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Clinical and Experimental Immunology Jan 2011Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary causal factor in the development of cervical cancer. Moreover, HPV, predominately type 16... (Review)
Review
Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary causal factor in the development of cervical cancer. Moreover, HPV, predominately type 16 and to a lesser degree type 18, is linked causally to varying proportions of other anogenital cancers (vulva, vagina, penis, anus) as well as cancers elsewhere in the body (oropharynx, larynx, conjunctiva). HPV types 6 and 11 cause most of genital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Effective prophylactic vaccines have been developed. In this review, we address briefly the immunological aspects of HPV infection and the results of HPV vaccination trials. Internationally standardized monitoring and evaluation of prophylactic HPV vaccination programmes will be essential for arriving at the most cost-effective strategies for cancer control.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Antibodies, Viral; Clinical Trials as Topic; Condylomata Acuminata; Female; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines
PubMed: 21062269
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04268.x -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Sep 2016Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Exposure to HPV is very common, and an estimated 65%-100% of sexually... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Exposure to HPV is very common, and an estimated 65%-100% of sexually active adults are exposed to HPV in their lifetime. The majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic, but there is a 10% chance that individuals will develop a persistent infection and have an increased risk of developing a carcinoma. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has found that the following cancer sites have a strong causal relationship with HPV: cervix uteri, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx, including the base of the tongue and the tonsils. However, studies of the aetiological role of HPV in colorectal and esophageal malignancies have conflicting results. The aim of this review was to organize recent evidence and issues about the association between HPV infection and gastrointestinal tumours with a focus on esophageal, colorectal and anal cancers. The ultimate goal was to highlight possible implications for prognosis and prevention.
Topics: Anus Neoplasms; Carcinogenesis; Colorectal Neoplasms; Disease Progression; Esophageal Neoplasms; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Prognosis; Risk; Vaccination
PubMed: 27672265
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i33.7415 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2014Vulvovaginal-gingival syndrome is characterized by erosions and desquamation of the vulva, vagina, and gingiva. We reported a case of a 32-year-old woman presenting with...
Vulvovaginal-gingival syndrome is characterized by erosions and desquamation of the vulva, vagina, and gingiva. We reported a case of a 32-year-old woman presenting with an 8-year history of damage to the vulval and perianal anatomy and limitation of mouth opening. The patient's symptoms were relieved after treatment with topical tacrolimus cream.
Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Keratosis; Lichen Planus; Syndrome; Vulvovaginitis
PubMed: 25184936
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142841 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger May 2022HPV vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of cervical cancer and its precursors, with greatest protection when the vaccine is administered before sexual debut.... (Review)
Review
HPV vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of cervical cancer and its precursors, with greatest protection when the vaccine is administered before sexual debut. This review aims to discuss whether immunization with the nonavalent HPV vaccine should be recommended to women who have previously been vaccinated with the bi- or quadrivalent HPV vaccine and to women who have previously undergone treatment for condylomas or dysplasia of the vulva, vagina, or cervix.
Topics: Female; Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Sexual Behavior; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaccination
PubMed: 35656616
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Dermatology Online Journal 2023Vulval dermatoses may present with varied manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to chronic disabling conditions. The multifactorial nature of symptoms and physical...
BACKGROUND
Vulval dermatoses may present with varied manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to chronic disabling conditions. The multifactorial nature of symptoms and physical expression of the disease on the vulva complicate the evaluation and management of genital dermatoses, thereby severely impairing the quality of life of patients.
OBJECTIVES
To study the clinical patterns and socio-demographic features of vulval dermatoses and their impact on the quality of life using the dermatology life quality index (DLQI) questionnaire.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Female patients of all age groups who attended our outpatient department (OPD) from October 2019 to March 2021 with vulval lesions were included in the study after a detailed history and complete examination. Based on sites of involvement, the lesions were classified as genital lesions alone, genital and skin lesions, oro-genital lesions, and oro-genital and skin lesions. DLQI score was assessed using the DLQI questionnaire.
RESULTS
In total, 520 patients were recruited for the study after following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The most common age group was 31-40 years (33.65%). The majority of the patients were married (91.92%), housewives (82.88%), and illiterate (49.61%) women. The most common presenting symptom was itching (43%). The most common vulval dermatoses were infections, seen in 401 (77.11%) patients, followed by inflammatory diseases in 78 (15%) patients, and immunobullous diseases (1.53%). Patients with genital, skin, and oral involvement showed statistically significant higher DLQI scores ( value < 0.05). Patients with immunobullous disorders had the highest mean DLQI scores.
