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The New Phytologist Oct 2017Contents 62 I. 62 II. 63 III. 63 IV. 66 V. 66 VI. 67 67 References 67 SUMMARY: B vitamins play essential roles in central metabolism. These organic water-soluble... (Review)
Review
Contents 62 I. 62 II. 63 III. 63 IV. 66 V. 66 VI. 67 67 References 67 SUMMARY: B vitamins play essential roles in central metabolism. These organic water-soluble molecules act as, or as part of, coenzymes within the cell. Unlike land plants, many eukaryotic algae are auxotrophic for certain B vitamins. Recent progress in algal genetic resources and environmental chemistry have promoted a renewal of interest in the role of vitamins in governing phytoplankton dynamics, and illuminated amazing versatility in phytoplankton vitamin metabolism. Accumulating evidence demonstrates metabolic complexity in the production and bioavailability of different vitamin forms, coupled with specialized acquisition strategies to salvage and remodel vitamin precursors. Here, I describe recent advances and discuss how they redefine our view of the way in which vitamins are cycled in aquatic ecosystems and their importance in structuring phytoplankton communities.
Topics: Genome; Genomics; Models, Biological; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Phytoplankton; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 28656633
DOI: 10.1111/nph.14669 -
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2018The diet is directly connected not only with the physical status but also with the functioning of the brain and the mental status. The potentially beneficial nutrients... (Review)
Review
The diet is directly connected not only with the physical status but also with the functioning of the brain and the mental status. The potentially beneficial nutrients with a protective effect on the nervous system function include amino acids (tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, taurine), glucose and vitamins C, E, D and beta-carotene, B group vitamins (vitamin B12, vitamin B6, vitamin B4, vitamin B1) and minerals (selenium, zinc, magnesium, sodium, iron, copper, manganese, iodine). The presence of antioxidants in the diet protects against oxidative damage to nervous system cells. Biochemical data indicate that polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) as structural components of the nervous system play a key role in its function. The nutrition of the entire body also influences the production of neurotransmitters in the brain. A diet without an appropriate supply of protein, mineral nutrients or vitamins may result in a failure to form appropriately balanced numbers of neurotransmitters, which, as a result, may lead to neurotransmission dysfunction. This is the reason why proper nutrition is based on vegetables, fruits, whole-grain cereal products supplemented with products providing full-value protein (dairy products, fish, lean meat) and high-quality fat products (vegetable oils, fish fats).
Topics: Amino Acids; Humans; Minerals; Nervous System; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Neurotransmitter Agents; Nutritional Requirements; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamins
PubMed: 29517182
DOI: No ID Found -
Nutrients Jan 2022Energy drinks are one of the most popular packaged beverage products consumed within the United States (US). Energy drinks are considered a functional beverage, a...
BACKGROUND
Energy drinks are one of the most popular packaged beverage products consumed within the United States (US). Energy drinks are considered a functional beverage, a category that also includes sports drinks and nutraceutical beverages.
PURPOSE
The focus of the current study was to examine the nutrition fact panels of the top selling commercially available energy drink and energy shot products within the US to characterize common ingredient profiles to help establish a standard definition and ingredient profile of energy drinks and energy shots for consumers, health care practitioners, and researchers.
METHODS
The top 75 commercially available energy drinks and shots were identified and compiled from multiple commercial retail websites as of September 2021. For the purpose of this study, an energy drink must have met the following criteria: (A) marketed as an energy drink; (B) purported to improve energy, focus, or alertness; (C) not sold as a dietary supplement (no supplement fact panels); (D) manufactured as a pre-packaged and ready-to-drink beverage; and (E) contains at least three of (1) caffeine, (2) B-vitamins, (3) sugar, (4) taurine, (5) creatine, (6) quercetin, (7) guarana, (8) ginseng, (9) coenzyme Q10, or (10) branched chain amino acids. Energy shots must have met similar criteria to be included: (A) marketed as an energy shot; (B) purported to improve energy, focus, or alertness; (C) sold as a dietary supplement; (D) manufactured as a pre-packaged beverage with a small volume (<3.5 mL); and (E) contains at least three of the ingredients stated above.
RESULTS
Twenty energy shots and fifty-five energy drinks were included in this analysis. The number of ingredients per product (mean ± SD) was 18.2 ± 5.7, with 15 products containing proprietary blends with undisclosed ingredient amounts. The relative prevalence and average amounts of the top ingredients were as follows: caffeine (100%; 174.4 ± 81.1 mg), vitamin B6 (72%; 366.9 ± 648.1 percent daily value (%DV)), vitamin B3 (67%; 121.44 ± 69.9% DV), vitamin B12 (67%; 5244.5 ± 10,474.6% DV), vitamin B5 (37.3%; 113.6 ± 76.6% DV), and taurine (37.3%; amounts undisclosed).
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest a high prevalence of caffeine and B-vitamins in these energy products, with many of the formulations containing well above the recommended daily value of B-vitamins.
Topics: Caffeine; Energy Drinks; Food Labeling; Taurine; United States; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamins
PubMed: 35057494
DOI: 10.3390/nu14020314 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Dec 2006
Topics: Aged; Cognition; Health Status; Homocysteine; Humans; Mass Screening; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 17158405
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1259 -
Skin Therapy Letter Sep 2017Nicotinamide, an amide form of vitamin B3, has shown the potential to treat a variety of dermatological conditions, including acne, rosacea, and atopic dermatitis.... (Review)
Review
Nicotinamide, an amide form of vitamin B3, has shown the potential to treat a variety of dermatological conditions, including acne, rosacea, and atopic dermatitis. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of nicotinamide, in both topical and oral forms, as a chemopreventive agent against skin cancer. Its anti-carcinogenic role may be due to its ability to enhance DNA repair and prevent ultraviolet (UV)-induced immunosuppression, which is known to contribute to the progression of pre-malignant lesions. Furthermore, nicotinamide is a precursor of essential coenzymes for many important reactions in the body, including the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). NAD is a key coenzyme in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which transports chemical energy within cells. Therefore, nicotinamide plays a significant role in supporting energy-dependent cellular processes, including DNA repair.
Topics: Humans; Niacinamide; Risk; Skin Neoplasms; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 28888216
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Clinical... Mar 2017The oral application of vitamin B-12 may prevent its deficiency if the vitamin is absorbed via the mucosal barrier. We studied the effect of the use of a vitamin... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The oral application of vitamin B-12 may prevent its deficiency if the vitamin is absorbed via the mucosal barrier. We studied the effect of the use of a vitamin B-12-fortified toothpaste on vitamin-status markers in vegans and assessed the efficiency of markers in the identification of vitamin-augmentation status. In this 12-wk, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study, 76 vegans received either a placebo ( = 34) or vitamin B-12 ( = 42) toothpaste. Sixty-six subjects ( = 30 in the placebo arm; = 36 in the vitamin B-12 arm) completed the intervention. Serum and plasma concentrations of vitamin B-12, holotranscobalamin, total homocysteine (tHcy), and methylmalonic acid (MMA) were measured before and after the intervention. Both postintervention concentrations of vitamin B-12 and holotranscobalamin and their changes over 12 wk were higher in the vitamin B-12 group (mean ± SD change: 81 ± 135 pmol/L for vitamin B-12 and 26 ± 34 pmol/L for holotranscobalamin) than in the placebo group (-27 ± 64 and -5 ± 17 pmol/L, respectively) after adjustment for baseline concentrations. Postintervention concentrations of MMA and their changes differed significantly between groups (MMA changes: -0.169 ± 0.340 compared with -0.036 ± 0.544 μmol/L in vitamin B-12 and placebo groups, respectively; < 0.001). After adjustment for baseline tHcy, postintervention concentrations of tHcy tended to be lower ( = 0.051), and the changes in tHcy (-0.7 ± 4.4 compared with 2.0 ± 5.6 μmol/L, respectively) were greater in the vitamin B-12 group than in the placebo group. Changes in vitamin B-12 markers were more prominent in vegans who reported that they had not taken vitamin B-12 supplements. Vitamin B-12 that is applied to the oral cavity via toothpaste enters the circulation and corrects the vitamin B-12 markers in the blood of vegans who are at higher risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02679833.
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Double-Blind Method; Female; Homocysteine; Humans; Male; Methylmalonic Acid; Mouth Mucosa; Nutritional Status; Toothpastes; Transcobalamins; Vegans; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin B Complex; Young Adult
PubMed: 28052884
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.141978 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) May 2024Erdosteine (Erd) is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug. Vitamin B has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we...
Erdosteine (Erd) is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug. Vitamin B has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of erdosteine and vitamin B complex on a liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model. Thirty-two Wistar Albino male rats weighing 350-400 g were used. The animals were randomly selected and divided into four groups. The groups are as follows: first group (Sham), second group (I/R), third group (I/R + vit B), and fourth group (I/R + vit B + Erd). Rats were subjected to 45 min of hepatic ischemia, followed by a 45 min reperfusion period in the I/R and Vitamin B + Erd groups. An amount of 150 mg/kg/day of erdosteine was given orally for 2 days, and 0.05 mL/kg of i.p. vitamin B complex was given 30 min before the reperfusion. Serum biochemical parameters were measured. Serum Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Total Oxidant Status (TOS) were measured, and the Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) was calculated. Hepatic tissue samples were taken for the evaluation of histopathological features. : In terms of all histopathological parameters, there were significant differences in the I/R + vit B group and I/R + vit B + Erd group compared with the I/R group ( < 0.01). In terms of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), TNF-alpha, and IL-6 levels, there were significant differences between the I/R group and treatment groups ( < 0.01). The lowest TOS and OSI levels were obtained in the treatment groups, and these groups had statistically significantly higher TAS levels compared with the sham and I/R groups ( < 0.01). : As a preliminary experimental study, our study suggests that these agents may have potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications for both ischemic conditions and liver-related diseases. These results suggest that the combination of vit B + Erd may be used to protect against the devastating effects of I/R injury. Our study needs to be confirmed by clinical studies with large participation.
Topics: Animals; Thioglycolates; Reperfusion Injury; Rats, Wistar; Male; Thiophenes; Rats; Liver; Antioxidants; Disease Models, Animal; Oxidative Stress; Vitamin B Complex; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Alanine Transaminase
PubMed: 38792966
DOI: 10.3390/medicina60050783 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2019Many studies have been written on vitamin supplementation, fatty acid, and dementia, but results are still under debate, and no definite conclusion has yet been drawn.... (Review)
Review
Many studies have been written on vitamin supplementation, fatty acid, and dementia, but results are still under debate, and no definite conclusion has yet been drawn. Nevertheless, a significant amount of lab evidence confirms that vitamins of the B group are tightly related to gene control for endothelium protection, act as antioxidants, play a co-enzymatic role in the most critical biochemical reactions inside the brain, and cooperate with many other elements, such as choline, for the synthesis of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine, through S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) methyl donation. B-vitamins have anti-inflammatory properties and act in protective roles against neurodegenerative mechanisms, for example, through modulation of the glutamate currents and a reduction of the calcium currents. In addition, they also have extraordinary antioxidant properties. However, laboratory data are far from clinical practice. Many studies have tried to apply these results in everyday clinical activity, but results have been discouraging and far from a possible resolution of the associated mysteries, like those represented by Alzheimer's disease (AD) or small vessel disease dementia. Above all, two significant problems emerge from the research: No consensus exists on general diagnostic criteria-MCI or AD? Which diagnostic criteria should be applied for small vessel disease-related dementia? In addition, no general schema exists for determining a possible correct time of implementation to have effective results. Here we present an up-to-date review of the literature on such topics, shedding some light on the possible interaction of vitamins and phosphatidylcholine, and their role in brain metabolism and catabolism. Further studies should take into account all of these questions, with well-designed and world-homogeneous trials.
Topics: Arteries; Dementia; Fatty Acids; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Phosphatidylcholines; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 31752183
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225797 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2013Neural tube defects (NTDs) are common complex congenital malformations resulting from failure of the neural tube closure during embryogenesis. It is established that... (Review)
Review
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are common complex congenital malformations resulting from failure of the neural tube closure during embryogenesis. It is established that folic acid supplementation decreases the prevalence of NTDs, which has led to national public health policies regarding folic acid. To date, animal studies have not provided sufficient information to establish the metabolic and/or genomic mechanism(s) underlying human folic acid responsiveness in NTDs. However, several lines of evidence suggest that not only folates but also choline, B12 and methylation metabolisms are involved in NTDs. Decreased B12 vitamin and increased total choline or homocysteine in maternal blood have been shown to be associated with increased NTDs risk. Several polymorphisms of genes involved in these pathways have also been implicated in risk of development of NTDs. This raises the question whether supplementation with B12 vitamin, betaine or other methylation donors in addition to folic acid periconceptional supplementation will further reduce NTD risk. The objective of this article is to review the role of methylation metabolism in the onset of neural tube defects.
Topics: Animals; Choline; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Methylation; Neural Tube Defects; Neurulation; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 24048206
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10094352 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2009In recent years vitamin B6 has become a focus of research describing the compound's critical function in cellular metabolism and stress response. For many years the sole... (Review)
Review
In recent years vitamin B6 has become a focus of research describing the compound's critical function in cellular metabolism and stress response. For many years the sole function of vitamin B6 was considered to be that of an enzymatic cofactor. However, recently it became clear that it is also a potent antioxidant that effectively quenches reactive oxygen species and is thus of high importance for cellular well-being. In view of the recent findings, the current review takes a look back and summarizes the discovery of vitamin B6 and the elucidation of its structure and biosynthetic pathways. It provides a detailed overview on vitamin B6 both as a cofactor and a protective compound. Besides these general characteristics of the vitamin, the review also outlines the current literature on vitamin B6 derivatives and elaborates on recent findings that provide new insights into transport and catabolism of the compound and on its impact on human health.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Metabolism; Molecular Structure; Oxidative Stress; Plants; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 19145213
DOI: 10.3390/molecules14010329