and . (2) Niacin administered within normal doses to obese rats can change the phenotype of skeletal fibers, and thereby affect muscle metabolism. This metabolic phenotype induced by niacin treatment is also confirmed by stimulation of the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of free fatty acids (FFAs) and oxidative phosphorylation at this level. (3) Vitamin B5 effects depend primarily on the dose, thus large doses can cause diarrhea or functional disorders of the digestive tract whereas normal levels are effective in wound healing, liver detoxification, and joint health support. (4) High vitamin B6 concentrations (>2000 mg per day) have been shown to exert a significant negative impact on the dorsal root ganglia. Whereas, at doses of approximately 70 ng/mL, sensory symptoms were reported in 80% of cases. (5) Chronic increases in vitamin B12 have been associated with the increased incidence of solid cancers. Additionally, glucuronolactone, whose effects are not well known, represents a controversial compound. (6) Supplementing with D-glucarates, such as glucuronolactone, may help the body's natural defense system function better to inhibit different tumor promoters and carcinogens and their consequences. Cumulatively, the present review aims to evaluate the relationship between the selected B vitamins group, glucuronolactone, and the immune system and their associations to bioavailability, doses, and efficiency.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Vitamin B Complex; Niacin; Biological Availability; Glucuronates; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Carcinogens
PubMed: 38201854
DOI: 10.3390/nu16010024 -
Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease Feb 2011Mild to moderate hyperhomocysteinemia has been identified as a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease, independent from classical atherothrombotic risk factors. In... (Review)
Review
Mild to moderate hyperhomocysteinemia has been identified as a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease, independent from classical atherothrombotic risk factors. In the last decade, a number of large intervention trials using B vitamins have been performed and have shown no benefit of homocysteine-lowering therapy in high-risk patients. In addition, Mendelian randomization studies failed to convincingly demonstrate that a genetic polymorphism commonly associated with higher homocysteine levels (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677 C>T) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Together, these findings have cast doubt on the role of homocysteine in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis, and the homocysteine hypothesis has turned into a homocysteine controversy. In this review, we attempt to find solutions to this controversy. First, we explain that the Mendelian randomization analyses have limitations that preclude final conclusions. Second, several characteristics of intervention trials limit interpretation and generalizability of their results. Finally, the possibility that homocysteine lowering is in itself beneficial but is offset by adverse side effects of B vitamins on atherosclerosis deserves serious attention. As we explain, such side effects may relate to direct adverse effects of the B-vitamin regimen (in particular, the use of high-dose folic acid) or to proinflammatory and proproliferative effects of B vitamins on advanced atherosclerotic lesions.
Topics: Animals; Dissent and Disputes; Epidemiologic Research Design; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Models, Biological; Severity of Illness Index; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 20567905
DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9151-1 -
Stroke and Vascular Neurology Jun 2018Supplementation with B vitamins (vitamin B(folic acid), vitamin B and vitamin B) lowers blood total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations by about 25% and reduces the... (Review)
Review
Supplementation with B vitamins (vitamin B(folic acid), vitamin B and vitamin B) lowers blood total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations by about 25% and reduces the relative risk of stroke overall by about 10% (risk ratio (RR) 0.90, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99) compared with placebo. Homocysteine-lowering interventions have no significant effect on myocardial infarction, death from any cause or adverse outcomes. Factors that appear to modify the effect of B vitamins on stroke risk include low folic acid status, high tHcy, high cyanocobalamin dose in patients with impaired renal function and concurrent antiplatelet therapy. In regions with increasing levels or established policies of population folate supplementation, evidence from observational genetic epidemiological studies and randomised controlled clinical trials is concordant in suggesting an absence of benefit from lowering of homocysteine with folic acid for prevention of stroke. Clinical trials indicate that in countries which mandate folic acid fortification of food, folic acid supplementation has no significant effect on reducing stroke risk (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.23). However, in countries without mandatory folic acid food fortification, folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of stroke by about 15% (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.94). Folic acid alone or in combination with minimal cyanocobalamin (≤0.05 mg/day) is associated with an even greater reduction in risk of future stroke by 25% (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.86), whereas the combination of folic acid and a higher dose of cyanocobalamin (≥0.4 mg/day) is not associated with a reduced risk of future stroke (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.05). The lack of benefit of folic acid plus higher doses of cyanocobalamin (≥0.4 mg/day) was observed in trials which all included participants with chronic kidney disease. Because metabolic B deficiency is very common and usually not diagnosed, future randomised trials of homocysteine-lowering interventions for stroke prevention should probably test a combination of folic acid and methylcobalamin or hydroxocobalamin instead of cyanocobalamin, and perhaps vitamin B.