LIMITATIONS
As this study was a hospital-based study, the observations may not represent and reflect the general population.
CONCLUSION
Patients with genital, skin, and oral lesions had the highest DLQI scores, indicating higher impact on the quality of life. Assessment of the disease's impact on the quality of life is essential because it not only aids in early management but also helps in minimizing the duration of the ailment.
PubMed: 36776168
DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_339_22 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Mar 2014This is an updated version of an original Cochrane review published in The Cochrane Library, 2011, Issue 1.Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a pre-malignant... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
This is an updated version of an original Cochrane review published in The Cochrane Library, 2011, Issue 1.Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a pre-malignant condition of the vulval skin. This uncommon chronic skin condition of the vulva is associated with a high risk of recurrence and the potential to progress to vulval cancer. The condition is complicated by its multicentric and multifocal nature. The incidence of this condition appears to be rising, particularly in the younger age group. There is a lack of consensus on the optimal surgical treatment method. However, the rationale for the surgical treatment of VIN has been to treat the symptoms and exclude any underlying malignancy, with the continued aim of preserving the vulval anatomy and function. Repeated treatments affect local cosmesis and cause psychosexual morbidity, thus impacting he individual's quality of life.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of surgical interventions in women with high-grade VIN.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Gynaecological Cancer Group Trials Register and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) Issue 11,2013 and MEDLINE and EMBASE up to December 2013. We also searched registers of clinical trials, abstracts of scientific meetings and reference lists of included studies, and contacted experts in the field.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared surgical interventions in adult women diagnosed with high-grade VIN.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently abstracted data and assessed risk of bias.
MAIN RESULTS
We identified one RCT, including 30 women, that met our inclusion criteria; this trial reported data on carbon dioxide (CO2) laser surgery versus cavitational ultrasonic surgical aspiration (CUSA). There were no statistically significant differences in the risks of disease recurrence after one year of follow-up, pain, scarring, dysuria or burning, adhesions, infection, abnormal discharge or eschar between women who underwent CO2 laser surgery and those who received CUSA. The trial lacked statistical power due to the small number of women in each group and the low number of observed events, but was at low risk of bias.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
The included trial lacked statistical power due to the small number of women in each group and the low number of observed events. The absence of reliable evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of the two surgical techniques for the management of VIN therefore precludes any definitive guidance or recommendations for clinical practice.
Topics: Adult; Carcinoma in Situ; Female; Humans; Lasers, Gas; Precancerous Conditions; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Suction; Ultrasonic Therapy; Vulvar Neoplasms
PubMed: 24596022
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007928.pub3 -
Recent Results in Cancer Research.... 2021Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection, currently affecting close to 80 million Americans. Importantly, HPV infection is recognized...
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection, currently affecting close to 80 million Americans. Importantly, HPV infection is recognized as the etiologic factor for numerous cancers, including cervical, vulval, vaginal, penile, anal, and a subset of oropharyngeal cancers. The prevalence of HPV infection and its associated diseases are a significant problem, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Likewise, the incidence of HPV infection poses a significant burden on individuals and the broader healthcare system. Between 2011 and 2015, there were an estimated 42,700 new cases of HPV-associated cancers each year in the United States alone. Similarly, the global burden of HPV is high, with around 630,000 new cases of HPV-associated cancer occurring each year. In the last decade, a total of three preventive major capsid protein (L1) virus-like particle-based HPV vaccines have been licensed and brought to market as a means to prevent the spread of HPV infection. These prophylactic vaccines have been demonstrated to be safe and efficacious in preventing HPV infection. The most recent iteration of the preventive HPV vaccine, a nanovalent, L1-VLP vaccine, protects against a total of nine HPV types (seven high-risk and two low-risk HPV types), including the high-risk types HPV16 and HPV18, which are responsible for causing the majority of HPV-associated cancers. Although current prophylactic HPV vaccines have demonstrated huge success in preventing infection, existing barriers to vaccine acquisition have limited their widespread use, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where the burden of HPV-associated diseases is highest. Prophylactic vaccines are unable to provide protection to individuals with existing HPV infections or HPV-associated diseases. Instead, therapeutic HPV vaccines capable of generating T cell-mediated immunity against HPV infection and associated diseases are needed to ameliorate the burden of disease in individuals with existing HPV infection. To generate a cell-mediated immune response against HPV, most therapeutic vaccines target HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7. Several types of therapeutic HPV vaccine candidates have been developed including live-vector, protein, peptide, dendritic cell, and DNA-based vaccines. This chapter will review the commercially available prophylactic HPV vaccines and discuss the recent progress in the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Female; Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaccination
PubMed: 33200366
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_8 -
International Journal of Cancer Nov 2012The EUROGIN 2011 roadmap reviews the current burden of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related morbidity, as well as the evidence and potential practice recommendations... (Review)
Review
The EUROGIN 2011 roadmap reviews the current burden of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related morbidity, as well as the evidence and potential practice recommendations regarding primary and secondary prevention and treatment of cancers and other disease associated with HPV infection. HPV infection causes ~600,000 cases of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx annually, as well as benign diseases such as genital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Whereas the incidence of cervical cancer has been decreasing over recent decades, the incidence of anal and oropharyngeal carcinoma, for which there are no effective screening programs, has been rising over the last couple of decades. Randomized trials have demonstrated improved efficacy of HPV-based compared to cytology-based cervical cancer screening. Defining the best algorithms to triage HPV-positive women, age ranges and screening intervals are priorities for pooled analyses and further research, whereas feasibility questions can be addressed through screening programs. HPV vaccination will reduce the burden of cervical precancer and probably also of invasive cervical and other HPV-related disease in women. Recent trials demonstrated that prophylactic vaccination also protects against anogenital HPV infection, anogenital intraepithelial lesions and warts associated with vaccine types, in males; and anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia in MSM. HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer could be treated less aggressively because of better survival compared to cancers of the oropharynx unrelated to HPV. Key findings in the field of cervical cancer prevention should now be translated in cost-effective strategies, following an organized approach integrating primary and secondary prevention, according to scientific evidence but adapted to the local situation with particular attention to regions with the highest burden of disease.
Topics: Anus Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Penile Neoplasms; Primary Prevention; Secondary Prevention; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vulvar Neoplasms
PubMed: 22623137
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27650 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) Jan 2018Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is linked to development of cancer of cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, ano-genital and non-genital oro-pharyngeal sites. HPV being a... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is linked to development of cancer of cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, ano-genital and non-genital oro-pharyngeal sites. HPV being a sexually transmitted virus infects both genders equally but with higher chances of pathological outcome in women. In the absence of organized screening programs, women report HPV-infected lesions at relatively advanced stages where they are subjected to standard treatments that are not HPV-specific. HPV infection-driven lesions usually take 10-20 years for malignant progression and are preceded by well-characterized pre-cancer stages. Despite availability of window for pharmacological intervention, therapeutic that could eradicate HPV from infected lesions is currently lacking. A variety of experimental approaches have been made to address this lacuna and there has been significant progress in a number of lead molecules which are in different stages of clinical and pre-clinical development. Present review provides a brief overview of the magnitude of the problem and current status of research on promising lead molecules, formulations and therapeutic strategies that showed potential to translate to clinically-viable HPV therapeutics to counteract this reproductive health challenge.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Female; Gene Silencing; Genital Neoplasms, Female; Genital Neoplasms, Male; Humans; Male; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; RNA Interference; RNA, Viral; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 28930604
DOI: 10.2741/e808 -
The Oncologist Jun 2024Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated malignancies account for ~5% of human cancers worldwide. Thirteen, or more, HPV types are oncogenic, but infection with these... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated malignancies account for ~5% of human cancers worldwide. Thirteen, or more, HPV types are oncogenic, but infection with these viruses is common and usually cleared within 2 years. Only infections that become persistent are associated with the development of cancer, often occurring several decades later. These cancers mostly arise in 6 different anatomical regions: 5 are anogenital (anus, cervix, penis, vagina, and vulva) and the sixth is the oropharynx. Oncogenic HPVs promote cellular proliferation and genomic instability, but the anatomical niche of the target tissue also plays an important role in the development of cancer. Cells that reside in transitional regions between different types of epithelia, such as in the anus, cervix, and oropharynx, are particularly vulnerable to oncogenesis.
Topics: Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Female; Male; Papillomaviridae; Neoplasms; Persistent Infection
PubMed: 38630576
DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyae071