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Schizophrenia Bulletin Nov 2010There is an urgent need to generate and test candidate risk factors that may explain gradients in the incidence of schizophrenia. Based on clues from epidemiology, we... (Review)
Review
There is an urgent need to generate and test candidate risk factors that may explain gradients in the incidence of schizophrenia. Based on clues from epidemiology, we proposed that developmental vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the risk of developing schizophrenia. This hypothesis may explain diverse epidemiological findings including season of birth, the latitude gradients in incidence and prevalence, the increased risk in dark-skinned migrants to certain countries, and the urban-rural gradient. Animal experiments demonstrate that transient prenatal hypovitaminosis D is associated with persisting changes in brain structure and function, including convergent evidence of altered dopaminergic function. A recent case-control study based on neonatal blood samples identified a significant association between neonatal vitamin D status and risk of schizophrenia. This article provides a concise summary of the epidemiological and animal experimental research that has explored this hypothesis.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Environment; Female; Geography; Humans; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Schizophrenia; Seasons; Urban Population; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 20833696
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbq101 -
Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements... 2023This review presents a detailed summary of the current literature regarding RLS and vitamin D deficiency. To our knowledge it is the first review of its kind. We review... (Review)
Review
This review presents a detailed summary of the current literature regarding RLS and vitamin D deficiency. To our knowledge it is the first review of its kind. We review the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in RLS as well as the evidence for the use of vitamin D supplementation in RLS management. We further examine the literature for proteomic and genetic evidence of a role for vitamin D in the pathogenesis of RLS. An alteration in vitamin D binding protein in RLS is one of the most consistent findings in the proteomic studies. Furthermore, we examine the interaction of vitamin D with calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone and the possible role of these connections in RLS. We also explore the possible nexus between RLS and vitamin D in renal disease, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease as well as inflammation. In addition, we review the potential interaction between vitamin D and RLS with iron, dopamine and other neurotransmitter systems including the endogenous opiate, serotoninergic, glutamatergic and adenosinergic systems. We also explore the role of vitamin D in RLS Augmentation (i.e., the paradoxical worsening of RLS symptoms when dopaminergic agents are used as a therapy for RLS). Although the literature is not entirely consistent in affirming vitamin D deficiency in RLS or the amelioration of RLS symptoms with vitamin D therapy, the collective studies overall indicate that vitamin D deficiency is common enough in RLS patients to suggest that RLS patients should have their vitamin D levels checked and any deficiency corrected as a standard of care. Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) may be deficient in vitamin D and therapy with vitamin D may ameliorate RLS. We present the first review dedicated solely to evaluating the relationship between RLS and vitamin D and present a case for the role of vitamin D in RLS pathogenesis.
Topics: Humans; Vitamin D; Restless Legs Syndrome; Proteomics; Dopamine; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 37034443
DOI: 10.5334/tohm.741 -
Journal of Diabetes Research 2022Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease, due to a large number of islet cells damaged, resulting in an absolute lack of insulin, ultimately relying on... (Review)
Review
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease, due to a large number of islet cells damaged, resulting in an absolute lack of insulin, ultimately relying on insulin therapy. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble sterol derivative that not only participates in calcium and phosphorus metabolism but also acts as an immunomodulatory role by binding to nuclear vitamin D receptors to regulate the expression of transcription factors. Increasing evidence has shown that vitamin D has immunoregulation and anti-inflammatory effects, and it may play a role in T cell regulatory responses due to downregulation in the expression of cathepsin G and inhibition of CD4+ T cell activation and protection of cells from immune attack and is beneficial in decreasing oxidative stress in T1DM patients. Epidemiologic evidence demonstrates involvement of vitamin D deficiency in T1DM pathogenesis, with the immune system improperly targeting and destroying its own islet cells. In addition, polymorphisms in genes critical for vitamin D metabolism may increase the risk of islet autoimmunity and T1DM. In this paper, the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the molecular mechanism of T1DM was discussed.