Topics: Animals; Diet, Healthy; Dietary Supplements; Food, Fortified; Humans; Prognosis; Protective Factors; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; Stroke; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin B Deficiency
PubMed: 30022794
DOI: 10.1136/svn-2018-000156 -
Nutrients Mar 2022Plasma homocysteine (HCY) is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease CVD and stroke. However, more than two decades of intensive research activities has... (Review)
Review
Plasma homocysteine (HCY) is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease CVD and stroke. However, more than two decades of intensive research activities has failed to demonstrate that Hcy lowering through B-vitamin supplementation results in a reduction in CVD risk. Therefore, doubts about a causal involvement of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and B-vitamin deficiencies in atherosclerosis persist. Existing evidence indicates that HHcy increases oxidative stress, causes endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress, alters DNA methylation and, thus, modulates the expression of numerous pathogenic and protective genes. Moreover, Hcy can bind directly to proteins, which can change protein function and impact the intracellular redox state. As most mechanistic evidence is derived from experimental studies with rather artificial settings, the relevance of these results in humans remains a matter of debate. Recently, it has also been proposed that HHcy and B-vitamin deficiencies may promote CVD through accelerated telomere shortening and telomere dysfunction. This review provides a critical overview of the existing literature regarding the role of HHcy and B-vitamin deficiencies in CVD. At present, the CVD risk associated with HHcy and B vitamins is not effectively actionable. Therefore, routine screening for HHcy in CVD patients is of limited value. However, B-vitamin depletion is rather common among the elderly, and in such cases existing deficiencies should be corrected. While Hcy-lowering with high doses of B vitamins has no beneficial effects in secondary CVD prevention, the role of Hcy in primary disease prevention is insufficiently studied. Therefore, more intervention and experimental studies are needed to address existing gaps in knowledge.
Topics: Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Homocysteine; Humans; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin B Deficiency
PubMed: 35406025
DOI: 10.3390/nu14071412 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2022Nutritional symbionts are restricted to specialized host cells called bacteriocytes in various insect orders. These symbionts can provide essential nutrients to the...
Nutritional symbionts are restricted to specialized host cells called bacteriocytes in various insect orders. These symbionts can provide essential nutrients to the host. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the regulation of these insect-symbiont metabolic associations remain largely unclear. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 hosts " Portiera aleyrodidarum" (here, ". Portiera") and " Hamiltonella defensa" (here, ". Hamiltonella") bacteria in the same bacteriocyte. In this study, the induction of autophagy by chemical treatment and gene silencing decreased symbiont titers and essential amino acid (EAA) and B vitamin contents. In contrast, the repression of autophagy in bacteriocytes via silencing increased symbiont titers, and amino acid and B vitamin contents. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with non-EAAs or B vitamins alleviated autophagy in whitefly bacteriocytes, elevated (target of rapamycin) expression, and increased symbiont titers. silencing restored symbiont titers in whiteflies after dietary supplementation with B vitamins. These data suggest that " Portiera" and ". Hamiltonella" evade autophagy of the whitefly bacteriocytes by activating the TOR pathway via providing essential nutrients. Taken together, we demonstrate that autophagy plays a critical role in regulating the metabolic interactions between the whitefly and two intracellular symbionts. Therefore, this study reveals that autophagy is an important cellular basis for bacteriocyte evolution and symbiosis persistence in whiteflies. The whitefly symbiosis unravels the interactions between cellular and metabolic functions of bacteriocytes. Nutritional symbionts, which are restricted to specialized host cells called bacteriocytes, can provide essential nutrients for many hosts. However, the cellular mechanisms of regulation of animal-symbiont metabolic associations have been largely unexplored. Here, using the whitefly-". Portiera"/". Hamiltonella" endosymbiosis, we demonstrate autophagy regulates the symbiont titers and thereby alters the essential amino acid and B vitamin contents. For persistence in the whitefly bacteriocytes, ". Portiera" and ". Hamiltonella" alleviate autophagy by activating the TOR (target of rapamycin) pathway through providing essential nutrients. Therefore, we demonstrate that autophagy plays a critical role in regulating the metabolic interactions between the whitefly and two intracellular symbionts. This study also provides insight into the cellular basis of bacteriocyte evolution and symbiosis persistence in the whitefly. The mechanisms underlying the role of autophagy in whitefly symbiosis could be widespread in many insect nutritional symbioses. These findings provide a new avenue for whitefly control via regulating autophagy in the future.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Halomonadaceae; Hemiptera; Symbiosis; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 34818107
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02089-21 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Jul 2020Microbial communities are essential to fundamental processes on Earth. Underlying the compositions and functions of these communities are nutritional interdependencies... (Review)
Review
Microbial communities are essential to fundamental processes on Earth. Underlying the compositions and functions of these communities are nutritional interdependencies among individual species. One class of nutrients, cobamides (the family of enzyme cofactors that includes vitamin B), is widely used for a variety of microbial metabolic functions, but these structurally diverse cofactors are synthesized by only a subset of bacteria and archaea. Advances at different scales of study-from individual isolates, to synthetic consortia, to complex communities-have led to an improved understanding of cobamide sharing. Here, we discuss how cobamides affect microbes at each of these three scales and how integrating different approaches leads to a more complete understanding of microbial interactions.
Topics: Animals; Archaea; Bacteria; Cobamides; Earth, Planet; Environment; Eukaryota; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Models, Biological; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 32631870
DOI: 10.1126/science.aba0165 -
Nutrients Nov 2016The potential protective roles of folate and the metabolically related B-vitamins (vitamins B12, B6 and riboflavin) in diseases of ageing are of increasing research... (Review)
Review
The potential protective roles of folate and the metabolically related B-vitamins (vitamins B12, B6 and riboflavin) in diseases of ageing are of increasing research interest. The most common cause of folate and riboflavin deficiencies in older people is low dietary intake, whereas low B12 status is primarily associated with food-bound malabsorption, while sub-optimal vitamin B6 status is attributed to increased requirements in ageing. Observational evidence links low status of folate and the related B-vitamins (and/or elevated concentrations of homocysteine) with a higher risk of degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cognitive dysfunction and osteoporosis. Deficient or low status of these B-vitamins alone or in combination with genetic polymorphisms, including the common 677 C → T polymorphism, could contribute to greater disease risk in ageing by causing perturbations in one carbon metabolism. Moreover, interventions with the relevant B-vitamins to optimise status may have beneficial effects in preventing degenerative diseases. The precise mechanisms are unknown but many have been proposed involving the role of folate and the related B-vitamins as co-factors for one-carbon transfer reactions, which are fundamental for DNA and RNA biosynthesis and the maintenance of methylation reactions. This review will examine the evidence linking folate and related B-vitamins with health and disease in ageing, associated mechanisms and public health implications.
Topics: Aging; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Nutritional Status; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin B Deficiency
PubMed: 27854316
DOI: 10.3390/nu8110725 -
Journal of Dairy Science Feb 2019Greater metabolic demands in high-producing dairy cows are believed to be a cause of sub-fertility in these animals. Previously, supplementation with vitamin B complex...
Rumen-protected B vitamin complex supplementation during the transition period and early lactation alters endometrium mRNA expression on day 14 of gestation in lactating dairy cows.
Greater metabolic demands in high-producing dairy cows are believed to be a cause of sub-fertility in these animals. Previously, supplementation with vitamin B complex molecules has shown benefits in improving milk production, health, and reproductive efficiency of dairy cows. The primary aim of this project was to determine the effects of rumen-protected vitamin B complex supplementation of 100 g of Transition VB (Jefo, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada) and 4 g of Lactation VB (VB; Jefo), during the transition and early lactation periods, respectively, compared with a control diet containing no supplementation on d 14 endometrial outcomes of pregnancy. In the vitamin B supplemented cows, we expect to see a change in the mark-up of endometrial genes important for embryo survival before implantation. Multiparous Holstein cows were enrolled into the study 3 wk before parturition and were randomly assigned to either the VB or control treatment. Twice-a-week blood samples, weekly milk samples, and daily feed intake were collected. Cows were enrolled onto a double-ovsynch protocol at 33 ± 3 d postpartum and inseminated by timed artificial insemination. Milk production and components, concentrations of BHB, haptoglobin, and progesterone in serum, and ovarian dynamics were also measured, but no treatment effect was observed. The uterus was flushed on d 14 after artificial insemination (around 72 DIM) for conceptus collection, and endometrial samples were collected at the same time. Overall, 42 cows were flushed and 13 embryos were collected. Analysis of mRNA expression of genes related to embryo development, immune system, adhesion, and regulation of vitamin B molecules showed that OXTR, MUC5B, MUC1, IL1B, SPP, TRD, FZD8, and FOLR1 genes were significantly upregulated in the VB group. Vitamin B supplementation had no effect on the size of the embryo and ovulatory follicle or corpus luteum diameter at embryo collection. In conclusion, the benefits of strategic dietary VB supplementation during the transition and early lactation might be directly linked to endometrial functions required for embryo survival during the peri-implantation period.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Corpus Luteum; Endometrium; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Insemination, Artificial; Lactation; Milk; Pregnancy; Progesterone; RNA, Messenger; Random Allocation; Rumen; Uterus; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 30580942
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14622 -
Nutrients Apr 2021Diet is a modifiable factor that ensures optimal growth, biochemical performance, improved mood and mental functioning. Lack of nutrients, notably vitamin B, has an... (Review)
Review
Diet is a modifiable factor that ensures optimal growth, biochemical performance, improved mood and mental functioning. Lack of nutrients, notably vitamin B, has an impact on human health and wellbeing. The United Arab Emirates is facing a serious problem of micronutrient deficiencies because of the growing trend for bariatric surgery, including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. People undergoing bariatric surgery are at high risk of developing neurological, cognitive, and mental disabilities and cardiovascular disease due to deficiency in vitamin B. Vitamin B is involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, including γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline. Deficiency of vitamin B increases the risk of depression, anxiety, dementia and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, vitamin B deficiency can disrupt the methylation of homocysteine, leading to hyperhomocysteinemia. Elevated homocysteine levels are detrimental to human health. Vitamin B deficiency also suppresses immune function, increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulates NF-κB. Considering the important functions of vitamin B and the severe consequences associated with its deficiency following bariatric surgery, proper dietary intervention and administration of adequate supplements should be considered to prevent negative clinical outcomes.
Topics: Bariatric Surgery; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Immune System; Mental Health; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin B Deficiency
PubMed: 33923999
DOI: 10.3390/nu13041383