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Disease Markers 2015Vitamin D is an important nutrient involved in bone mineral metabolism, and vitamin D status is reflected by serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations.... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D is an important nutrient involved in bone mineral metabolism, and vitamin D status is reflected by serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and nutritional vitamin D supplementation decreases elevated parathyroid hormone concentrations in subgroups of these patients. Furthermore, vitamin D is supposed to have pleiotropic effects on various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, malignancies, infectious diseases, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Indeed, there is cumulative evidence showing the associations of low vitamin D with the development and progression of CKD, cardiovascular complication, and high mortality. Recently, genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D-binding protein have received great attention because they largely affect bioavailable 25(OH)D concentrations. This finding suggests that the serum total 25(OH)D concentrations would not be comparable among different gene polymorphisms and thus may be inappropriate as an index of vitamin D status. This finding may refute the conventional definition of vitamin D status based solely on serum total 25(OH)D concentrations.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Prevalence; Prognosis; Receptors, Calcitriol; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 25883412
DOI: 10.1155/2015/868961 -
European Review For Medical and... May 2013Hypovitaminosis D is a very common disorder, regarding both Western and developing countries. A growing amount of data over the last years have shown vitamin D... (Review)
Review
Hypovitaminosis D is a very common disorder, regarding both Western and developing countries. A growing amount of data over the last years have shown vitamin D deficiency to be high prevalent among HIV-positive subjects. In addition to "classic" risk factors, such as female sex, low dietary intake, dark skin pigmentation and low sun exposure, HIV-related factors, including immune activation and antiretroviral adverse effects, may affect vitamin D status. Even if both protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have been associated with low vitamin D levels, available evidences have failed to univocally associate hypovitaminosis D with specific antiretroviral class effects. Low vitamin D is known to have a negative impact not only on bone health, but also on neurocognitive, metabolic, cardiovascular and immune functions. Similarly to the general population, several studies conducted on HIV-infected subjects have associated hypovitaminosis D with a greater risk of developing osteopenia/osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Analogously, vitamin D deficiency has been described as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Last EACS guidelines suggest to screen for hypovitaminosis D every HIV-positive subject having a history of bone disease, chronic kidney disease or other known risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D repletion is recommended when 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are below 10 ng/ml. Furthermore, it may be indicated in presence of 25OHD values between 10 and 30 ng/ml, if associated with osteoporosis, osteomalacia or increased parathyroid hormone levels. The optimal repletion and maintenance dosing regimens remain to be established, as well as the impact of vitamin D supplementation in preventing comorbidities.
Topics: Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Bone Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; HIV Infections; Humans; Risk Factors; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamins
PubMed: 23690192
DOI: No ID Found -
Age and Ageing Sep 2014
Review
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Muscle Weakness; Muscle, Skeletal; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Prognosis; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Reproducibility of Results; Risk Factors; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 25074537
DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afu104 -
Hellenic Journal of Cardiology : HJC =... 2018
Topics: Adolescent; Cardiovascular Diseases; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Risk Factors; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 29966710
DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2018.06.014 -
Critical Care (London, England) Oct 2018The burgeoning literature on vitamin D deficiency and supplementation over the past decade or so has generated a greater understanding of some areas but also an... (Review)
Review
The burgeoning literature on vitamin D deficiency and supplementation over the past decade or so has generated a greater understanding of some areas but also an appreciation of the many areas of equipoise. This is particularly relevant in the field of critical care with the heterogeneous patient populations, the severity and duration of illness and the frequency of comorbid conditions.This review aims to summarise the current knowledge base of vitamin D deficiency within the context of critical illness-"the known knowns"-and also highlight the areas of recognised uncertainty-"the known unknowns". It acknowledges the fact that there may well be other knowledge gaps of clinical relevance of which we are currently unaware-"the unknown unknowns".
Topics: Critical Illness; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Nutrition Therapy; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 30371341
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2185-8 -
The American Journal of the Medical... Jul 2009Vitamin D is an important prohormone for optimal intestinal calcium absorption for mineralization of bone. Because the vitamin D receptor is present in multiple tissues,... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D is an important prohormone for optimal intestinal calcium absorption for mineralization of bone. Because the vitamin D receptor is present in multiple tissues, there has been interest in evaluating other potential functions of vitamin D, particularly, in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Cross-sectional studies have reported that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of CVD, including hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. Initial prospective studies have also demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing incident hypertension or sudden cardiac death in individuals with preexisting CVD. Very few prospective clinical studies have been conducted to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes. The mechanism for how vitamin D may improve CVD outcomes remains obscure; however, potential hypotheses include the downregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, direct effects on the heart, and vasculature or improvement of glycemic control. This review will examine the epidemiologic and clinical evidence for vitamin D deficiency as a cardiovascular risk factor and explore potential mechanisms for the cardioprotective effect of vitamin D.
Topics: Blood Vessels; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dietary Supplements; Heart; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 19593102
DOI: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91 -
Indian Pediatrics Jul 2013Vitamin D deficiency has emerged as a significant public health problem throughout the world. Even in the Indian context,it has been reported to be present in majority... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D deficiency has emerged as a significant public health problem throughout the world. Even in the Indian context,it has been reported to be present in majority of children in spite of wide availability of sunlight. Recent guidelines have defined vitamin D status as severe deficiency, deficiency, sufficiency and risk for toxicity as 25(OH)D levels <5, <15, >20 and >50ng/mL, respectively.The manifestations of deficiency may vary from hypocalcemic seizures, tetany in infancy and adolescence to florid rickets in toddlers. Treatment is necessary for all individuals with deficiency whether symptomatic or not and consists of vitamin D supplementation as Stoss therapy or daily or weekly oral regimens with equal efficacy and safety, combined with calcium supplements. Routine supplementation starting from newborn period is being increasingly endorsed by various international organizations. Prevention by sensible sunlight exposure, food fortification and routine supplementation are the currently available options for tackling this nutritional deficiency.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 23942432
DOI: 10.1007/s13312-013-0200-3 -
Journal of Nutritional Science and... 2013Interest in contemporary vitamin D research has been sparked in recent years, stemming from the identification of vitamin D receptors in virtually all cells as well as... (Review)
Review
Interest in contemporary vitamin D research has been sparked in recent years, stemming from the identification of vitamin D receptors in virtually all cells as well as the enzymatic machinery necessary to produce its active form. Both epidemiological and in-vitro studies have linked vitamin D deficiency to enigmatic diseases including cardiovascular disease; however, a clear mechanistic link remains missing. This review highlights conclusions of observational studies, in-vitro experiments and randomized-controlled trials that aimed to link deficiency of the sunshine vitamin to one of the leading causes of death in the world, cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, putative mechanisms viewed from a novel perspective are also discussed.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Risk Factors; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamins
PubMed: 24477243
DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.479 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2021The vitamin-D-sensitivity of the cardiovascular system may show gender differences. The prevalence of vitamin D (VD) deficiency (VDD) is high, and it alters...
The vitamin-D-sensitivity of the cardiovascular system may show gender differences. The prevalence of vitamin D (VD) deficiency (VDD) is high, and it alters cardiovascular function and increases the risk of stroke. Our aim was to investigate the vascular reactivity and histological changes of isolated carotid artery of female and male rats in response to different VD supplies. A total of 48 male and female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: female VD supplemented, female VDD, male VD supplemented, male VDD. The vascular function of isolated carotid artery segments was examined by wire myography. Both vitamin D deficiency and male gender resulted in increased phenylephrine-induced contraction. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation decreased in male rats independently from VD status. Inhibition of prostanoid signaling by indomethacin reduced contraction in females, but increased relaxation ability in male rats. Functional changes were accompanied by VDD and gender-specific histological alterations. Elastic fiber density was significantly decreased by VDD in female rats, but not in males. Smooth muscle actin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase levels were significantly lowered, but the thromboxane receptor was elevated in VDD males. Decreased nitrative stress was detected in both male groups independently from VD supply. The observed interactions between vitamin D deficiency and sex may play a role in the gender difference of cardiovascular risk.
Topics: Animals; Carotid Arteries; Female; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sex Characteristics; Vasoconstriction; Vasodilation; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 34360792
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158029 -
International Journal of Paleopathology Dec 2018Although vitamin D is critical to calcium/phosphorus homeostasis, bone formation and remodeling, there is evolution-based variation between species in vitamin D... (Review)
Review
Although vitamin D is critical to calcium/phosphorus homeostasis, bone formation and remodeling, there is evolution-based variation between species in vitamin D metabolism and susceptibility to rickets and osteomalacia. Most herbivores produce vitamin D in response to sunlight, but dogs and cats have generally lost the ability as carnivore diets are rich in vitamin D. Nutritional deficiencies and/or poor exposure to sunlight can induce rickets in birds, swine, cattle and sheep, but horses are less susceptible as they have evolved a calcium homeostasis that is quite different than other animals. Adaptations to specific environments also affect disease incidence: llamas/alpacas out of their natural high altitude intense solar radiation environments are highly susceptible to vitamin D deficiency. The pathology of rickets/osteomalacia is similar across species, however fibrous osteodystrophy is more common and may also be present. Rickets/osteomalacia were likely more common in animals before the advent of commercial diets, but can be difficult to definitively diagnose especially in single archeological specimens. Consideration of species susceptibility, location - especially in terms of latitude, and any available information on diet, season of occurrence, husbandry practices or descriptions of affected animals can support the diagnosis of metabolic bone disease in animals.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; History, Ancient; History, Medieval; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 29544996
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.03.001