Topics: Child; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Humans; Incidence; Insulin; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamins
PubMed: 36090587
DOI: 10.1155/2022/5953562 -
Circulation Research Jan 2014Vitamin D plays a classical hormonal role in skeletal health by regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Vitamin D metabolites also have physiological functions in... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D plays a classical hormonal role in skeletal health by regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Vitamin D metabolites also have physiological functions in nonskeletal tissues, where local synthesis influences regulatory pathways via paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, binds to the vitamin D receptor that regulates numerous genes involved in fundamental processes of potential relevance to cardiovascular disease, including cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, membrane transport, matrix homeostasis, and cell adhesion. Vitamin D receptors have been found in all the major cardiovascular cell types including cardiomyocytes, arterial wall cells, and immune cells. Experimental studies have established a role for vitamin D metabolites in pathways that are integral to cardiovascular function and disease, including inflammation, thrombosis, and the renin-angiotensin system. Clinical studies have generally demonstrated an independent association between vitamin D deficiency and various manifestations of degenerative cardiovascular disease including vascular calcification. However, the role of vitamin D supplementation in the management of cardiovascular disease remains to be established. This review summarizes the clinical studies showing associations between vitamin D status and cardiovascular disease and the experimental studies that explore the mechanistic basis for these associations.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Receptors, Calcitriol; Signal Transduction; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 24436433
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301241 -
BMC Pediatrics Sep 2021We looked at existing recommendations and supporting evidence on the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in infancy for reducing vitamin D deficiency and for... (Review)
Review
We looked at existing recommendations and supporting evidence on the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in infancy for reducing vitamin D deficiency and for preventing rickets and infections. We also looked at optimal dose of vitamin D and the age until which vitamin D supplementation is beneficial.We conducted a literature search up to the 17th of July 2019 by using key terms and manual search in selected sources. We summarized the recommendations and the strength of the recommendation when and as reported by the authors. We summarized the main findings of systematic reviews with the certainty of the evidence as reported.A daily dose of 400 international units of vitamin D in infants has shown to be effective for improving bone health and preventing rickets. Evidence is more robust in groups of infants and children at risk. Vitamin D supplementation is well tolerated, and not associated with toxicity. Higher doses have not shown to add benefit while it could potentially cause toxic blood levels and hypercalcemia. Adequate levels of vitamin D might not be achieved with lower daily doses. Universal vitamin D supplementation starting shortly after birth, regardless of the mode of feeding and until 12 months of age, is strongly recommended. Beyond 12 months of age vitamin D supplementation is recommended only in groups of children at risk.
Topics: Child; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Infant; Rickets; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamins
PubMed: 34496802
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02776-z -
Nutrients May 2018Pregnant women in Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America are at risk of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and prevalence throughout these regions are among the... (Review)
Review
Pregnant women in Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America are at risk of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and prevalence throughout these regions are among the highest, globally. Maternal VDD has been associated with increased risk of a number of adverse maternal and neonatal health outcomes, yet research from developing countries is limited. We assessed the associations of maternal VDD during pregnancy with adverse health outcomes by synthesizing the literature from observational studies conducted in developing countries. Six electronic databases were searched for English-language studies published between 2000 and 2017. Thirteen studies from seven countries were included in the review. Prevalence of VDD ranged from 51.3% to 100%. Six studies assessed both maternal and neonatal outcomes, four studies assessed only maternal outcomes and three studies assessed only neonatal outcomes. Ten studies showed at least one significant association between VDD and adverse maternal and/or neonatal health outcomes including pre-eclampsia ( = 3), gestational diabetes mellitus ( = 1), postpartum depression ( = 1), emergency cesarean section delivery ( = 1), low birth weight babies ( = 4), small for gestational age ( = 2), stunting ( = 1). However most of these studies ( = 6) also showed no association with multiple health outcomes. Vitamin D assessment methods, criteria applied to define VDD, season and trimester in which studies were conducted varied considerably across studies. In conclusion, this study highlights the need to improve maternal vitamin D status in developing countries in an effort to support best maternal and child health outcomes across these regions. Future research should focus on more unified approaches to vitamin D assessment and preventative approaches that may be embedded into already existing antenatal care settings.
Topics: Adult; Developing Countries; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Maternal Health; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Status; Observational Studies as Topic; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prevalence; Prognosis; Protective Factors; Risk Factors; Vitamin D Deficiency; Young Adult
PubMed: 29783717
DOI: 10.3390/nu10050640 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023This study aimed to investigate the incidence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis through a meta-analysis and to analyze trends and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
This study aimed to investigate the incidence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis through a meta-analysis and to analyze trends and risk factors.
METHODS
Potentially relevant studies were searched using the terms "Vitamin D AND scoliosis." Data on the incidence and risk factors, such as race, curve magnitude, and sex, were extracted from the selected studies. Review Manager 5.4 software was used for the data analysis. Six studies with a total of 1, 428 patients met the inclusion criteria.
RESULTS
The incidence of vitamin D insufficiency in patients with idiopathic scoliosis was 36.19% (95% CI [21.93 to 50.46]. In contrast, the incidence of vitamin D deficiency was 41.43% (95% CI [16.62 66.23]. Vitamin D levels were compared between Caucasian and African patients and it was concluded that Caucasian patients had a lower risk of vitamin D deficiency [RR 0.15, 95% CI (0.03 to 0.82; P = 0.03]. There was also an association between patients with idiopathic scoliosis and lower vitamin D -5.58, 95% CI [-7.10, -4.06]. Finally, no significant differences were observed in terms of curve magnitude assessed with the Cobb angle mean difference (MD) 4.45, 95% CI [-0.55, 9.44], or sex with lower-than-normal levels of vitamin D OR 0.96, 95% CI [0.58 to 1.60].
DISCUSSION
The incidence rates of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were 36.19% and 41.43%, respectively. The Caucasian race was associated with a lower risk of vitamin D deficiency compared to the African race. Vitamin D deficiency was not related to curve magnitude or sex.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Scoliosis; Incidence; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin D; Kyphosis; Vitamins
PubMed: 37886647
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1250118 -
Journal of Clinical Research in... 2010Nutritional rickets (NR) is still the most common form of growing bone disease despite the efforts of health care providers to reduce the incidence of the disease.... (Review)
Review
Nutritional rickets (NR) is still the most common form of growing bone disease despite the efforts of health care providers to reduce the incidence of the disease. Today, it is well known that the etiology of NR ranges from isolated vitamin D deficiency (VDD) to isolated calcium deficiency. In Turkey, almost all NR cases result from VDD. Recent evidence suggests that in addition to its short- or long-term effects on skeletal development, VDD during infancy may predispose the patient to diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cancer and multiple sclerosis. Among the factors responsible for the high prevalence of VDD in developing countries and its resurgence in developed countries is limited sunshine exposure due to individuals' spending more time indoors (watching television and working on computer) or avoiding sun exposure intentionally for fear of skin cancer. Traditional clothing (covering the entire body except the face and hands) further limits the exposure time to sunlight and, thus, decreases the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D. In Turkey, maternal VDD and exclusive breastfeeding without supplementation were reported to be the most prominent reasons leading to NR. The diagnosis of NR is established by a thorough history and physical examination and confirmed by laboratory evaluation. Recent reports draw attention to the supplemental doses of vitamin D required to achieve a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of at least 20 ng/ml (50 nmol/l) - the serum concentration that is needed to optimize absorption of dietary calcium and to suppress excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone. This type of prevention will also reduce fracture risk as well as prevent long-term negative effect of vitamin D insufficiency.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Calcium, Dietary; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Rickets; Turkey; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 21274312
DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.v2i4.137 -
Nutrients Oct 2023Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in bone health and musculoskeletal development. The aim of this narrative review is to present up-to-date... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in bone health and musculoskeletal development. The aim of this narrative review is to present up-to-date information about the impact of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) on the health status of infants in their first year of life. Vitamin D is indispensable for skeletal growth and bone health, and emerging research suggests that it may also have significant roles in maternal and fetal health. VDD affects a large proportion of infants according to current guidelines. However, its prevalence varies depending on geographic location, skin pigmentation, and the time of year. Based on current guidelines for normal vitamin D levels and recommended daily intake, studies suggest that VDD is a global health issue with potentially significant implications for those at risk, especially infants. Our understanding of the role of vitamin D has improved significantly in the last few decades. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating the effect of vitamin D on preterm birth, low birth weight, anthropometric parameters, and health outcomes such as infectious diseases in infants, have found conflicting or inconsistent results. It is important to encourage further research to fill in these knowledge gaps and develop national or global strategies that ease the burden of VDD, especially in groups at risk.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant; Premature Birth; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin D; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Vitamins
PubMed: 37892454
DOI: 10.3390/nu15204379 -
European Journal of Public Health Jun 2020
Topics: Delivery of Health Care; Humans; Population Health; Socioeconomic Factors; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 32531037
DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz207